Resonance Frequency Analysis Research Articles

Comparison of Osseointegration in Novel Laser-Textured and SLA Implants.

Osseointegration is defined as the direct structural and functional connection between neo-formed bone and dental implants. Among the parameters suggested to predominantly influencing the establishment of a successful osseointegration is the quality of the implant surface, which may enhance the strength and speed of this biomechanical process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a novel laser-treated surface, compared to sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surfaces, to enhance and accelerate implant integration in delayed implant placement.Methods: Thirty patients with two missing posterior teeth were enrolled in this study. Each patient received, at a randomly allocated site, an implant with a conventional SLA surface, and at a second site, an implant with laser-textured surface. A total of 60 tissue-level implants were subsequently placed. Implant stability (ISQ) was measured using resonance frequency analysis (RFA). ISQ was assessed at baseline (T0), 8 weeks (T1), and 12 weeks (T2) following implant placement. Results: There was a statistical difference in implant stability between laser-textured and SLA group at 12 weeks postoperatively. Implant stabilization showed a successful osseointegration with both surface types. Both laser and SLA surface treatments had positive impacts on implant stabilization following delayed placement. Laser-treated surfaces presented higher values of osseointegration at 3 months postoperatively.

Evaluation of Stability of Implants Placed Simultaneously with Lateral Window Sinus Augmentation using Putty Alloplastic Bone Substitute: A Prospective Interventional Study

Introduction: Lateral window sinus augmentation is done to augment the vertical sinus height for implant placement. Putty alloplasts have been used due to their longer resorption time and provide resistance to implant insertion. Although, widely used, the stability and bone loss around implants placed simultaneously following sinus augmentation with putty bone graft has not been evaluated. Aim: To evaluate the effect of putty alloplastic bone substitute on implant stability. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted in the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery at SGT Dental College and Research Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India. The duration of the study was two years and 11 months, from December 2014-November 2016. A total of 15 implants were placed simultaneously after lateral window sinus augmentation. Primary implant stablity measurements were done using Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA). Vertical Bone Height (VBH), Maximum Insertion Torque (MIT) and Crestal Bone Loss (CBL) were measured till six months of follow-up. The data was analysed using standard statistical analyses with Shapiro-Wilk-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman’s correlation co-efficient. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 58±3.04 years. A total of 15 implants were placed in 12 patients. Adequate primary stability was achieved with MIT >36 N/cm2 in 9/15 patients whereas, in 6/15 patients the MIT was ≤36 N/cm2 . The implants showed 100% survival rate. Postoperative bone gain obtained was in the range of 7.89 mm to 11.9 mm, with a mean of 9.92 mm. Acceptable levels of implant stability were obtained after six months. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that, putty bone alloplast can serve as an adequate bone substitute in simultaneous implant placement after lateral window sinus augmentation and help in achieving stability.

Reliability of implant stability measuring devices depending on various clinical conditions: an in vitro study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of implant stability measuring devices depending on the location of the implant and the position of the patient. Six implants were installed in different dentate sextants of six artificial bone models. Implant stability was measured in three conditions of the bone model (without mounting on a phantom head, mounted on a phantom head in supine position, and mounted on a phantom head in upright position). A resonance frequency analysis device (Osstell) and two damping capacity analysis devices (Periotest and Anycheck) were used to measure implant stability. The values measured outside the phantom head were treated as controls, and the values inside the phantom head were compared using an independent t-test. Osstell showed different results in two of the six divisions in both the supine and upright positions compared to outside of the mouth (P < .05). Periotest showed different results in all six parts in the supine position and in five parts in the upright position compared to outside of the mouth (P < .05). While Anycheck showed different results in five areas in the supine position compared to outside of the mouth, it showed different results in only one area in the upright position (P < .05). In the difficult implant position for the operator to access, the implant stability measuring devices show less reliability. The accessibility of implant is greatly affected in the order of Osstell, Anycheck, and Periotest.

Investigation to Predict Primary Implant Stability Using Frictional Resistance Torque of Tap Drilling.

The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the correlation between the frictional resistance torque of tap drilling prior to implant placement and the primary stability after implant placement. Solid rigid polyurethane bone blocks of four different densities were used in this study. A computerized surgical implant motor device was utilized to measure the frictional resistance torque of tap drilling. After the tap torque was measured, the dental implants were inserted at the prepared sites. During the implantation, the insertion torque was recorded, and resonance frequency analysis was performed, the value of which was calculated as the implant stability quotient. Thereafter, the correlation between the tap torque and the primary stability of the implant was evaluated and compared with the standard drilling protocol. A significant positive correlation was found between the tap torque and insertion torque (Pearson's r = 0.88, P < 0.0001). Similarly, there was a positive correlation between the tap torque and implant stability quotient (Pearson's r = 0.69, P < 0.0001). These results suggest that measurement of the frictional resistance torque of tap drilling prior to implant placement could provide helpful information for implant primary stability.

Comparison of Delayed and Immediate Mandibular Molar Implant Placement by Use of Resonance Frequency Analysis: Three Year Study

Objectives: In order to replace a lost mandibular 1st molar, the objective was to assess &amp; associate the clinical results of delayed &amp; immediate packing of implant-supported prostheses. The assessment was conducted utilizing the following observations: implant mobility, peri-implant radiolucency, probing depth, marginal bone level, &amp; bleeding on probing. Methodology: Thirty participants who in necessity of an implant-sustained prosthesis for a lost lower 1st molar, had good oral hygiene, &amp; were keen to follow the research protocol were involved in the three-year trial beginning in December 2019. Results: With a mean age of 23.1 years &amp; a range of 19 - 31 years, the research included 15 patients, 75% men &amp; 25% women. Implants in Group 1 varied in diameter from 3.6 - 4.7 mm, with a mean of 4.44 mm, whereas implants in Group2 ranged in diameter from 3.2 - 4.1 mm, with a mean of 4.00 mm. Implants in Groups 1 &amp; 2 had a length that varied from 10 - 14 mm, with a mean of 12 mm. Conclusion: An effective treatment option &amp; an alternate to the outdated late loading is the single tooth implant restoration in the lower 1st molar with quick loading. Immediate loading decreases the functional treatment time delay. It eliminates patient discomfort &amp; offers a permanent prosthesis with immediate functionality.

Insertion Torque, Removal Torque, and Resonance Frequency Analysis Values of Ultrashort, Short, and Standard Dental Implants: An In Vitro Study on Polyurethane Foam Sheets.

Short implants were introduced to reduce morbidity, treatment duration, and complex bone regeneration interventions in atrophic jaws and to improve patient-reported outcomes. This study aimed to determine the insertion torque (IT), removal torque (RT), and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) values of ultrashort (3 mm length), short (7 mm length), and standard implants (10 mm length) inserted in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-mm thickness polyurethane sheets with densities of 10, 20, and 30 pounds per cubic foot (PCF). Standard-length implants were the gold standard (control). Overall, short-length implant IT values were higher or similar to the control in most experimental conditions. Those inserted into a 3 mm/30 PCF lamina showed the highest IT values, whereas 5 mm diameter ultrashort-length implants inserted into 2 and 3 mm/20 PCF laminas were higher than other implants. RT values followed the same trend and RFA values were more appreciable in short- and standard-length implants in all the scenarios. However, ultrashort-length implants reached a primary stability comparable to that of standard implants in lower thicknesses. In conclusion, although further studies are needed to corroborate this in vitro model with preclinical and clinical studies, our data shed light on short- and ultrashort-length implants geometries to a potential application in critical atrophy of the posterior jaws.

Application of Early Loading on Surface Implants with Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coating

The objective of this work was to describe the variation in the stability of nanostructured HA coatied implants installed in the upper premolar area by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA, measured in ISQ) during the first 4 weeks, in partially edentulous patients. The study design is quantitative, observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective. The implants used were the UNITITE line of S.I.N Implant System® of 3.5 mm x 11.5 mm, which have HAnano® surface. These implants have a surface treatment with a nanostructured hydroxyapatite coating, which increases hydrophilicity and would accelerate the process of new bone formation and remodeling after installation. The surgeries were carried out by students of the Oral Maxillofacial Implantology department, at Universidad Mayor, Santiago. A descriptive analysis was performed on a sample of 8 implants, resulting in a variation of 1 to 2 ISQ points during the four weeks studied. The results suggest that as the stability of the implants keeps constant, it would be possible to carry out early loading at 4 weeks in the implants studied, however, a greater number of samples, comparative studies and longer-term studies are required to generate more robust conclusions on this subject.

Survival and stability of strategic mini-implants with immediate or delayed loading under removable partial dentures: a 3-year randomized controlled clinical trial

ObjectivesStability values of mini-implants (MIs) are ambiguous. Survival data for MIs as supplementary abutments in reduced dentitions are not available. The aim of this explorative research was to estimate the 3-year stability and survival of strategic MIs after immediate and delayed loading by existing removable partial dentures (RPDs).Material and methodsIn a university and three dental practices, patients with unfavorable tooth distributions received supplementary MIs with diameters of 1.8, 2.1, and 2.4 mm. The participants were randomly allocated to group A (if the insertion torque ≥ 35 Ncm: immediate loading by housings; otherwise, immediate loading by RPD soft relining was performed) or delayed loading group B. Periotest values (PTVs) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) values were longitudinally compared using mixed models.ResultsA total of 112 maxillary and 120 mandibular MIs were placed under 79 RPDs (31 maxillae). The 1st and 3rd quartile of the PTVs ranged between 1.7 and 7.8, and the RFA values ranged between 30 and 46 with nonrelevant group differences. The 3-year survival rates were 92% in group A versus 95% in group B and 99% in the mandible (one failure) versus 87% in the maxilla (eleven failures among four participants).ConclusionsWithin the limitations of explorative analyses, there were no relevant differences between immediate and delayed loading regarding survival or stability of strategic MIs.Clinical relevanceThe stability values for MIs are lower than for conventional implants. The MI failure rate in the maxilla is higher than in the mandible with cluster failure participants.Clinical trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien, DRKS-ID: DRKS00007589, www.germanctr.de), January 15, 2015.

Effect of Low-Level Diode Laser Bio-Stimulation on Implant Stability Before, During and After Immediate Implants in Mandibular Molars. (A Randomized Clinical Study)

Aim: Tooth loss can affect the person’s life dramatically. Tooth loss is accompanied by bone loss in all dimensions, so preservation of the bone is mandatory for placement of dental implant. Immediate implant can preserve alveolar bone. Due to difference in shape between the implants and extracted roots a gap appears between the immediately placed implant and the extraction socket resulting in jumping distance, Bone grafts are commonly used to fill this gap, recent studies suggest that jumping gaps shouldn’t always be grafted. Low level bio stimulation has stimulatory effect on bone cells so it can be used in immediate implants to increase bone formation around the implants. Materials and methods: this study was carried in the hospital of future university. A total of twelve patients with non-restorable mandibular molar participated in this study. A total of twenty implants were placed immediately in mandibular molar region without bone grafting, thew were divided equally into two groups. Surgical technique was similar for both groups. After immediate implant placement with primary stability of 35 N, both groups received custom made healing collar using flowable composite to seal the jumping distance.The study group (intervention) received a total of 60J/cm2 .10J/cm2 3 days before extraction, another 10J/cm2 at the fresh socket, another 10 J/cm2 after osteotomy, another 10J/cm2 after implant placement, another 20J/cm2 at the follow up visit with 3 days interval. After six weeks secondary implant stability was measured for both groups using Resonance Frequency Analysis device (RFA). Prosthetic phases started for implants that showed sufficient secondary stability. Results: All implants enrolled in this study showed sufficient secondary stability except for one totally avulsed implant from the control group. Study group showed more stability upon measuring using RFA device after six weeks of implant placement. The study group has shown a higher secondary stability compared to control group, the mean ISQ value of study (71.89±2.67) was significantly higher than control (62.43±8.62). Conclusion: Based on the results of our study we concluded that low level diode laser 980nm has a stimulatory effect on bone formation when applied before, during and after immediate implant placement, According to this study 60J/cm2 is recommended dose and it also gave better soft tissue healing results

Resonance Frequency Analysis Mapping During Implant Healing Using a Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Surface.

Stability measured by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is an important factor to be considered in the success of dental implant treatments, which can be evaluated from the implant stability quotient (ISQ). The aim of the present case series was to map the RFA during healing of implants with nanostructured hydroxyapatite surface to describe the behavior of ISQ values related to individual factors. Twenty-three implants were placed in eight patients by conventional surgical protocol, and ISQ values were monitored from the day of implant placement until week 20. To obtain the ISQ values, an Osstell device was used and the placed implants were grouped in proportional amounts to describe the ISQ behavior considering the length (≤10 or >10 mm), the diameter (3.5 or 4.3 mm), the insertion torque (<40 N-cm or ≥40 N-cm), and the placement area (maxilla or mandible). All the implants assessed decreased their values in the first 3 weeks after placement. Subsequently, the ISQ values increased by amounts similar to those obtained at the time of the placement and even more. Implants with length >10 mm, diameter 4.3 mm, and insertion torque ≥40 N-cm showed the highest ISQ values. A decrease in the ISQ values of dental implants with nanostructured hydroxyapatite surface was evidenced between weeks 2 and 3 considering length, diameter, insertion torque, and maxillary or mandibular placement site.

Awareness on resonance frequency analysis in dental implantology among dental practitioners and dental students.

In a partial or entirely independent jaw, oral implantology is a technique in dentistry used to enhance the function of mastication, esthetics, and phonation. An important diagnostic aspect for the effectiveness of implant therapy is the stability of the implants. This study aims to measure dental professionals' and dental students' knowledge of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) in dental implantology. This study aims to measure dental professionals' and dental students' knowledge of RFA in dental implantology. One hundred ninety-nine dentists and dental students participated in an online survey study that was delivered through Google Forms. For statistical analysis, tabulated data from the Excel sheets were transferred into the SPSS program. The Chi-square test is also used to examine clinical relevance. According to the study's findings, 60% of the respondents were male and 46% of those who responded were dental professionals. The respondents were primarily between the ages of 18 and 22 (36%). The majority of dental undergraduates and graduates were found to be knowledgeable about the various techniques used to gauge implant stability (P = 0.04 < 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, it was found that most of the dental students and dental practitioners participating in this study were aware of implant stability. The majority of the respondents were aware that RFA was used to measure primary and secondary stability and osseointegration.

The Effects of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin on Implant Stability.

To investigate the effects of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on implant stability. A total of 40 implants (BEGO Semados RS/RSX implants, BEGO Implant System) were surgically placed in 15 patients between the ages of 25 and 67 years who had mandibular edentulous areas. After the implant sockets were prepared with the appropriate protocol, i-PRF was applied to the implant surface and socket with the help of a 5-cc sterile syringe in the study group, and implants were placed without i-PRF in the control group. In the research process, the resonance frequency analysis (RFA) method was used to measure implant stability. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) values were determined during the time of the operation and at the first, second, and fourth weeks. The results obtained after the stability measurement periods showed that the decrease in the mean ISQ values in the control group was statistically significant in the first week. Evaluations made in the following weeks were not statistically significant. The study group showed an increase in ISQ values during the measurement periods, and the increases in the second and fourth weeks were statistically significant. I-PRF had positive effects on early implant stability, and i-PRF can be safely used in dental implant surgery and promotes bone healing around dental implants.

Robust algorithm of indirect tyre pressure monitoring system based on tyre torsional resonance frequency analysis

• Detects changes in tyre pressure by monitoring changes in tyre resonance frequency. • Eliminating the disturbances of engine and driveline on frequency estimation. • Key parameters for evaluating tyre torsional vibration characteristics is proposed. • Methods proposed to compensate for the effects of road roughness and ambient temperature. • The proposed algorithm improves the robustness of frequency estimation. This paper focuses on an indirect Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) algorithm based on frequency analysis of tyre torsional vibration. Tyre vibration is analysed using a tyre structure model, and the tyre resonance frequency is estimated using an Autoregressive (AR) model. The vibration disturbances from the engine and driveline that affect the estimation of the tyre torsional frequency are analysed, and a notch filter is designed to eliminate the disturbances. The torsional vibration of the driveline is identified by the correlation analysis of driving wheel speed. Two qualitative evaluation indexes of tyre torsional vibration characteristics are proposed. The corresponding quantitative parameters are used to determine the tyre torsional vibration state to eliminate the interference of undesirable vibration states on the frequency calculation. A road roughness estimation method is proposed based on tyre vertical vibration information in the wheel speed. The estimated road roughness parameters compensate for the calculated resonance frequency affected by road roughness. Based on the relationship between measured resonance frequency and temperature under a constant tyre pressure condition, the frequency variation value affected by tyre rubber stiffness variation due to temperature variation is calculated using the ambient temperature signal. The calculated resonance frequency is corrected to eliminate the coupling effect of gas stiffness and rubber stiffness, the impact of temperature variation on tyre pressure estimation is compensated. The results of vehicle road tests demonstrate the robustness of the proposed tyre pressure monitoring algorithm.

Comparative Evaluation of Osseodensification Versus Conventional Osteotomy Technique on Dental Implant Primary Stability: An Ex Vivo Study.

Purpose One of the commonest treatment options for replacing missing teeth is a root-form implant. Clinically, the key mechanical factor in achieving success is primary stability. This ex vivo study aims to evaluate whether osseodensification method will achieve good primary stability or the conventional drilling protocol. Methods Fresh iliac bone of the sheep was selected similar to D3 and D4 bone densities. A total of 22 osteotomy sites were prepared in the bone sample, of which 11 were prepared by osseodensification method (test group) and other 11 by conventional undersized drilling (control group). Primary stability was measured using insertion torque (IT), resonance frequency analysis (RFA), and reverse torque values (RTVs) by measuring implant stability quotient (ISQ). The recorded data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0. The differences between groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and independent t-test. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was performed to measure the linear relationship between two variables. The statistical significance level was established at p<0.05. Results When the correlation among IT, RTV, and ISQ was measured, a statistically significant correlation between IT and RTV (p=0.001) and between IT and ISQ (p=0.0001) was observed. A statistically significant (p=0.014) correlation between RTV and ISQ was also found. Conclusion Osteotomy prepared by osseodensification method showed higher IT, RTV, and ISQ values than the conventional undersized group.

Resonance Frequency Analysis for Immediately Placed Dental Implants Replacing Periapically Infected Teeth

Aims: There is a controversy regarding the indication of implant insertion into the sockets of infected teeth. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of immediate implants replacing periapically infected teeth utilizing Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) method. Materials and Methods: Preoperatively, clinical, and radiographic examination accomplished for the patients. After anesthetizing the surgical area, the accused tooth extracted, and the socket curetted by surgical curette to remove the periapical lesion then irrigated by normal saline solution. The implant inserted into its prepared site. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (combined by collagen membrane) used to fill gaps ≥ 2 mm and to repair bone defects. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) values were measured for the implants during surgery and after 16 weeks. Postoperative clinical and radiographic evaluation were conducted for each patient. Results: Fourteen implants out of 41 immediate implants (34.1%) had been inserted in the extraction sockets of teeth have chronic periapical lesions (infected sites), T-test showed no significant difference in implant stability (ISQ value) between implant placed in infected and non-infected sites neither at baseline nor at 16-weeks. Paired t-test showed highly significant increase in implant stability (ISQ value) of implants placed in infected sites while in the other implants the mean ISQ value increased with no significant difference during the healing period. The success rate was 100% after 4 years of implantation. Conclusions: Presence of periapical lesion is not a contraindication to place immediate implant when properly managed and can provide similar survival rate to that of implants inserted into healthy sockets.

Clinical Outcomes of Dental Implants with Two Different Internal Connection Configurations—A RCT

Background: The aim of the present study was to highlight clinical and radiographical differences among implants sharing the same macro-geometry but with two different prosthodontic connections. Methods: Patients requiring at least 2 implants in the posterior area of the jaw were randomly divided into two groups (Conical (CS) and Internal Hexagonal (IH) connection). At implant surgery (T0), insertion torque, implant stability quotient (ISQ values recorded by resonance frequency analysis, RFA), and soft tissue thickness (STH) were assessed. A 1-abutment/1-time protocol was applied, and the prosthesis was realized following a fully digital workflow. At the 36-month follow-up periapical x-rays were taken. In order to statistically analyse differences among the two groups and the different variables, paired T-test was used. Linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze how marginal bone loss (MBL) was affected by other independent variables. A neural network created to predict the success (good or not good) of the implant itself was implemented. Results: 30 out of 33 patients (14 males, 16 females, mean age: 68.94 ± 13.01 years) (32 CS and 32 IH) were analyzed. No implants failed. Marginal bone loss at the 3-year time-point was 0.33 ± 0.34 mm and 0.43 ± 0.37 mm respectively for CS and IH with a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.004). The presence of keratinized gingiva (p = 0.034) significantly influenced MBL. Conclusions: Both the implant connections investigated presented optimal clinical outcomes with minimal marginal bone loss; however, CS implants and implants with the presence of a greater width of keratinized tissue presented significantly lower MBL.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Segmented Porous Implant Fabricated by 3D Printing and CNC Composite Machining Technology

The purpose of this study was to design porous implants with particular structure and evaluate their biomechanical behavior. Thus, a segmented porous dental implant (SPDI) was designed and manufactured by 3D Printing and computer numerical control (CNC) composite machining technology. The FE analysis was used to investigate its static mechanical property. Fatigue test was performed to verify its fatigue life. Resonance frequency analysis and pull-out tests were carried out to study its primary stability. Results indicated that better stress distribution was observed for SPDI. Fatigue test showed that no fracture or failure occurred in SPDI samples after 8 million cycles. The average implant stability quotient (ISQ) values of the SPDI inserted into the porous and denser artificial bones were 68.7 and 73.0 respectively. The average maximum pull-out force of SPDI extracted from the artificial bones was 347.5 N. This study provided a new structural design and manufacturing method for porous implant. The results suggested that the novel porous implant obtained good mechanical adaptability and primary stability.

Stability of dental implants placed in healed bony sites of hyperlipidemic patients

Background: The effect of elevated levels of serum fats ­­-hyperlipidemia- on the long-term implant stability and bone quality has been heavily examined in animal-model studies. This human-based case series is the first clinical study which aimed at clinical and radiographic evaluation of dental implant stability and the changes in bone density in patients with high lipid profile. Materials and Methods: Twelve female patients, each had a single healed bony site which indicated for implantation together with high serum fasting (Low-density lipoprotein) LDL level (≥160 mg/dl) were included in this study. The clinical implant stability values (ISQ) which were measured using the Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) method, and CBCT changes were recorded at baseline and six months post-implant insertion. Results: All patients showed implant success after six months. There was a significant increase of implant stability after 6 months from (65.92 ± 6.39 ISQ) to (74.42±6.20 ISQ) (p&lt;0.001).

Resonance Frequency Analysis to Evaluate the Effect of Different Drilling Techniques on Implant Stability at Different Time Intervals: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

To evaluate the effect of different drilling techniques on implant stability at different time intervals. Patients were randomly allotted into three groups based on drilling technique for osteotomy: conventional drilling technique; simplified drilling technique; or modified conventional drilling technique. In 30 patients (n = 10 each group), a total of 44 implants were placed. In the conventional drilling technique, drills with increasing diameters were used. In the simplified drilling technique, only pilot and final-diameter drills were used. In the modified conventional drilling technique, all the drills were used in sequential order in the clockwise direction except the last drill, which was used in the counterclockwise direction. Implant stability quotient was recorded immediately after placing implants and at 1 and 3 months. Statistical analysis was performed with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student t test. Two-way ANOVA showed that drilling technique (P < .001) and time (P = .002) did have a statistically significant effect on implant stability quotient. The modified conventional drilling technique showed a drop in secondary implant stability at 1 month that was negligible compared to the other techniques. After 1 month, there was a significant increase in implant stability quotient with the modified conventional drilling technique compared to the conventional drilling technique (P = .001). The least crestal bone loss during 3 months of follow-up was with the modified conventional drilling technique (0.37 ± 0.06). Secondary stability increased with the modified conventional drilling technique in 3 months and showed a negligible drop at 1 month. This novel drilling technique had an early shift from a decrease to an increase in stability pattern, along with the least crestal bone loss at 3 months.

Osteointegration assessment by the resonant frequency analysis method in patients with different bone mineral density (clinical and biomechanical aspects): prospective study

BACKGROUND: Dental implant stability depends on the mechanical bone properties in the area of the planned surgical intervention and the correctness of the implant embedded in the bone tissue. A significantly decreased bone tissue mineral density of the jaws was found in patients with osteoporosis, which complicates or even prevents the restoration of the integrity of the dentition by the dental implantation method.&#x0D; AIM: This study aimed to conduct a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment of dentition defects by dental implantation in patients with a normal state of bone tissue, osteopenia, and osteoporosis, to assess the stability of the installed implants using the resonance frequency analysis.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients underwent a densitometric study using double X-ray photon absorptiometry, in addition to the basic examination, in dental implantation operation preparation, which made it possible to identify systemic and regional changes in bone mineral density. Dental implant stability and osseointegration were controlled by the resonant frequency analysis method.&#x0D; RESULTS: The parameters of resonance frequency analysis in patients with normal bone mass, osteopenia, and osteoporosis vary depending on the area where the implants are installed when studying the implant stability in patients with different bone mineral densities. The overall index of resonance frequency analysis values differed from those of the group with osteopenia and osteoporosis, regardless of the area of implants installed in patients with normal bone tissue, and was respectively higher by 7.1% (p 0.001) and 10.1% (p 0.001), respectively. The overall index in the group with osteopenia was higher and differed from that in the group with osteoporosis by 5.7% (p 0.001).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The resonance frequency analysis results provide significant information about the state of the implant-bone interface at different treatment stages and during follow-up examinations of patients. The measurement technique makes it possible to observe the dynamics of the osseointegration process, and, if necessary, make timely adjustments to the functional load. Resonance frequency analysis is an important method for documenting the clinical outcome of implantation. This is of particular importance from a medical-legal point of view.