Resolution Of Contradictions Research Articles

Scientific and methodological support practical training future teachers in the process of production practices

The relevance of the study is due to the processes of reforming the structure and content of higher education in the world, the transformation of the domestic system of professional training, focused on achieving high indicators in the professional career of university graduates. The article presents the experience of using electronic scientific and methodological support for the practical training of students at the university. The need for scientific and methodological development of issues of electronic support for the practical experience of students, the study of forms, content, mechanisms for the implementation of digital and electronic learning technologies, as well as assessing the quality of electronic channels for obtaining information, actualizes the problem of this study. The purpose of the article is the theoretical substantiation and development of the content, forms and methods of scientific and methodological electronic support for the training of a future teacher in terms of industrial practice. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of the content and mechanisms for the implementation of scientific and methodological electronic support for the practical training of future teachers on the example of organizing practical training for bachelors of psychological and pedagogical education. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results contribute to the expansion of scientific ideas about the process of practical training of a future teacher, taking into account the informatization of modern education. The study of the difficulties encountered by students in the course of distance online learning reveals contradictions of both objective and subjective nature. The resolution of contradictions is possible when organizing independent work of students in practice by means of electronic support for the experience of professional activity, aimed at enriching the spectrum of obtaining a posteriori knowledge. The article offers options for the use of distance technologies in a university, stages, forms and methods of interaction between participants in the educational process. The result of the research and the subject of discussion is the substantiation of the ways to implement the a posteriori component of the industrial practice program as a form of blended learning, which provides a seamless combination of the possibilities of traditional work and electronic support of students' practical activities. The reference point for an independent search for answers when performing practical tasks, their reflective analysis and theoretical interpretation in the course of solving pedagogical problems is provided by means of an electronic educational environment and a study developed by the authors scientific and methodological support for the practical training of future teachers. The article is addressed to teachers, researchers, heads of educational organizations interested in improving teacher education.

Cultural Historical Activity Theory for Studying Practice-Based Learning and Change in Medical Education.

Cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) is a social theory which is useful as a methodological framework for the vital task of studying practice-based learning in complex learning environments. CHAT is an apparatus considering learning as occurring through practice, through collective activity, and mediated by culturally specific instruments. Because CHAT is increasingly drawn upon in medical education academia, it is necessary for medical educationalists to be familiar with this theory. This methodology article explains how CHAT theorizes learning in dynamic workplaces within an activity system comprising multiple practitioners engaged in activity, which is collaborative, multi-voiced, and bounded by a shared intended object. It provides an accessible overview of the central concepts within CHAT and a description of a methodological strategy (activity system analysis) to incorporate CHAT into one’s own work. CHAT also theorizes where tensions lie within and between activity systems, causing difficulties in achieving the intended object, defining such tensions as contradictions. It is through the overcoming of past contradictions that activity has come to exist in its current form, abiding by social norms of the present time, and CHAT allows consideration of how practice within a system may be changed through resolution of contradictions. For example, the Change Laboratory is a contrived intervention where practitioners consciously contribute to developing and embedding new, improved ways of practicing using CHAT principles. This allows practitioners to have agency in improving their own areas of learning and practice. Throughout this article, examples are provided of how CHAT has been usefully applied to various aspects of medical education research, including undergraduate education, postgraduate education, and continuous professional development. By building on the introduction to CHAT provided in this article, the reader can start to use CHAT methodologically to describe complexity, identify practice-based contradictions, and develop improved forms of practice-based learning, in his/her own context.

Main criteria for evaluation of efciency and contradictions in the process of crop rotation implementation

The nature of subjective positioning on the role of crop rotations in agriculture from many points of view, namely – agrochemical, biological, geological and energetic. This leads to the belief that crop rotation arose as a need for reasonable human interaction with nature, a careful attitude to it. However, a comprehensive ecological and biosphere approach to understanding the essence of crop rotation requires the resolution of certain contradictions that arise in the implementation of modern farming systems. Based on the data of long-term feld experiments, the main indicators of the biological cycle of humus carbon in black soil are calculated. The calculation is based on the balance of humus as the difference between the fnal and initial content and reserves in the soil under different crop rotations. We found that the joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil and, ultimately, on crop yields and crop rotation productivity. Against this background, a positive balance of humus (+1.29 t/ha) and total nitrogen (+80 kg/ha) in the soil is observed. Strengthening the organic fertilizer system by using, in addition to manure, by-products of crops – cereal straw, peas, corn stalks contributed to the formation of a positive balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil: the annual accumulation of humus was 0.28 t/ha, nitrogen 14 kg/ha. Due to the humifcation of crop residues of cereals, peas and perennial legumes during the 7-year study period in the soil of control crop rotation 1 formed humus 2.85 t/ha, in crop rotation 14 with grasses – 7.0, the rest of crop rotations – from 3.4 up to 4.0 t/ha. In general, 5.5 % of the initial stock of humus or 8.9 t/ha was mineralized in the crop rotation without fertilizers during the specifed period. If we add to this about 3 t/ha of humus, the decomposition of which in the process of mineralization was compensated by plant residues, then during this period decomposed about 12 t/ha of humus. This value of mineralization characterizes the parameters of the biological cycle of humus in the control crop rotation. Key words: soil, fertilizers, crop rotations, crop yield, crop rotation productivity, plant residues, humifcation, humus, humus mineralization, humus balance.

Authors Identification within the Subject Area in the Semantic Library

The peculiarities of the task of authors identifying and determining author's contribution to publications in digital bibliographic codes are considered. The features of the problem of insufficient identification are manifested in the repetition of information, doubling, the presence of authors with completely coincidental names, self-quotation, autoplagiate and plagiarism itself. It is proposed to use publication information that has already been accumulated in the digital library in the form of related object area data and a variety of target thesaurus data, as the author and user of the library. This information contains links whereby keyword contexts, multiple co-authors, and term associations in dictionaries and thesauruses can be used to identify authorship. It is important that an array of scientific publications is considered, since they have an established traditional structure, which allows comparing fixed text elements (annotations, keywords, classifier codes, etc.). Thus, even if the names in the publications are fully matched, the question of authorship can be raised if the publications in the digital library correspond to different subject areas. Resolution of such contradictions is accomplished by evaluating a plurality of links of all elements of secondary publication information. The result of the comparison could be the addition of the author to a specific area, i.e. the extension of the addressee's thesaurus and the author's personal thesaurus, or the appearance of full namesakes in the library, but from different areas of knowledge. It has been shown that modern data analysis tools allow you to evaluate the author's contribution to publication, despite the fact that of course, only the scientific community can evaluate the real contribution to scientific research.

Spiritual and Moral Potential of Personality in the Social-Political Sphere of Modern Russia

Introduction. The article examines the spiritual and moral aspect of the political sphere. Due to the fact that the core of the potential of the Russian (Russian) politician has historically been the spiritual and moral principle of the Russian mentality, which is formed as a result of spiritual and moral development, in the process of education and training, then analytics, strategic management and the creation of a system of diligence gave the maximum effect of effectiveness in development of the country, were created on the basis of the spiritual and moral ideals of managers as the most important axiological guidelines of society. The purpose of the article is to study the influence of the spiritual and moral potential of a politician’s personality on the political sphere of modern Russia. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of scientific research is cultural-historical, activity-based, integrated, transdisciplinary and psychosocial approaches. The intentional-dynamic concept and theories of cognitive dissonance, structuralist-constructivist, structuralist, ethnomethodological are used. Research Results. The research results in a scientific and philosophical substantiation of the fact that the spiritual and moral principle of the personality of a Russian politician is the essential basis of his resource development, a source of strength, motives and internal activity. The spiritual and moral potential of a politician’s personality determines the movement of deep essential vital forces that unfold through the mental program, which is the generic archetypal basis for self-realization, determining the strategy and tactics, the vector of the country’s development. Determined by the civilization of Russia, the mental programs of the behaviour of the politician’s personality create his stable stereotypes of behaviour and values, preserving the Russian (Russian) mentality, spiritual and moral values and Russian culture as a way of being of society at the genetic level. In connection with the identification through spiritual and moral values with Russian identity, the civilizational foundations of other countries are alien to him and his activities are aimed at strengthening the Russian statehood. Discussion and Conclusion. In the modern political sphere of Russia, there are contradictions between the objective laws of the development of the potential of a politician’s personality and his subjective preferences, which create new realities that violate the foundations of the country’s civilizational development; traditional, culture-forming and external, civilizational alien, changing the essential of Russian civilizational foundations, weakening the fulcrum in the mentality of political leaders. The resolution of contradictions is determined by the peculiarities of the cultural, historical, spiritual development of Russia, which contain the mobilization potential of the individual and society; the power of a political personality, which is an active subject of political activity, realizing its spiritual and moral potential, launching the deep essential forces of the generic archetype of spiritual and moral qualities, carrying out the processes of self-organization of the system, sustainable development and stabilization of society. Strengthening Russia as a world power is possible only for a political subject of the corresponding mentality, giving strength and the essential basis of movement and development, due to the fact that it is the mentality of a politician, which is a manifestation of the mental program of society, that creates the possibility of successful actions in the cultural and educational space of his country. Only in this case politics will act as a spiritual and moral ideal and an important axiological guideline for society and every citizen.

Transformation in the Form of a Better Life in the New Era and Its Value Guidance

A “better life in the new era,” a proposition unique to 21st century Marxism, is based on the historical originality of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Along with the transformation of the main contradictions in Chinese society, “a better life in the new era” has become a new life-form. Of course, the new life-form and new development ideas are complementary. On the one hand, the proposition of the new development ideas is based on the transformation of the new life-forms, so the inherent purport of the two is closely related; on the other, the proposition of such ideas will further promote the construction of “a better life in the new era” at the level of practice, and will play a key leading role in the resolution of major social contradictions. Therefore, to comprehensively understand the revolutionary significance of a “better life in the new era” under the guidance of the new development principles, we must gain an intrinsic grasp of the many forms of a “better life in the new era,” including its actors, forms of occurrence, forms of realization and external forms. They have as their theoretical support such concepts as “the people as the main force, the ruling Party as the guide,” “transformation of contradictions, integration of supply and demand,” “labor orientation, co-creation and sharing,” and “homogeneous ideals extended worldwide.” Together, these constitute a unique Chinese style. In the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics, or modernization, only the sublation of “objective [sachlicher] dependence” and adherence to the practical intention of “free individuality” can fulfill the “return” of a “better life in the new era” toward “man himself,” and achieve value guidance for the Chinese road.

Theory of industrial organization: The problem of defining the subject.

The object of analysis in the industrial organization theory remains debatable. A comparative approach applied to solve the problem in the study shows that the object in the industrial organization theory is conventionally interpreted as different forms of applied, i. e. industrial, microeconomics. The author views industrial market as a structural component of economy with its own laws of development. If the object of analysis in the industrial organization theory is the industry itself, then the subject should be focused on studying the driving forces which determine the direction of its development. The objects of analysis in the current industrial markets theory and in microeconomic analysis match due to their common methodology – the statistical analysis. Given the industry’s dynamic nature, it would be the most appropriate to reproduce the approach which combines systematic and dynamic methods. This approach demonstrates that industry’s evolution is driven by the resolution of contradictions between the firm and market conditions. The direct cause of market changes are shown to be the changes in the productive forces, and the direct driving force is the firm. While changing, the firm creates new market conditions which accumulate and trigger qualitative transformations of the market, forcing it to adapt to the changes in a new way. An on-going contradiction between them becomes the engine of development for both the industry and the firm. This interpretation of the object in the industrial organization theory and the reproduced methodology used provide ample opportunities for solving two theoretically and pragmatically crucial problems – defining the causes and factors of the industrial markets development, and defining the patterns in product markets development, which allows us to predict the process of market evolution. Further analysis of the internal development will reveal the evolutionary nature of the industries and markets and give some insights into the nature of their interaction with the society’s productive forces and public institutes being the reflections of the production relationships.

Взаимоотношения судебной и законодательной власти в контексте уголовной политики

Introduction: the article analyses contradictions between the legislature and courts arising in the process of development and implementation of criminal policy. The analysis is particularly focused on the causes, content, public presentation of these contradictions and the mechanism of their resolution. Purpose: to explain why, given the inevitability and objectivity of these contradictions, they are not publicly exposed and the parties involved in them avoid their public discussion. Methods: description, interpretation, classification, statistical analysis, documentary analysis based on the methodological principles of dialectics and the theoretical advances of political and sociological jurisprudence. Results: the article substantiates the presence of three groups of contradictions between the legislature and courts, which stem from the nature of these branches of government, the results of their activities and personal characteristics of political actors; it demonstrates the content of contradictions emerging in the process of creating, interpreting and applying criminal law; the study proves that the legislature and courts ‘politely evade’ public displaying of these contradictions and transfer their resolution from the political sphere to the sphere of law; it shows the role of constitutional justice bodies in resolving the contradictions; the articles offers an explanation of the current situation providing such reasons behind it as the courts’ perception of their role in society, the dominance of the legalist type of legal thinking and the firmly established type of decision-making by courts which is based on the conclusions of the formal theory. Conclusions: the evasion of courts and the legislature from the public resolution of contradictions in the field of shaping and implementation of criminal policy indicates two alternatives in the development of political design: either a crisis of the theory of separation of powers in the part that focuses on the contradictions between the branches of government and the formation of a new theoretical concept that relies on the synergy of actions of various public authorities; or, alternatively, that building an effective ‘vertical of power’ suppresses and destroys the doctrine of separation of powers. The article substantiates that any ‘polite evasion’ from public demonstration and resolution of contradictions between the legislature and courts has its limits, beyond which courts lose the quality of an independent and self-sufficient authority.

Декабристы в эпическом отображении Л. Н. Толстого и Н. А. Некрасова

The article considers the most ambitious attempts in Russian literature of the 19th century to create an epic work on the material of the Decembrist movement and the fate of its participants made by L. N. Tolstoy in the genre of novel and by N. A. Nekrasov in the genre of poem. The study of main stages of Tolstoy's work on the unfulfilled plan of the Decembrists and Nekrasov's work on the poem Grandfather and the cycle of poems “Russian Women” allows to conclude that Tolstoy and Nekrasov, creating their epic works in prose and verse, came to extremely dissimilar results. Tolstoy’s psychologically deep sketches and hot and sometimes melodramatic pathos of Nekrasov’s poems formed in many ways contrasting artistic worlds. Tolstoy's moral search in the failed novel presupposes the resolution of social contradictions in the field of a kind of “religion of feeling” and causes a grandiose “side effect” — the creation of the epic novel War and Peace. Nekrasov’s poems, following the journalism of A. I. Herzen, laid the foundations of the Decembrist myth and the cult of the Decembrists as martyrs of the revolutionary faith. The hypothesis is put forward that Tolstoy's failure to work on a novel about the Decembrists and the low artistic viability of Nekrasov's “Decembrist” poems are explained by the lack of a basis for truly epic creativity in the historical material.

Исследование системы целей интерактивной формы обучения (на примере обучения русскому языку как иностранному в магистратуре)

Interactive learning, according to a review of scientific and methodic literature, is the most effective way to optimize the educational process at different stages of its formation, and es-pecially when teaching foreign languages and Russian as a foreign language. However, along with the highlighted values and advantages of interactive learning, there are a number of significant problems, the reason for which lies in insufficient attention to the systemic organization of the in-teractive learning process, which also creates an obstacle to building an effective management system for the evolution of this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns, conditions and factors that influence the formation and development of interactive learning. As a result of applying the methods of content analysis of literature and the categorical method “Order of goals”: 1) interactive learning is presented in the form of 3 categories (OK, Pk, IK), each of which reflects its qualitative certainty; 2) the goals of each category are determined; 3) a qualitative model of the object is constructed, where the interactive learning itself is a system, and the selected categories are subsystems; 5) revealed a typology of possible contradictions between the goals of each subsystem and the system as a whole; 6) predicted possible consequences and resolution of contradictions for the development of interactive learning. The results obtained make it possible to effectively resolve the contradictions arising in the system of goals of the object and between their carriers, and to create a model for managing the functioning of the interactive learning. It is concluded that the description of the methods of productive resolution of the revealed contradictions will allow building a qualitative process of training optimization, including foreign languages and Russian as a foreign language.

A Preliminary Study on Connectivism—Constructivism Learning Theory Based on Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience and Spiking Neural Network

Based on a new theoretical perspective, this paper attempts to unify the seemingly incompatible learning theories of Connectivism and Constructivism into a scientific theoretical framework. The Connectivism-Constructivism learning theory is not a simple superposition of the two theories. Instead, it absorbs the essence of the learning theory of Constructivism, Connectivism and Neo-Constructivism, and takes the two empirical scientific experimental results of developmental cognitive neuroscience and spiking neural network as the factual basis, and develops two theories from the perspective of development. Integration, to achieve the resolution of contradictions, complement each other, and then rebuild. This paper discusses Connectivism-Constructivism learning theory. The theory holds that the essence of knowledge is the connection between the subject and the environment. There are two forms: physical form and logical form. The only logical form can be realized and utilized by people. Learning can be divided into two stages: connection and construction. Connection is the premise, construction is the core, and the network action generated in the connection stage as a raw material is pruned, and processed by various systems in the construction stage to become psychological representation. When the psychological representation is used, the relevant network shaping is finished, and the meaningful network is formed, which completes the change of knowledge from physical form to logical form and from logical form to physical form. Therefore, learning is the process of constructing meaningful network. We should not only promote the students’ connection stage, but also help the students’ construction stage. The innovation and breakthrough contribution of this paper is that it is the first time to look at the topic of learning theory from a new research perspective. In order to explore a more convincing learning theoretical framework, this article takes the lead in seeking theoretical support and factual basis from developmental cognitive neuroscience and Spiking neural network. As a result, Connectivism learning theory and Constructivism learning theory are successfully integrated into a rather complete and effective theoretical framework to reconstruct Connectivism-Constructivism learning theory.

Nature-like mining technology as a potentially monumental resolution of environmental contradictions during the development of solid mineral deposits

The antagonistic contradiction between the biological essence of man and the abiological ways in which he obtains energy from the Sun for the creation of a food base and personal habitat is the determining factor shaping the image of our technocratic civilization. In order to address this contradiction in the development of the mineral and raw materials complex, it is necessary that the requirements for environmental security not be imposed on individual operations or processes but form the basis of a promising technological paradigm. In this way, the conservation of the Earth’s natural biota becomes a requirement and an inherent feature of the technologies created and applied. It seems abundantly clear that from a methodological point of view, technological responses to environmental challenges should be sought in the study of systems where these answers have already been obtained. Namely, these answers present themselves in biological systems taking form in nature-like technologies. Recent changes in public consciousness have inevitably led to the greener thinking in all spheres of human activity. The most illustrative ref lection of this phenomenon is the growing interest in nature-like technologies, which are associated with the main aspirations in the settling of a global environmental crisis generated by a long-term antagonistic confrontation between the technosphere and the bio- sphere. In considering the concept of nature-like technologies as a designation of the principal trend in the modernization of the general technological paradigm, it is necessary to distinguish two specific areas. Depending on whether or not the technologies that we use are present or absent in wildlife, we must first consider the construction of technologies by duplicating effective processes already observed in wildlife in the technosphere (nature-reproducing technologies) and, secondly, the creation of technological systems by transferring the effective functional structure of the circulation of matter and energy in biological systems to the technosphere (convergent technologies). The general theory of the creation of “similar to nature“ technologies is presented, based on the well-known principles of homeostatics - methods of maintaining the vital parameters of the interaction of natural and technical systems by controlling the contradictions between antagonists. The main directions of the structural and functional convergence of technical and biological sciences are identified when updating the technological paradigm of industrial development, based on the reproduction in the technosphere of systemic solutions that ensure the functioning of complex biological systems. Regarding the ecologization of the technological paradigm of the mineral resource complex, the methodology of creating an ecologically balanced technology as a multiobject cluster is based on the well-known principles of homeostatics, i.e., on the phased formation of a technological homeostat on the basis of the structure of a biological homeostat with the replacement of its essential elements with geotechnological target analogues. The result of this transformation is the construction of a convergent mining technology for integrated field development. Its use will ensure the development of technical systems that make it possible to limit external environmental impacts owing to the postexploitation self-restoration of natural biota phytocoenoses. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Project No. 19-17-00034.

The Need to Update the Research Methodology in Criminal Law Science

Introduction. The current state of criminal-political theory requires not only a substantive, but also a methodological renewal. This is both through the active creation of new methods and research directions, and also by utilization of already well established methodological principles. One of these principles, is the principle of unity and the struggle of opposites, which taken together constitute the core of dialectical methodology. This to some extent discredited in the history of Russian science, but its potential has not been fully revealed. Deprived of ideological flair, the study of criminal policy from the point of view of analysing its constituent contradictions is a new and promising area of research in the sphere of domestic legal science. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out using the tradition of dialectical understanding of the content and essence of any social phenomenon. This is by a methodology where its state at each specific moment of time is determined by the content and ratio of the opposites that form this phenomenon. From these positions, the current practice of the implementation of criminal policy and its assessment in modern literature are the subject of research. Results. In the analysis of the system of contradictions in criminal policy, it is promising to single for future independent research, two areas. The first is contradictions in the development and contradictions in the functioning of criminal policy. The second is the representation of the relationship between the opposite characteristics of the functioning of criminal policy at a given moment in time. This develops within a certain interval of policy development and manifests itself as a type of tendency. They can both be presented in the form of several groups that reveal the dialectic of the ideal and the material, the structure and functions of the system, the forthcomingly due and the current existing. Discussion and Conclusion. It is fundamentally important to distinguish between contradictions in the functioning of criminal policy and the subjective assessment of criminal policy itself as contradictory. If the subjective assessment is largely dictated by the ideological position of the observer, then the objective contradictions in the functioning of criminal policy are characterised by the eternal coexistence of opposites and their indestructibility. This presupposes their resolution in the context of the multi-vector development of society on a democratic basis by reaching agreement, and in some cases a compromise. The resolution of contradictions in the functioning of criminal policy should be subordinated not so much to the goal of optimising lawmaking or law enforcement activities, but rather to the goal of minimising crime and protecting constitutional values from criminal threats.

ETHNOCULTURAL PREFERENCES OF LOGIC AND INTUITIVE THINKING

The paper analyzes the results of an experimental study of the preferences of logical and intuitive thinking of Udmurt and Russian students (a total of 121 people). In logical thinking, an object is selected from its context and assigned to categories based on necessary and sufficient functions, with the preferred use of rules, including rules of formal logic. Intuitive thinking based on life experience is characterized by integrity and contextuality with a dialectical resolution of obvious contradictions. The research program, developed on the basis of a conceptual categorization model, consisted of a training phase and an experiment phase. In the computer program, categorization “by rule” was performed by determining how much a new object satisfies a rule that defines categories by their necessary and sufficient characteristics; categorization “by pattern” - by similarity of the new object with existing samples. The experiment created a cognitive conflict between thought strategies. The experiment results show that Russian students prefer to classify objects “by rule” in case of positive and negative matches of characteristics, while Udmurt students prefer “by pattern” There were no significant cross-cultural differences between negative match indicators, when the images “according to the rule” were very similar to the training sample from the opposite category. The explanation of the obtained data was carried out in comparison with the “world pictures”, with their cognitive content about the ways of cognition of the surrounding world, embodied in the traditional values of peoples.

Sistem Multi-Dimensional Jasser Auda: Reorientasi Penggunaan Nasakh terhadap Kontradiksi antar Ayat

This paper informs the thought of Jasser Auda, regarding his commentary on the naskh theory used for the resolution of contradictions between postulates (ta'arud baina adillah). This theory caused debate among experts. On the one hand, naskh is a must-know device, on the other hand, it is assumed that nasakh has limitations in resolving contradictions between verses. Therefore, the concept of naskh is important to be studied further through a new point of view. This paper chose the character of Jasser Auda because he offered a solution through a multi-dimensional system device over the dilemma of contradictions between verses. From this writing it is found, according to Auda, that the definition believed so far as the permanent deletion of verse (ilghā a'-mua'abbad) has no solid foundation. By actualizing multi-dimensional, it is hoped that understanding the Quran is not limited to one dimension in order to find the intentions according to maqāsīd al-Khitāb.

A new understanding of health and a healthy lifestyle: a holistic and existential-humanistic approach

Confronting current challenges, especially the COVID-19 pandemic, and striving to create a hopeful future – an era of life and active longevity – determine an urgent global need to implement the principles of humanity and create a new understanding of health and a healthy lifestyle, correlated with a fundamental respect for the dignity of life. Based on the idea of the relationship between health and a healthy lifestyle through the inherent value of the individual, embodying the intrinsic value of life, basic contradictions were identified: the contradiction between the understanding of health as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being and a healthy lifestyle, which focuses on the physical aspect of health, omitting the spiritual component; the contradiction between the numerous proposed strategies for a healthy lifestyle and the lack of a fundamental goal that expresses its value-semantic result. In the aspect of philosophical-methodological ideas about health and a healthy lifestyle, their essential binding element was defined – the good that embodies the result of the ultimate aspiration of a person. The resolution of the basic contradictions revealed in the analysis of philosophical-methodological ideas about health and a healthy lifestyle made it possible to present new, clearer definitions of health and a healthy lifestyle: health is a good that allows a person to embody the value of life in a specific reality; a healthy lifestyle is an individual way of life, which is based on a person’s respect for the dignity of life and creates a benefit to him/herself and others, gaining the joy of existence. A new concept of a healthy lifestyle was developed, which defined the joy of existence as its fundamental goal, implemented by a person through the creation of good for oneself and others in a system of socio-cultural and natural interaction based on respect for the dignity of life.

Анализ и пути разрешения противоречий мотивации персонала компаний с рабочей акционерной собственностью

Анотація. Одним з пріоритетних напрямків розвитку економіки на мікрорівні в багатьох країнах світу в останні десятиріччя стали процеси демократизації власності і управління. Наділення найманих працівників власністю, залучення їх до управління власною компанією дозволило не тільки досягти економічних успіхів, але і знизити соціальну напруженість в суспільстві. Разом з тим, компанії з робочою акціонерної власністю зіткнулися з низкою проблем, які пов'язані з диференціацією доходів персоналу, обмеженістю фінансових можливостей для розвитку та ін., що призвело до уповільнення зростання числа таких компаній в світі і навіть до їхнього незначного скорочення. Причиною цього стали суперечності, що виникли в процесі функціонування компаній з робочою акціонерної власністю. До цих суперечностей відносяться: суперечність між розподілом за працею і розподілом за вартістю (капіталом), суперечність між короткостроковими інтересами співробітника компанії як працівника і його довгостроковими інтересами як співвласника, суперечність між ефективністю господарської діяльності та економічною рівністю, що викликає істотну диференціацію в доходах персоналу. Аналіз їх, а також знаходження шляхів вирішення суперечностей, що виникають, і стало предметом даного дослідження.
 Цілями статті є узагальнення світового досвіду децентралізації власності і управління, а також вирішення суперечностей, що виникають, в розподілі доходів для їхнього використання при управлінні ризиками, які пов'язані з процесами мотивації персоналу. Для досягнення цих цілей пропонуються конкретні рекомендації щодо їхнього застосування в акціонерних компаніях України.
 Подане дослідження дозволяє зробити висновок про те, що, незважаючи на певні труднощі, компанії з робочою акціонерною власністю успішно функціонують у багатьох країнах світу, демонструючи вищі результати щодо прибутковості, продуктивності праці та інших показниках в порівнянні з традиційними компаніями. Їх подальший розвиток залежить від багатьох факторів, в тому числі внутрішніх, до яких і відноситься вирішення суперечностей, що виникають в процесі діяльності компаній з робочою акціонерною власністю.
 Ключові слова: мотивація персоналу, компанії з робочою акціонерною власністю, короткострокові і довгострокові інтереси, розподіл доходів.

How Temperature Pharmacology Was Formed: History in Personalities

It is shown that temperature pharmacology is a new scientific and practical direction in which the local interaction of drugs is considered taking into account the local temperature of selected parts of the body. It is indicated that the main provisions of this direction were formulated in Russia by 1988. Catalysts for the formation of a new direction were the results of in vitro experiments with isolated mitochondria at different local temperatures. The chronology of the resolution of contradictions between the existing public opinion and new ideas about the role of local temperature in the mechanism of action of drugs in hypoxia and ischemia is indicated. Scientists, doctors and journalists who were the first to believe in the prospects of temperature pharmacology are listed. The first scientific articles and inventions that formed the basis of a new scientific direction are presented. The latest achievements and visible prospects for the development of temperature pharmacology in medicine, biology, pharmacology and pharmacy are indicated.
 Keywords: history of science, pharmacology, pharmacy, medicines, local temperature.

ПРОПОВЕДНИЧЕСКОЕ И ИСПОВЕДАЛЬНОЕ В ПУБЛИЦИСТИКЕ Д. МЕРЕЖКОВСКОГО 1905-1908 ГГ.

The article attempts to discover elements of the predicant and confessional dimensions in D. Merezhkovsky’s social publications of 1905—1908. The predicant intention surfaces when the author strives to establish the idea of the Third Testament or the Kingdom of the Holy Spirit, finding its implementation in tendentious perception of biblical verses, interpretation and resolution of contradictions, as well as the construction of an optimistic perspective. His open letter to N. Berdiaev clearly exhibits a confessional streak, combining elements of a confessional letter, an intellectual autobiography, as well as a socially oriented sermon and article.

Организация дистанционного обучения с использованием видеоуроков

The article deals with issues of methodology of establishing distance learning by means of video lessons. It contributes to the resolution of methodological contradictions that can take place while establishing distance learning process. The purpose of the research is to clarify the concept of video lessons as well as to identify organizational and pedagogical conditions for effective use of video lessons in distance learning. The following research methods were used: analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature, conference materials, study of educational Internet portals, analysis of practical experience on the use of video lessons in distance learning for schoolchildren. As a result of the research, the concept of video lesson is clarified, its types are briefly described in terms of form and methodological content, and online learning platforms for distance learning are reviewed. Various options for organizing distance learning for schoolchildren using video lessons, their capabilities and limitations are presented, and detailed methodological recommendations are given. It is concluded that the presence of three mandatory stages in the distance learning process, definition of the interaction mode in each of the stages, based on specific conditions of the learning process (the technical capabilities of the parties, the nature of the educational material, level of preparation and motivation of pupils), the presence of qualitative feedback in the dyad "teacher – student" are related to the organizational and pedagogical conditions for effective use of video lessons in distance learning.