Resonant Circuit Research Articles

Unified linear response theory of quantum electronic circuits

Modeling the electrical response of multi-level quantum systems at finite frequency has been typically performed in the context of two incomplete paradigms: (i) input-output theory, which is valid at any frequency but neglects dynamic losses, and (ii) semiclassical theory, which captures dynamic dissipation effects well but is only accurate at low frequencies. Here, we develop a unifying theory, valid for arbitrary frequencies, that captures both the small-signal quantum behavior and the non-unitary effects introduced by relaxation and dephasing. The theory allows a multi-level system to be described by a universal small-signal equivalent-circuit model, a resonant RLC circuit, whose topology only depends on the number of energy levels. We apply our model to a double-quantum-dot charge qubit and a Majorana qubit, showing the capability to continuously describe the systems from adiabatic to resonant and from coherent to incoherent, suggesting new and realistic experiments for improved quantum state readout. Our model will facilitate the design of hybrid quantum–classical circuits and the simulation of qubit control and quantum state readout.

Design of a stagger‐tuned high‐power low‐stress capacitive wireless power transfer system

AbstractCapacitive power transfer (CPT) has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional inductive methods. CPT offers advantages like cost‐effectiveness, reduced weight and volume, and greater tolerance to alignment errors. However, the high‐Q resonant circuits used as matching networks can be susceptible to high voltage stress, especially when transmitting substantial power. Consequently, designing matching networks for CPT systems necessitates consideration of multiple parameters, including practical constraints such as component losses and breakdown thresholds. In this work an innovative algorithm is presented for designing practical matching networks in CPT systems. The algorithm conducts a methodical search of potential solutions, and converges on component values that maximize power transfer efficiency whilst also minimizing component voltage stress. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally.

Detection of carcinoembryonic antigen specificity using microwave biosensor with machine learning

Early diagnosis and screening of tumor markers are essential for effective cancer treatment and improve the treatment efficiency and prognosis of tumor recurrence and metastasis. In this study, a split-ring resonator circuit based on an interdigital electrode structure was developed and applied to microwave biosensors along with machine learning to detect extremely low concentrations of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA). CEA was detected using a microwave sensor operating at a resonance frequency of 4.33 GHz. When the microwave sensor is exposed to CEA analytes, it generates a new frequency in the range of 1–2 GHz. The position and intensity of the newly generated frequency can be used to characterize and predict the concentration of the CEA solution. The proposed sensor exhibits excellent resonance linearity for various concentrations of CEA (R2 = 0.999), as well as a very low detection limit (39 pg/mL) and high sensitivity (27.5 MHz/(ng/mL)). A machine learning approach was implemented to predict the CEA concentration in blood samples. The results showed close concurrence with the CEA concentration detected by the sensor. Western Blot (WB) was used to compare the CEA contents of four different cell types, and a biosensor was used for validation; the results of the two experiments showed good agreement. This is the first demonstration of the validation of biosensor reliability at the cellular level. The proposed concept exhibits outstanding detection performance with convenient and rapid tumor marker detection. Hence, it has important implications as an auxiliary diagnosis method for cancer.

Sound transmission characteristics of piezoelectric metamaterial plates with resonant shunt circuits

Abstract In this study, a comprehensive investigation is conducted into the sound transmission characteristics of piezoelectric metamaterial plates, which feature five distinct resonant shunt circuits. To begin with, the intrinsic equations that pertain to piezoelectric materials, along with their equivalent models under external circuit conditions are established. Subsequently, the sound transmission loss of the plate and its corresponding equivalent bending stiffness model are constructed. Five resonant shunt circuits are employed, encompassing a basic resonant shunt circuit, one with series/parallel capacitance, and another with series/parallel negative capacitance. Ultimately, the influence of these diverse shunt circuits and their respective parameters on the sound insulation capabilities of piezoelectric metamaterial plates is comprehensively calculated and analyzed. Research results show that the inductance and resistance within the resonant shunt circuit influence the sound transmission characteristics exhibited by the piezoelectric metamaterial plate. Irrespective of whether the capacitance is configured in parallel or series within the resonant shunt circuit, the low-frequency sound transmission loss of the piezoelectric metamaterial plate experiences a notable modification. The effect of negative capacitances in the resonant shunt circuit on the sound transmission loss of the plate exhibits a contrasting pattern compared to the influence of the capacitances within the resonant shunt circuit on the sound transmission loss.

Correction of dynamic magnetic field errors at the rapid cycling synchrotron of China Spallation Neutron Source

At a Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS), dynamic magnetic field errors, such as magnetic field tracking errors and dynamic fringe field effects, can cause time-dependent tune shift during beam acceleration. If the tune shift is significant enough to pass through resonance lines, it can lead to emittance growth and beam losses. Correcting time-dependent tune shift during acceleration is crucial for a RCS. Modulating the exciting current and magnetic field of quadrupole magnets at a RCS, which are powered by resonant circuits, is challenging during the ramping process. Correcting time-dependent tune shift at a RCS poses a significant technical challenge. We have proposed a method for correcting time-dependent tune shift at the rapid cycling synchrotron of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), based on waveform compensation at the quadrupole magnets. This approach involves modulating the magnetic field variation process by injecting time harmonic exciting current into the quadrupole magnets. This method has been validated during the CSNS beam commissioning and has been applied at the RCS of CSNS to correct various dynamic magnetic field errors.

Investigating the Effects of Induction Heating on a Submerged Hollow Cylindrical Element

ABSTRACTThis article proposes an induction heating element that addresses heat transfer and thermal homogenization while being fully submerged in a liquid, specifically focusing on heating of water as a case study. The design calculations, fabrication, and realization of a resonant induction heating system that heats the proposed heating element are presented. The geometric shape of proposed heating element is a hollow cylinder that maintains structural strength while delivering required thermal energy because of an external time‐varying magnetic field. Detailed mathematical modeling of the proposed heating element's equivalent electric circuit has been presented while considering physical parameters including diameter, thickness, height, material properties, magnetic field frequency, and skin effect. A laboratory scale prototype of the induction heating system including the proposed heating element has been built, and experiments have been demonstrated. The experimental results of the working induction heating resonant inverter and RLC resonant circuit inductance and capacitance with induction load are presented. Additionally, the results of thermographic images and temperature–time profile of the water sample, which was heated using the proposed heating element, are provided to demonstrate the heating element's reliability and practicality. This research contributes to the field of induction heating technology by investigating a heating element that is submerged in a liquid medium, resulting in a uniform temperature distribution throughout the liquid. The conventional method of heating water in a stainless steel cup‐shaped container is an inefficient heat transfer process. In stainless steel cup‐shaped containers, a portion of the energy input used to boil the water is lost to the environment through the surface area of the container that is not in direct contact with the water. This heat loss occurs due to the container's design, which exposes a large surface area to the surrounding environment, allowing thermal energy to dissipate through conduction, convection, and radiation.

Performance enhancement energy harvesting from aeroelastic vibrations using a van der Pol circuit

This paper explores galloping vibration-based electromagnetic energy harvesting (EH) in a Duffing-Rayleigh oscillator coupled to a storage RLC resonator circuit with a van der Pol model. Aeroelastic instability induces the mechanical system’s self-induced vibration. The electromechanical coupling mechanism between the resonant van der Pol circuit and the mechanical structure is obtained by the permanent interaction of the magnet and the coil. We examine two cases in a comparative study. In the first case, we use an RLC resonator circuit without a van der Pol model. The second case considers the RLC resonator circuit with a van der Pol model. Firstly, the modulation equations of slow flow of the vibration and the output voltage responses are obtained using a complexification-averaging (CX-A) method. Furthermore, the analytical approximate solutions of the steady-state responses are derived. The obtained analytical results have been confirmed using numerical simulations. Results show that the Duffing-Rayleigh mechanical oscillator can provide higher electrical energy by introducing a van der Pol circuit instead of without a van der Pol circuit. Moreover, the presence of the van der Pol model with the RLC circuit can significantly reduce the critical wind speed required to harvest energy. This result may provide an optimization process that can be used to supply some guidelines in the design of galloping vibrations-based electromagnetic energy harvesters.

TLS noise reduction in microwave kinetic inductance detectors using a parallel plate capacitor with a three-layer dielectric

<p>Over the past two decades, microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) have gained exceptional importance in millimeter and sub-millimeter astronomy. MKIDs consist of thin strip resonators capable of detecting changes in the surface impedance of superconductor strips, which result from variations in resonance circuit properties. The principal noise in MKIDs comprises excess frequency noise and two-level system noise. In this paper, we propose a technique to mitigate the effect of two-level system (TLS) noise in MKIDs using a parallel plate capacitor with three layers of high ε dielectrics. To achieve this, we employ three layers of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, HfO<sub>2</sub>, and TiO<sub>2</sub> with equal thickness between the capacitor plates. The experimental results demonstrate a nearly 30% reduction in TLS power spectral density.<strong></strong></p>

Role of cerium dopant in tuning the semiconductor-to-metal transition properties of magnesium zinc ferrite nanomaterials

In this research work, Magnesium zinc ferrite (CexMgZn1-xFe2O4) nanomaterials have been synthesized with various cerium concentrations (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) using the coprecipitation method. With no deformation as per structural analysis, cerium ions are doped in the spinel lattice of MgZnFe2O4 nanomaterials. The undoped MgZnFe2O4 with initial flake-like morphology is changed to cube-like shapes upon Ce (x = 0.15) addition. The DC resistivity exhibits a varying pattern in both ferromagnetic and paramagnetic regions as temperature increases. Furthermore, the samples with x = 0.15 exhibit a high resistivity on the order of 1.09∗1010 Ω cm, and an activation energy of 0.909 eV. The dielectric properties, such as dielectric constant, dielectric losses, and impedance, exhibit a progressive drop as the frequency increases from 1 MHz to 2 MHz. Furthermore, dielectric parameters reach their lowest value in the dopant x = 0.1. The highest Q values for x = 0.05 and 0.15 indicate that the mentioned materials are most suitable for use in high-frequency devices, likewise multi-layer chip inductors and resonant circuits. Growth inhibition of two types of bacterial extracts (E.Coli and S. aureus) has been studied. Results revealed MgZnFe2O4 enhanced growth inhibition against S. aureus bacteria with increasing Ce concentration, however, inhibition of E. Coli is hampered (50 % at maximum) by Ce incorporation into ferrite lattice.

Intelligent Ureteral Stent Placeable via Standard Procedure for Kidney Pressure Telemetry: An Ex-Vivo Study.

This paper reports the first telemetric ureteral stent compatible with common placement procedure, enabling wireless sensing and detection of ureteral obstruction and resultant kidney swelling known as hydronephrosis at an early stage. This sensor-integrated "intelligent" ureteral stent is prototyped via the design and fabrication approaches that raise the practicality of the device and tested in a harvested swine kidney-ureter model ex vivo. Leveraging a polymeric double-J stent and micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, the intelligent stent is built by embedding micro pressure sensors and a radiofrequency antenna, forming a resonant circuit that enables wireless kidney pressure monitoring in an operating frequency of 40-50MHz. The stent device is entirely packaged with Parylene-C for both biocompatibility and electrical insulation of the device in order to function in the real environment including urine, an electrically conductive liquid. A comparison between the results measured in in-vitro and ex-vivo settings show a good match in the sensitivity to applied pressure. In particular, the ex-vivo test in the kidney-ureter model pressurized with artificial urine in a cycled manner demonstrates wireless pressure tracking with a response of 1.3kHz/mmHg, over pressures up to 37mmHg that well covers a range of pressure increase known for chronic obstruction. This testing is enabled by the prototype placement into the ex-vivo model using the standard stenting technique and tools without noticeable functional degradation or failures, showing potential compatibility of the device with today's clinical need as a ureteral stent.

Passive control of hydro-elastic vibrations of plates using shunted piezoelectric patches

Suppressing structural vibrations is a vital engineering requirement in many applications. In this study, an analytical model is initially developed for predicting the forced vibration response of a fluid-loaded plate with arbitrary boundary conditions attached to piezoelectric patches. Each piezoelectric patch is connected to a resonant shunt circuit consisting of a resistor and an inductor. Using the analytical model, it is demonstrated that the vibration control is effective for cantilever plates immersed in water. This is demonstrated first for the vibration control at individual resonance frequencies, and then at multiple resonance frequencies simultaneously using several separate piezoelectric patches. A parametric study is then performed to investigate how the efficiency of the method varies with the plate thickness, patch thickness, and patch size. It is observed that although the vibration reduction decreases steadily with increasing plate thickness, the shunted piezoelectric patches can still effectively damp the plate vibration, and their performance can be further improved by increasing the size and/or thickness of the patches.

Insight into the Internal Structure of High-Performance Multicore Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Cancer Thermotherapy.

Multicore magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), comprising iron oxide cores embedded in a sugar or starch matrix, are a class of nanomaterials with promising magnetic heating properties. Their internal structure, and particularly the strength of the internal core-core magnetic interactions, are believed to determine the functional properties, but there have been few detailed studies on this to date. We report here on an interlaboratory and multimodality transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic study of a high-performance MNP material (supplied by Resonant Circuits Limited, RCL) that is currently being used in a clinical study for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. TEM data were collected under a variety of conditions: conventional; high-resolution; scanning; cryogenic; and, for the first time, liquid phase. All the imaging modes showed mostly irregular dextran lamellae of lateral dimensions 30-90 nm, plus ca. 15% n/n of what appeared to be 30-60 nm long "nanorods", and a multitude of well-dispersed ca. 3.7 nm diameter iron oxide cores. Cryogenic electron tomography indicated that the nanorods were edge-on lamellae, but in dried samples, tomography showed rod- or lath-shaped forms, possibly resulting from the collapse of lamellae during drying. High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) showed the dextran to be crystallized in the low-temperature hydrated dextran polymorph. Magnetic remanence Henkel-plot analysis indicated a weak core-core interaction field of ca. 4.8 kA/m. Theoretical estimates using a point-dipole model associated this field with a core-to-core separation distance of ca. 5 nm, which tallies well with the ca. 4-6 nm range of separation distances observed in liquid-cell TEM data. On this basis, we identify the structure-function link in the RCL nanoparticles to be the unusually well-dispersed multicore structure that leads to their strong heating capability. This insight provides an important design characteristic for the future development of bespoke nanomaterials for this significant clinical application.

Aluminum panel vibration reduction using single lead zirconate titanate and resonant circuit

This study aimed to reduce the vibration of an aluminum plate using a single lead zirconate titanate (PZT) electrical circuit. First, the natural frequencies and modes of the aluminum plate were analyzed using an analytical method to determine the dynamic characteristics of the plate. The frequency domain was used to derive the vibration characteristics of the acoustically excited aluminum plate. It was noted that the resonance region where the vibration of the panel increased rapidly was at 390 Hz, which was then set as the reduction target. Thereafter, the vibration reduction performances of the circuit that connects only the resistance element to the PZT panel and the resonant circuit that uses an inductor were compared. Through actual acoustic excitation, the vibration reduction of the aluminum panel using the PZT panel based on resistance and resonance circuits was validated. The results demonstrated that the vibration in the resonant frequency region of 384 Hz was reduced by 20% through the implementation of a resonant circuit, comprising an inductor and a resistor, added to a single PZT, whose weight was 0.08% of the weight of the aluminum panel. Therefore, this study confirmed that the vibration of aluminum plates can be effectively reduced using a low-weight PZT patch.

Design and Characterization of SAW-Based Wireless and Passive Temperature Sensing System

Abstract The Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) temperature sensor has received significant attention due to its wirelessly-powered, battery-free, and chipless capabilities. This paper proposes a wireless sensing system comprising a one-port SAW resonator, antennas, and transceiver circuit. The SAW resonator utilized in this system was based on Aluminum Nitride (AlN) thin film, which exhibits high SAW velocity and excellent piezoelectric properties. To completely investigate the performance of the SAW resonator, simulation and experiments were conducted. Upon connecting the SAW sensor to the temperature sensing system via the antenna, the reflection peak of the SAW resonator was clearly observed in the spectrum of the return signal. Additionally, during the temperature tests, the response frequency displayed almost linear behavior as the temperature increased from 30°C to 150°C. The fitted temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) was 30.68ppm/°C, indicating that the wireless temperature sensing system has high temperature sensitivity.

A repetitive pulsed electrothermal plasma jet ignition system based on capillary discharge.

Plasma ignition and combustion enhancement is a promising technology in applications of engines, industrial burners, pollutant emissions controls, etc. A new repetitive electrothermal plasma jet ignition system based on ablated capillary discharge under atmospheric pressure is presented in this paper. It consists of a capillary discharge module, a pulse current circuit, a pulse voltage circuit, a current release unit, an LC series resonant circuit, and a control system. The effects of the energy storage capacitor's voltage and resistance in the current release unit on the electrical parameters are investigated. Increasing the capacitor voltage helps to shorten the discharge delay and increase the energy deposition efficiency in the main discharge process. The increase of the resistance in the current release unit leads to a longer discharge delay and higher energy deposition efficiency in the main discharge process. Balanced parameters between the delay of discharge in 66 µs and the energy deposition efficiency in 84% are achieved through optimization, with a peak radiative heat flux of 23MWm-2 and a maximum jet length of 17cm. Repetitive capillary discharge at 20Hz under atmospheric pressure is achieved with the dispersion of energy storage capacitor charging voltage and energy deposition efficiency of 0.3% and 9.6%, respectively. Simplified circuit topology and control logic contribute to the miniaturization of the ignition system.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ РЕЗОНАНСНИХ СИСТЕМ ДЛЯ ОТРИМАННЯ ВИСОКОЇ НАПРУГИ НА НАВАНТАЖЕННІ ЄМНІСНОГО ТИПУ

The work is devoted to the comparative analysis of currents in inverter circuits of transformerless resonant and transformer resonant and non-resonant systems of the same power for obtaining high voltage on a capacitive load. The purpose of the work is to determine the type of system characterized by the smallest average operating current of the inverter switches. The dependence of the currents in the circuits of the inverters on the parameters of the resonant circuits was obtained, the results of calculations according to which allow us to state that the use of a transformerless circuit to ensure the same power of systems for obtaining high voltage on a capacitive type load will allow to almost halve the average operating current in the inverter circuit. Simulation modeling of the processes in the studied schemes was carried out, which confirms the obtained theoretical results. The use of high-voltage transformerless resonant systems to obtain high voltage on a capacitive load will allow to halve the nominal and maximum permissible current characteristics of the power elements of the converters. Ref. 10, fig. 3.

Power stabilization control of wireless charging system based on LCL‐P compensation structure

AbstractTo enhance the stabilizing function and boost the output power of the inductive coupling power transfer (ICPT) system, a power stabilization control method based on LCL‐P resonance compensation for a wireless energy transmission system is proposed. “L” represents inductance, “C” represents capacitance, “LCL” refers to the primary‐side compensation structure, and “P” indicates that the secondary side is compensated in parallel . Firstly, this paper synthesizes the modeling principle of the gyrator equivalent model of the resonant circuit and coupled inductor, graphically analyzes the resonant compensation structure, and derives the circuit characteristics of the LCL‐P compensation structure. Then, this paper proposes an improved control strategy for the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm to dynamically track the output power and thus obtain the optimal operating point through frequency conversion. Lastly, using MATLAB/Simulink software to build the simulation model of the wireless charging system through parameter design, the impact of the conventional DC/DC power control method is contrasted with the algorithmic control suggested in this paper. The results demonstrate that: the device can realize power transfer of 2.7 KW level, the energy transfer efficiency reaches more than 90%, the inverter realizes soft‐switching operation, and the improved MPPT algorithmic control strategy proposed in this paper is utilized to achieve better closed‐loop control of the system. The excellent characteristics of the LCL‐P compensation structure in high‐power transmission applications, as well as the correctness and feasibility of the control algorithm proposed in this paper, are demonstrated through simulation and practical experiments. This is a significant step towards improving the wide‐range adaptation of the wireless charging system, which is based on the LCL‐P resonance compensation to the changes in the load and coupling.

Design of Small-Size Lithium-Battery-Based Electromagnetic Induction Heating Control System

This paper presents the design and optimization of a small-size electromagnetic induction heating control system powered by a 3.7 V–900 mAh lithium battery and featuring an LC series resonant full-bridge inverter circuit, which can be used for small metal material heating applications, such as micro medical devices. The effects of the resonant capacitance, inductor wire diameter, heating tube material, and wall thickness were studied to maximize the heating rate of the workpiece and simultaneously reduce the temperature rise of the NMOS transistor. The optimal circuit configuration meeting the design requirements was finally identified by comparing the operational parameters and NMOS transistor loss under different circuit conditions. Validation experiments were conducted on designed electromagnetic induction smoking devices. The results indicate that under an output current of 4.6 A, the heating tube can reach the temperature target of 250 °C within 11 s, and all NMOS transistors stay below 50 °C in a 5 min heating process.

Efficient power conversion with four switch soft-switching boost integrated half-bridge dual-output series resonant converter

Soft switching reduces voltage and current stress during transitions, smoothing and quieting operations and reducing electromagnetic interference while also increasing efficiency and equipment lifespan. Circuit design, component selection, and switching frequency optimization affect power electronics soft switching. This paper proposes boost integrated half-bridge dual-output series resonant (BIHBDOSR) converter, a novel converter design and control method to increase series resonant converter performance by reducing storage element size, switch count, and switching losses. This methodology relies on soft-switching technologies like zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS). These methods use class-D, class-E, series, parallel, and series–parallel resonant converter circuits to increase efficiency and minimize component stress. The proposed converter is ideal for constant voltage, constant power, and current-controlled loads with the output voltage being regulated by a closed-loop PI controller. The output voltages for two loads in the simulation depart from reference values. V01 changes from 14 to 20 V and V02 from 18 to 15 V at 300 ms owing to switching variances. The proposed converter utilizes gate driver circuits, resonant tank circuit, current sensor, FPGA board for closed-loop control, and current sensor for stability, ensuring converter stability. The proposed converter closed-loop control method modifies PWM signals to regulate both loads independently and ensure steady output voltage. Additionally, to validate the effectiveness of proposed converter, a 50-W driver circuit is designed, delivering two independent outputs of 20 W and 30 W. Frequency modulation (FM) and duty cycle control methods are employed to obtain the desired outputs.

Comprehensive review and study for the CMOS transformer tank voltage‐controlled oscillator

AbstractThis article comprehensively reviews and studies CMOS transformer tank voltage‐controlled oscillators (VCOs) designed to improve the frequency tuning range (FTR) and minimize phase noise (PN) across a broad frequency range, particularly for mm‐wave and fifth‐generation applications. The study focuses on enhancing the performance of the oscillators to meet the demanding requirements of these advanced applications. This study thoroughly investigates and compares various strategies to increase the FTR, minimize PN, and reduce power dissipation in transformer tank VCOs. The aim is to establish fundamental guidelines for implementing transformer‐based tank VCOs. The study comprehensively reviews and analyzes the overall architecture of transformer‐based tank VCOs, presenting a detailed examination of the methods employed to enhance VCO performance. Additionally, the study illustrates the impact of the coupling factor on the VCO's performance parameters, detailing and demonstrating the overall tank circuit quality factor (Q) and resonator coupling factor (κ). A thorough understanding of PN methodology and the limitations of FTR has led to the development of innovative architectures. These include transformer‐based capacitive feedback (FB) oscillators with resistively adjusted variable inductors, as well as class‐F and inverse class‐F VCOs. These novel architectures contribute significantly to the improvement of oscillator performance.