Resolution Of Contradictions Research Articles

A Brief Analysis of "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People" and Its Contemporary Value

Mao Zedong's original theoretical contribution to Marxism has had a profound impact on the exploration and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This work plays an important role in providing theoretical guidance for national construction, covering a wide range of topics, including the differentiation and resolution of socialist contradictions, issues of political repression, and the relationship between the development of agriculture and industry in China. This paper aims to explore the historical context and core ideas of this article, as well as its historical significance and contemporary value in the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The relationship between justice and the police: theoretical and practical aspects

The text of the article analyzes approaches to the definitions of the concepts of «justice» and «police». By summarising different views on these concepts, the author proposes to establish a criterion by which they can be distinguished. According to the author, since police and judicial activities overlap in the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, it is here that the specified criterion should be sought. In particular, it is noted in the work that justice is the sphere of direct implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, the content of which is the resolution of conflicts of legal and illegal interests, the denial of a committed offense and the establishment of the law in legal relations. Instead, the police is appointed to carry out only operational and forceful enforcement of the law enforcement function, i.e. it is only an auxiliary activity in the law enforcement sphere (for example, prevention, detection and recording of certain types of offenses, search and detention of offenders, providing protection from them to individuals and legal entities, ensuring the execution of court orders decisions and sentences, detention of convicts and other types of coercion). The boundaries of such auxiliary activities may be different in different states and even in one state at different times, but this does not change the fact that justice and the police play different roles in the performance of law enforcement functions: the first is the main one, the second is auxiliary. In addition, the article points to the fact that justice is connected exclusively with only one law­enforcement function of the state, and the police is mainly involved in the administrative function. Therefore, the criterion for distinguishing between justice and police, and, accordingly, their concepts, should be determined by what fundamentally distinguishes these state structures, making them different in nature in the system of state power; such a criterion is the nature of the functions of the state to which these phenomena are adapted. The author notes that the police is a special institution of the state, called together with other structures of the executive power to implement the legal order ideally defined by the legislative power in the norms, actually establishing and maintaining this order in society, preventing and suppressing its violations. At the same time, the specificity of the police in relation to other bodies of the executive power is that it acts as a «force» component of the executive power, has the necessary means and skills to use coercion, including forceful physical and armed coercion in order to maintain proper law and order Justice, on the other hand, is called upon to ensure, within the framework of the law enforcement function, the authoritative resolution of contradictions between legitimate and illegitimate interests, denying offences and thus establishing legality and restoring the violated legal order. The sphere of justice includes legal activities related to the establishment of legal facts, the investigation of facts of offenses, the resolution of legal disputes, determination and realization of the responsibility of violators of the law.

Formation of the State Policy of Re-Emigration of Ukrainians: Problems and Prospects

The article examines the latest large-scale phenomenon on the territory of Ukraine - mass internal and external migration of the country's citizens, caused by the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation. The number and structure of migrations of citizens abroad, in particular by level of education, are outlined, and the directions of emigration are determined. The main problems faced by compatriots abroad and in case of returning to Ukraine are highlighted. The principles on which the future policy of re-emigration and reintegration of Ukrainians should be based are given. Incentives and tools that can encourage migrants to return to the Motherland are summarized. The main problems hindering the development of Ukraine have been identified, without solving which it is impossible to expect a mass return of citizens from abroad. The experience of the migration policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the international community, which joined in supporting this country and its citizens during the difficult times of the military conflict for the country, is presented. The main directions of the state policy of re-emigration are formulated based on the needs of returning citizens and the resolution of internal contradictions in the socio-economic development of Ukraine.

Пути достижения этнополитического консенсуса в Республике Судан

The aim of this article is to explore ways to achieve ethno-political consensus in Sudan. Specifically, the article will examine possible mechanisms and analyzes the prospects for peaceful resolution of national political con-tradictions in Sudan. The article offers a structured overview of the various mechanisms for achieving ethnopo-litical consensus in Sudan, and analyzes the prospects for achieving ethnopolitical consensus in Sudan in light of recent political developments. The article created a table showing the political perspectives of ethno-political conflict management in Sudan – a cross-regional analysis. Given the specificity of Sudanese ethno-political conflict, the strategy for consensus building in Sudan should include inclusive dialog and negotiation among different ethnic and political groups, reconciliation and military, political, governance and legal reform. Howev-er, despite the fact that the demands for social justice and regional equality are put forward by the majority of the opposing sides, the conditions for their fulfillment, determined by specific social groups, differ significantly. Therefore, the author concludes that the prospects for achieving ethno-political consensus in Sudan remain uncertain, but recent political developments give grounds for optimism.

Судето-немецкая партия в Чехословакии: на пути к объединению с нацистской Германией (1933–1938 гг.)

The history study of nationalist parties in the 20th century is the subject of close attention of many researchersgermanists. However, the history of the Sudeten-German party in Czechoslovakia in the 1930s does not often become an object of research. The purpose of the article is to consider the activities of the Sudeten-German party, to highlight the key reasons for its emergence. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the party leaders' views on the way to unification with Nazi Germany. Also, the work proposed, if possible, an objective analysis of the essence of Henlein movement. The urgency of the problem is substantiated, first of all, by the fact that according to a similar scenario events, developed and continue to develop on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, especially in the Baltic countries, where the Russian-speaking population makes up a significant part, like the Sudeten Germans in Czechoslovakia at their time, however, they are also targeted by the discriminatory policy of the authorities. The source base was made up of the documents collected by the Czechoslovak researcher V. Kral and published by him in 1964. As part of these materials, a large group of sources can be distinguished, which make up materials at the meetings of the main leadership in the Sudeten German Home Front - the Sudeten German Party in the period from 1933 to 1937, early 1938 and the speech by the leader of the Sudeten German Party K. Heinlein. Since the early 1990s we can talk about the renaissance of the historiography of the Sudeten-German history, mainly due to the development of archives in Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The First World War did not contribute to the resolution of national contradictions. After the end of the First World War the Sudeten Germans were also included in Czechoslovakia at the behest of the Entente. The Sudeten-German party of K. Henlein took an active position in this struggle. Summing up, the authors conclude that the question of the nature of Henlein movement is controversial. Henlein movement really resembled the Nazi party in Germany, but at the initial stage of its activity in 1933-1936. However, as the Czechoslovak authorities opposed, pressure from the Nazi party in Germany and the strengthening of the right-wing radical branch, the Sudeten German Party practically lost its characteristics and turned into an analogue of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. This fact largely predetermined the radical solution of the Sudeten-German question through the Munich agreements on September 29, 1938, when the border regions of Czechoslovakia were annexed to Germany. Undoubtedly, these agreements were in the interests of the majority of the Sudeten Germans, who, however, once again became victims of the big European politics.

Some mechanisms of formation of intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts related to the personality characteristics of the Dominant and Subordinate person in the parental family

The object of the study is the patterns of formation of intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts, which are the result of the desire to rise above the Dominant family member and not live life as a subordinate family member. The conflicts arising in the process of realizing the following desires were analyzed: 1) to realize a dream that the Dominant could not realize; 2) to possess the skills and qualities of people in relation to whom the Dominant felt feelings of delight, respect, admiration, awe, envy; 3) to do what the Dominant was afraid of (or do something that could frighten the Dominant); 4) not to fall into the category of people that the Dominant considered "weaklings"; 5) to do something that could cause impotent rage (panic) in the Dominant; 6) to have such skills or qualities that the Dominant was proud of, took credit for; 7) to have those skills and qualities that the person possessed, who has managed to rise above the Dominant One in some way; 8) marry a person who will help realize the above desires, etc.n This work is a qualitative study of a structured interview, which was previously the subject of a quantitative study published earlier. The detailed answers of the subjects were classified according to the types of conflicts described in them. The novelty lies in the fact that on the basis of these basic aspirations, a number of private needs have been identified, the inability to satisfy which leads to intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. A cognitive distortion has been revealed regarding the "helplessness" and "inoffensiveness" of people of the same sex as the Subordinate. The following personality structure is proposed: 1) ideas about what is "strong" behavior (based on the child's observation of the Dominant behavior, which ensures success in the eyes of a Subordinate); 2) ideas about what is "weak" behavior (based on observation of the Subordinate's behavior, which, from the child's point of view, makes him a slave) 3) ideas about "strong" and "weak", "decent" and "unworthy" behavior that exist in society. It is assumed that the driving force of personality development is the resolution of contradictions found by the child between these three elements.

«Запечатленный кризис»: кинематограф К. Рейгадаса на стыке культурных парадигм

This article examines the work of the Mexican filmmaker Carlos Reygadas. The representative of the new auteur cinema, the developing direction of “slow cinema”, he is the exponent of those social and cultural problems on which the attention of European directors of the first third of the 21st century is focused. The example of Reygadas’ films shows the changes that society has undergone in recent decades in the transition from the postmodern to the metamodern culture. The interdisciplinary approach to the study of his work is designed to more fully reveal the ideological and thematic orientation of the films and to illuminate the cultural and historical process of the first decades of the 21st century, which will constitute the novelty of the study. Based on the ideas of T. Vermeulen and R. van den Akker that the metamodern seeks to remove the contradictions between different art movements, past and present cultures, the author of the article attempts to demonstrate how this trend manifested itself in the work of Reygadas. At the same time, the reference to the mythology of Mesoamerica and the “philosophy of liberation” of Latin America shows that Vermeulen and van den Akker’s concept of culture transformation through the resolution of contradictions reflects the situation of a crisis in which modern society is involved. In the director’s films, this is reflected in the inability of the individual to make contact with the Other and the reality around them. Moreover, the films of the 2000s showed an attempt to get out of the former social and cultural paradigm, but by the end of the 2010s, the problem of interpersonal relations was not resolved, and reality acquired the status of “elusive”. This allows us to draw a preliminary conclusion that society is still in a state of a crisis, experiencing a change of cultural formations, and the transition from postmodernism to metamodernism cannot be considered a completed process.

The European Union in Global Competition of Jurisdictions

International legal regimes are a factor in regulating relationships between subjects of international relations, constructive interaction, policy coordination and resolution of contradictions. When conflicts arise, the interaction of the legal systems of states, regional associations and international organizations can be both complementary and competitive in nature, affecting the legal qualification of the parties’ actions. Competitiveness manifests itself in the interpretation of the actions of the same entities within different jurisdictions. The conflict of interests of the parties, as confirmed by examples from the contractual legal practice of relations between the EU and the USA, Canada and a number of other countries, is quite surmountable. The cluster of contradictions characterizing the current situation on the European continent gives an existential character to the search by all parties for a rational strategy for resolving the crisis. The purpose of international law is to put contradictions into the legal plane in order to avoid escalation of tension in relations between the warring parties. An objective assessment of the positions of the world centers of power and the basic legal principles that guide them in the strategy of global presence requires taking into account the problems that gave rise to the replacement of the previous attitude towards «integration of integrations» by a direct clash of the parties. A critical analysis of the key areas of the EU’s implementation of external competencies, including sanctions (implemented with varying degrees of effectiveness in recent years), is important for understanding the strategy that Brussels is implementing. The current crisis is a serious test of the EU’s resistance to stress, and of the Union’s value system for resilience in unfavorable external conditions. The subject of this paper is the real possibilities of the European Union to offer an alternative to the confrontational scenario.

Modern defining characteristics of innovative development of the ukrainian economy: theoretical and practical aspects

The subject of the article is theoretical substantiation, methodological support, and practical proposals for studying the innovative development of the economy in modern conditions. The aim of the study is to generalize and improve the theoretical foundations of innovative development, identify the main influencing factors and defining characteristics of its course and develop proposals to ensure innovative development of Ukraine's economy in the current conditions. The following tasks have been defined: to find out the attitude of specialists to the possibility and necessity of supporting innovative development in today's difficult military conditions; to summarize the theoretical basis of innovative development and improve its definition and group existing concepts; to substantiate the most influential factors that determine the intensification and/or containment of innovative development of the Ukrainian economy; to identify its defining characteristics, which are used to generate measures to ensure innovative development of the economy in wartime conditions. To solve the tasks, the following methods were used: theoretical generalization, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, structural and logical analysis, systemic and situational approaches, economic and statistical analysis, correlation analysis, multivariate regression analysis, graphical method. The following results have been obtained: the definition of the concept of "innovative development" has been improved; the concepts of innovative development have been analyzed; the main factors influencing the course of innovative development in Ukraine have been identified; multivariate regression models have been built according to the influential factors of innovative development and the most important of them have been substantiated; the current defining features of innovative development of the Ukrainian economy have been identified by significant factors and their specification has been carried out in accordance with the measures to ensure it in the conditions of military operations. Conclusions. It is proved that the improved concept of "innovative development" is that it characterizes the resolution of obvious and hidden contradictions on the basis of qualitative changes in the economic system through the accumulation of quantitative transformations in its components and/or factors of innovation processes, intellectual property, the latest technologies and products. In accordance with the above generalized concepts of innovation development, the author investigates the factors influencing this phenomenon based on the dynamics of the components of the global innovation index and statistical indicators of Ukraine's economy for the period 2015–2022. The most influential factors according to the outlined indicators are identified and multivariate regression models are built, which reveal the following modern leading features of innovation development: formation and maintenance of solvent demand of end users (customers) of innovations for the acquisition of intellectual property. With this in mind, the author proposes measures to ensure and intensify innovative development in the context of military operations in Ukraine.

Lossky N.O. and his Metacritique of Pure Reason

The publication of the Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant marked the beginning of an intellectual revolution not only in Philosophy, but also in other spheres of intellectual activity. Every year interest to this work is only growing up, especially in the context of the development of cognitive sciences and technologies related to the development and implementation of artificial intelligence systems. However, both Kant’s contemporaries and subsequent generations of researchers had questions about the basic concepts, outlined in the first Critique. Nikolay Lossky became one of such outstanding experts in Kant’s philosophy, who carried out a metacritique of transcendental idealism. His analysis is interesting because it is characterized by consistency, depth and inclusiveness, despite the fact that he was not a supporter of Kant’s philosophy. The proposed article explicates the main points of the metacritique of pure reason carried out by Lossky. The aim is to systematize the advantages and disadvantages of transcendental idealism highlighted by him in order to assess the validity of objections and identify points that paradoxically escaped Lossky’s attention. In particular, it is shown that the highest evaluation of Lossky is awarded to Kant’s efforts to create an epistemology that does not rely as presuppositions on any other branches of human knowledge; the resolution of contradictions between Empiricism and Rationalism; the creation of the doctrine of synthetic rationality and transcendental logic; the idea of the need for the immanence of knowledge to consciousness. Lossky identified as the key shortcomings of transcendental idealism a range of contradictions grouped around such concepts as the things in themselves, affection, experience, inner sense, transcendental schema, and unity of apperception. At the same time, it is shown that such a key concept for Kant’s theoretical philosophy as transcendental reflection has disappeared from the Lossky’s field of consideration. The study is preceded by a brief description of Lossky’s characteristics, including personal ones, as a meta-critic of pure reason.

Presenilins and mitochondria-an intriguing link: mini-review.

This review uncovers the intricate relationship between presenilins, calcium, and mitochondria in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a particular focus on the involvement of presenilin mutations in mitochondrial dysfunction. So far, it is unclear whether the impairment of mitochondrial function arises primarily from damage inflicted by β-amyloid upon mitochondria or from the disruption of calcium homeostasis due to presenilins dysfunctions. The roles of presenilins in mitophagy, autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, and many other functions, non-γ-secretase related, also require close attention in future research. Resolution of contradictions in understanding of presenilins cellular functions are needed for new effective therapeutic strategies for AD.

ETHNO-GEOGRAPHIC MACRO-REGIONATION OF UKRAINE AS THE INFORMATION BASIS FOR REGIONAL ETHNIC POLICY

A comprehensive analysis of macro-regional ethno-geographical differences in Ukraine was made, which are most evident in the different proportions of the number of ethnic Ukrainians and representatives of ethno-national minorities in the regions of the country, as well as in the peculiarities of the population structure by native language. The main factors in the formation of ethnogeographic regions are historical and geographical prerequisites, subjective aspects of the formation of the state territory of Ukraine, population migration, and the peculiarities of state policy in Soviet times. Determination of common and distinctive features of the ethno-national and ethno-linguistic structure of the population between the regions of Ukraine using a number of indicators (the value of the quantitative superiority of Ukrainians over the largest ethnic minority by region; the ratio of the share of Ukrainians and the population with a native Ukrainian language; the ratio of the share of Ukrainians with a native Russian language and the share of Russians with in the native Ukrainian language) made it possible to distinguish 12 ethnogeographic regions: 1) Transcarpathian; 2) Halych; 3) Volyn; 4) Chernivtsi; 5) Podillya-Polyssya; 6) Central-Right Bank; 7) Central-Left Bank; 8) Dnipro-Kharkiv; 9) Donetsk; 10) Odessa; 11) Central-Black Sea; 12) Crimean.
 Since the proposed scheme of ethnogeographic zoning reflects not only the most significant regional differences in the ethno-national composition of the population and its linguistic structure, but also reveals of the political development and socio-economic development of the territory of Ukraine, significant differences in the levels of urbanization and the demographic situation of the regions, it can to be the basis of integral socio-geographical macro-regionalization of Ukraine and an important reference point in the implementation of regional ethnopolitics aimed at balancing the interests of the state, ethno-national communities and groups. The strategic task of regional ethnopolitics is the resolution of ethnopolitical contradictions and the prevention of ethnopolitical conflicts in ethnogeographical macro-regions. The solution of ethnopolitical problems related to the use of the state and the languages of ethno-national minorities in various spheres of society's life is of leading importance in the implementation of state ethnopolitics. These problems are the most urgent for Transcarpathian, Chernivtsi and Odesa ethnographic regions. The relatively high degree of russification of ethnic Ukrainians in the regional centers of the Central-Left Bank, Dnipro-Kharkiv, Central-Black Sea and Odesa ethnogeographic regions deepens contrasts in the linguistic structure of the population of rural areas and large cities, which creates functional barriers in their relations and does not contribute to linguistic cultural consolidation of Ukrainian society.
 Key words: ethnogeographic zoning, ethnic composition of the population, structure of the population by native language, regional ethnopolitics, assimilation.

Роль руководителей коллективных адвокатских образований в ситуации осуществления коллизионной защиты ее членами

The article, using the example of colleges of advocates as the most common form of legal practice, analyzes the cases of occurrence and resolution of contradictions that may arise in the case of collision protection by advocates engaged in advocacy in one legal practice.

Determination of the Industry Nature of Public Law Regulations Governing Banking as a Basis for Resolution of Practical Conflicts

The article touches on both general theoretical and practical issues of the importance of determining the sectoral affiliation of legal norms for resolving emerging legal conflicts. As an example, the author explores the problem of interaction between Article 74 of the Law on the Bank of Russia and Articles 15.26, 15.27 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, which often leads to arbitrariness on the part of the Mega-Regulator. Attention is drawn to the manifestation of distortions in the principle of independence of the Bank of Russia in the form of a 20-year confrontation with court decisions on disputes on bringing credit institutions to responsibility. The resolution of contradictions between legal norms is proposed to be carried out on the basis of the constitutionally enshrined principle of legal equality, the guarantee of which is the codification of provisions on public liability. The correlation of financial and administrative law in the regulation of banking activity is analyzed and the absence of any features for the assertion of the existence of financial and legal responsibility is revealed. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to exclude compositions providing for administrative liability for violation of banking legislation from any legislative acts, except the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, in order to ensure consistent and predictable legal regulation.

Breeding sovereignty: the production of race, nature, and capital in Venezuela

AbstractThis article explores the efforts of the Venezuelan government to improve food security and rural livelihoods with an experimental cattle‐breeding project. It investigates the activities of a state enterprise in the western plains and how the selective‐breeding practices of veterinary experts intersect with the logic of capital and biopolitics. Contributing to debates on the interaction between society and environment, the analysis suggests that ‘endogenous development’, or the reduction of poverty through internal markets, draws on systems of knowledge that treat the biology of animals as a field of intervention for the resolution of social contradictions. To reduce reliance on petroleum rent and food imports, Venezuelan experts have sought to create a new breed of cattle suited to the nation's diverse ecologies. But the knowledge systems which guide this project are embedded with a host of cultural and economic assumptions that subvert the successful application of this biotechnology. Ultimately, this article seeks to increase knowledge of the techno‐politics of resource states at the start of the twenty‐first century and the ways in which cultures of expertise impact food sovereignty.

International legal protection standards personal information

The article examines the specificities of personal data protection at the international level, clarifying the meaning of concepts such as “personal information”, “personal data”, “person” and “identity”. The analysis and synthesis of existing norms of international standards have been carried out, allowing to identify the range of issues requiring elimination of contradictions at the legislative level, in order to increase the efficiency of their application, given the rapid processes of globalisation, development of high technologies and as a consequence – appearance of a new international terrorism form – cyber terrorism, the society requires new approaches and definition of new standards for modern personal data system, resolution of contradictions arising in modern law, legal control over the development of electronic environment and computer systems. To address these issues, the dynamics and specifics of legal regulation in this area have been studied.
 A significant number of monographs and periodicals are devoted to the issue personal data protection. Among them, we can highlight the scientific achieve-ments of M. Bem. K. Bennett, V. Bryzhko, S. Vorren, T. Kostetska, T. Obukhovska, A. Paziuk, K. Polinkevych, I. Sopilko, M. Shvets. Given a large number of statutory regulations and their differences in defining conceptual and categorical apparatus, mechanisms of application of personal information protection standards, a large range of issues in this area of relations are unresolved today, in connection with which their consideration and systematization are relevant.
 Definition of the content and scope of essential features of the "personality", "natural person" and "personal data" terms. The statutory regulations of the European legal system regulating issues related to the protection of personal data are investigated and the most important provisions are highlighted. New European standards in accordance with Regulation 2016/679 are identified.
 It should be noted that international documents in the field of personal data protection have a similar purpose, but at the same time, they do not have a single definition of basic concepts, such as natural person, information, information about a natural person, identified natural person, personal data processing, etc. that complicates their effective understanding and application by all participants of these relations.
 It is worth noting that the adoption of Regulation 2016/67 was a breakthrough in the simplification of the legal regulation. After all, the framework Directive 95/46/EC, which was in force before its adoption, was interpreted differently by each country, which caused many misunderstandings and created obstacles to ensure the human right to privacy. That is why the issue of unification of legal regulation in this area is always relevant and requires continuous improvement and timely response to changes in the information technology space.

Тенденции в исследованиях цифровой этики (обзорный анализ современных исследований)

The article presents discussions concerning the phenomenon of digital ethics. The terms, concepts, categories and criteria used in digital ethics are considered depending on the field of functioning – information ethics, computer ethics, and orthodox ethics. The cultural, social, industrial, philosophical and ethical aspects of the functioning of digital ethics are compared. A separate case concerning the impact of digital ethics on issues of interpersonal communication, including through the description of positive and negative scenarios for the use of digital ethics is considered.The genesis of previous, early, historical studies, approaches, ideas, concepts, somehow affecting ethical issues, especially digital ethics, is given. The resolution of contradictions between Western and Eastern ethical traditions applied to digital ethics has been carried out. The obstacles revealing the essence of the weak organization of ethical postulates are characterized. The need for a unified network of applied regulatory documents on digital ethics for the purposes of social well-being has been formalized and recognized. Various examples from the diverse layers of human life are given, allowing us to argue about the reference to digital ethics or ethics in general. The conclusion is made about the development of ethical concepts as a promising direction with significant evolutionary trends. A description of the methods, principles, and functions which the society can use for further research in this direction has been carried out.

Философские основания дивергентного мышления

Importance. At the current stage of socio-economic development of the country, society’s need for specialists with divergent thinking, which allows thinking innovatively, solving non-standard tasks in conditions of uncertainty and rapid change of situation in different ways is actualized. However, there is a problem associated with the lack of a common theoretical basis and methodological approaches to the study the divergent thinking. It is assumed that it is possible to understand the nature of divergent thinking through philosophical comprehension of its generic concept “thinking”. The aim of the research is to scientifically substantiate the category of "divergent thinking" from the philosophical point of view. Materials and Methods. Achievement of the set goals was carried out on the basis of retrospective analysis of philosophical, literature and scientific publications on the topic of research. Results and Discussion. The main essential characteristics of thinking and thought operations underlying it in general and divergent thinking in particular were determined. The conceptual character of thinking based on judgments, inferences and concepts is defined. It was found out that the regularities of thought processes are conditioned by such thought operations as synthesis, analysis, generalization, classification, abstraction and others. At the same time, the heuristic nature of cognitive process is provided by means of intuitive insight. It is concluded that the foundation of the phenomenon under study is the dialectical nature of thinking aimed at research and resolution of contradictions. Conclusion. The field of application of the obtained results is the definition of the essence of divergent thinking of university students, research of the problem of its formation and further development.

Пространственное регулирование развития старопромышленных территорий: теоретический аспект

Achievement of the effectiveness of programs and activities of the state regional policy in relation to various types of regions requires constant development of its methodological basis in order to take into account the most relevant achievements of domestic and foreign scientific thought. The purpose of the article is to summarize the theoretical foundations of spatial regulation and regional development of regional policy in relation to old industrial territories, taking into account the features and problems of their functioning and development. It is shown that foreign and domestic scientists associate the phenomenon of old industry with the achievement of the limit of growth of the regional economy. The theoretical basis of modern regional policy is the theories of spatial economics, first of all, the theory of poles (centers) of growth. The evolutionary approach to solving the problems of old industrial regions is widely used in the practice of public administration. At the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries, the conceptual provisions of the theory of the creative class and the concept of the “learning region” began to be used in the establishment of state programs to support old industrial territories. The study of theoretical approaches to the problems of spatial regulation and regional development showed that regional social and economic policy, coordinated with the macroeconomic policy of the state, is a necessary condition for the resolution of territorial contradictions in the development of the national economy, while the policy of regional authorities is considered as a key factor in ensuring sustainable social and economic development of old industrial territories. Specific threats to the old industrial regions’ sustainable socio-economic development require special support, as well as the reflection of the priorities of state support for old industrial territories in the key document of spatial strategizing. It is the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation.

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During the last decades, the world historical situation has fundamentally changed, humanity has entered the nuclear-space age. The development of civilization and society could not exclude wars and military conflicts as a means of forceful resolution of interstate, religious, ethnic and other contradictions. The way out of conflict situations with the help of weapons remains a distinctive feature of the modern era. The achievements of science and technology today are aimed not only at the development of modern production, improvement of working conditions and welfare of citizens, but also at the development of the latest types of weapons and ammunition, which increases the risks of emergency situations due to their use. Emergency situations of a military nature are associated with the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction or modern conventional means of destruction, during which secondary factors of damage to the population arise as a result of the destruction of nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, warehouses and storages of radioactive and toxic substances, waste oil products, explosives, highly toxic substances, toxic waste, transport and engineering communications. As a result of emergencies of a military nature, emergencies of man-made, natural, social nature, mass deaths of people and animals may arise. The dangerous sources of emergencies of a military nature include: weapons themselves, extraordinary unsanitary conditions during hostilities (a large number of corpses, disruption of the normal operation of various communal services, disruption of water supply and sewage systems, insufficient medical care, occurrence of epidemics), complex ecological and the man-made situation, the presence of high-risk enterprises (chemical enterprises, nuclear power plants, oil refineries) and the like. The article examines the characteristic features of possible modern wars and conflicts, analyzes the sources of emergency situations of a military nature, their features and possible consequences for the population and the territory of the state. In addition, an analysis of the specifics of the terrorist nature of Russia's war against Ukraine and the consequences of armed aggression for the country's territory, population, and economy was carried out.