Resonance Frequency Analysis Device Research Articles

Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on the Outcome of Early Loaded Dental Implants: A 3-Year Follow-up Study

This study evaluated the effect of local application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the outcome of early loaded implants. Two implants were placed in the posterior region or bilaterally symmetric to the median line of the maxilla. Then, PRP was either applied or not applied to the implant sockets. Outcome measures were prosthesis and implant success as well as biological and prosthetic complications. Stability of individual implants was assessed manually and with a resonance frequency analysis device. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was recorded on the operation day, on postoperative day 4, and at postoperative week 1. At the end of the first postoperative week, implants with ISQ values >60 were early loaded on day 7 with metal-ceramic crowns. Measurements were repeated at postoperative weeks 2, 3, and 4 and at postoperative months 6, 12, 24, and 36. One of the 64 implants was dropped out after 3 months of loading. No prosthesis failed. There were no prosthetic complications. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between ISQ values of PRP and non-PRP implants on the operation day. Moreover, no statistically significant differences were found between ISQ values of PRP and non-PRP implants in the follow-up periods (P > .05). No appreciable clinical effect was observed when using PRP in the maxilla.

Inter- and Intraobserver Variability in Resonance Frequency Analysis of Palatal Implants—A Technical Note

To assess inter- and intraobserver variability in wireless resonance frequency analysis (RFA) stability measurements of palatal implants and to evaluate the influence of age, sex, time after implant insertion, and measurement direction on variability. Three observers conducted wireless RFA stability measurements of palatal implants from 16 patients. Measurements were taken in anteroposterior and laterolateral directions and were repeated after 1 hour. Data showed a small interobserver variation (1.93) with intraobserver variation (1.77) as its largest component. Time after implantation showed a strong influence (P = .027) on the interobserver variation. The tested wireless RFA device can be considered a reliable instrument for measuring the stability of palatal implants. Multiple readings and observers could further improve measurement reliability.

The prognostic accuracy of resonance frequency analysis in predicting failure risk of immediately restored implants

It is of imperative clinical significance to define a safe threshold for planned immediate implant restoration. The aim of this report was to evaluate the prognostic accuracy of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) measurements recorded at two different times (implant placement and 8-week post-implant placement) and to determine the optimal threshold value for predicting failure risk of immediately restored/loaded implants. Twenty-eight 8- or 9-mm-diameter implants were placed in either a fresh molar extraction socket or a healed site. An electronic RFA device was used to record the implant stability quotients (ISQs) at implant placement surgery, 8weeks and 1year. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to identify the optimal cut-off level. Sensitivity and specificity were also determined at the selected cut-off value. The area under the ROC curve for RFA at 8weeks was 0.93 with a significant P-value (P=0.001). The optimum cut-off value for detecting implant stability was 60.5 ISQ measured at 8weeks, with sensitivity and specificity of 95.2% and 71.4%, respectively. The implant stability measurements after 8weeks showed a better accuracy in predicting implants that were at risk of failure than those taken at the time of implant placement.

An Evaluation of the Resonance Frequency Analysis Device: Examiner Reliability and Repeatability of Readings

Initial stability at the placement and development of osseointegration are 2 major issues for implant survival. Many of the presently used noninvasive methods of evaluating the stability of implants are highly subjective. The resonance frequency analysis (RFA) device is claimed to offer a more objective means to assess implant stability. Limited information is available on the interexaminer reliability and repeatability of the RFA device, used to measure implant stability. Two blind in vivo studies were conducted using 50 implant cases. In the first clinical study, 3 investigators took implant stability quotient (ISQ) readings for each implant to check the interoperator reliability for the RFA device. In the second clinical study, implant stability was measured by the same operator using the RFA device for each implant 3 times on the same day with a 15-minute interval, to check the repeatability of the RFA device. Within the limitations of this study, the RFA device demonstrated a high degree of interoperator reliability and repeatability.

Influence of factors related to implant stability detected by wireless resonance frequency analysis device

Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was introduced as a method for measuring implant stability more than a decade ago. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) values obtained using a recently introduced wireless RFA device have made it possible to evaluate stability in a non-invasive technique; however, there are few studies of the factors that affect ISQ values determined using this device. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between ISQ values determined by wireless RFA and various factors related to dental implant stability using a pig cortical bone model. Dental implants (Replace) Select Tapered implants) with a length of 10 mm were placed into pig cortical bone samples, then, ISQ values were determined using wireless RFA under various conditions (probe orientation, diameter of implant, insertion torque and peri-implant bone loss). The results of this study showed that ISQ values were not affected by the direction of the probe from parallel to perpendicular to the long axis of the pig bone or to the smart peg. In addition, the diameter of the implant did not have a significant effect on the measured ISQ values. Statistically significant correlations were found between insertion torque and ISQ values (Spearman's test, P < 0.05), and lower ISQ values were observed for deeper peri-implant vertical defects (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.05). A wireless RFA device appears to be useful for measuring implant stability within the limits of the present in vitro study.

Potential Damage to Bone–Implant Interface When Measuring Initial Implant Stability

An electronically controlled mechanical tapping device (MTD) to measure implant stability has been studied extensively for its ability to measure initial stability at the time of surgical placement and predict an implant's survival prognosis, with few reported complications. Initial stability data, measured repeatedly with a resonance frequency analysis device and the MTD, for seven of 28 implants placed in jawbones of four fresh human cadavers and the histologic images of bone-implant interfaces are presented as evidence for potential damage to the bone-implant interface using these techniques. A progressive increase in mobility from stable (-1) to less stable (4) and eventually to visibly mobile (999) was observed after three measurements with the MTD. Corresponding histologic images revealed that the buccal threads in the coronal half of the implants were displaced lingually and apically from the bony indentations that were created during insertion of the self-threading implants, subsequent to repeated MTD measurements in the buccal and axial directions. The histologic images and changes in MTD values indicated that repeated MTD measurements at the time of implant placement surgery may damage the bone-implant interface, and a stable or borderline implant may become mobile after repeated MTD measurements. Histologic images showed potential damage to the bone-implant interface during repeated initial implant-stability measurements using the MTD. Initial implant-stability measurements using the MTD should be performed with caution, and they may be contraindicated for implants placed in low-quality bone.

Initial stability measurement of dental implants placed in different anatomical regions of fresh human cadaver jawbone

Initial implant stability has been used as an indicator for future osseointegration and whether an immediate/early loading protocol should be applied. However, differences in initial stability in relation to anatomical regions of jawbone have not been studied extensively because of the risks involved with stability measurements. The purpose of this study was to determine whether initial implant stability varies with anatomical regions of the jawbone. Four pairs of edentulous maxillae and mandibles were retrieved from fresh human cadavers. Six implants (Biomet 3i) per pair were placed in different anatomical regions (maxillary anterior, right and left maxillary posterior, mandibular anterior, right and left mandibular posterior). Immediately after implant placement, initial implant stability was measured with a custom-made resonance frequency analyzer, a commercial resonance frequency analysis device (Osstell), and a mechanical tapping device (Periotest). All implant surgeries and initial stability measurements were performed within 72 hours of death to simulate a clinical setting. Repeated measures ANOVA (alpha=.05) and univariate correlation analyses were used to analyze the data. Mandibular implants had significantly higher initial stability than maxillary implants. Posterior maxillary implants were least stable. Stability was less buccolingually than mesiodistally. The measurements from 3 stability measuring devices were strongly associated with each other. Initial implant stability varied among anatomical regions of jawbone. Rank of Periotest value and implant stability quotient (Osstell) had the highest correlation (r=-0.852).

Evaluation of Two Different Resonance Frequency Devices to Detect Implant Stability: A Clinical Trial

Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) provides a non-invasive assessment of implant stability. The established RFA device uses electronic technology, whereas a recently developed device uses magnetic technology. The goal of this clinical trial was to evaluate the ability of the magnetic RFA device to detect changes in stability during early healing following implant placement and to determine whether the implant stability quotient (ISQ) values obtained correlated with those made with the electronic device. RFA assessments were performed using electronic- and magnetic-based devices on 34 non-submerged titanium dental implants in 17 patients. Each patient received two implants in the posterior maxilla or mandible. Implant stability was measured at placement and weekly until week 6, when implants received provisional crowns, and at 12 weeks, when definitive crowns were cemented. During each visit, measurements were taken three times and averaged to obtain a single representative ISQ for each device. At placement, the mean ISQ obtained with the electronic device was 61.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.4 to 64.3); it increased to 63.2 (95% CI, 61.2 to 65.2) at 12 weeks. With the magnetic device, the mean ISQs were 70.6 (95% CI, 68.4 to 72.8) and 75.9 (95% CI, 74.2 to 77.7), respectively. Both devices indicated a pattern of decreased mean stability from 1 to 3 weeks post-placement, small fluctuations in mean ISQ from 3 to 6 weeks, and significantly increased mean stability from 6 to 12 weeks. For the complete set of implant measures across all weeks, the paired electronic and magnetic ISQ values correlated significantly (r = 0.52; P <0.001). This study demonstrates that changes in implant stability measured with the newer magnetic device correlate well with those found with the electronic device. Both devices confirmed the initial decreases in implant stability that occur following placement and identified an increase in stability during the first 6 weeks of functional loading.

A Newly Designed Resonance Frequency Analysis Device for Dental Implant Stability Detection

Resonance frequency (RF) analysis technology was used to design a new dental implant stability detector. To calibrate and test the performance of this novel apparatus, in vitro and in vivo models, respectively, were used. The RF values of the test implants detected using our new device and a commercially available analogous device (Osstell) were compared. Further, implant stability status was also detected clinically using our device at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. A high correlation was demonstrated between the values measured with the two devices (y = 0.31x-12.45; R2 = 0.98, p < 0.05). In our clinical tests, an initial RF value above 10.0 kHz indicated that the implant was ready to accept functional loading, while values in the 4.0-10.0 kHz range reflected the need for further osseointegration. In conclusion, these results indicated that our new device might be useful in a clinical setting for evaluating the healing status of a placed implant.