Conflict Resolution Research Articles

International humanitarian law as a result of challenges of armed conflicts

The study is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of international humanitarian law in the context of the protection of human rights and freedoms during armed conflicts. The historical development of legal norms is considered, starting from the early attempts to regulate military operations to the formation of the modern system of international law. Special attention is paid to three key areas of development of international humanitarian law: Geneva, Hague and New York. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and additional protocols to them, which became the foundation for the protection of war victims, are analyzed in detail. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which established the rules of warfare and the principles of peaceful resolution of conflicts, are considered. The role of the UN in the development of international law is highlighted, in particular through the adoption of resolutions and the holding of international conferences. The work emphasizes the importance of creating universal standards for the protection of human rights and their consolidation at the level of international law. Key international documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenants on Human Rights and European Conventions are analyzed. The study reveals the process of integration of various aspects of humanitarian law, which led to the formation of a comprehensive approach to the regulation of armed conflicts. There is a growing understanding of the relationship between human rights, the rules of war and the protection of civilians. Particular attention is paid to modern challenges in the field of human rights protection during armed conflicts, in particular in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Ukraine’s efforts to adapt national legislation to the conditions of armed conflict and the implementation of international norms are considered. The study emphasizes the need for continuous improvement of mechanisms for the protection of human rights in the conditions of armed conflicts and adaptation of international law to the new realities of warfare. The work is important for understanding the current state of international humanitarian law and the prospects for its development.

The relationship between justice and the police: theoretical and practical aspects

The text of the article analyzes approaches to the definitions of the concepts of «justice» and «police». By summarising different views on these concepts, the author proposes to establish a criterion by which they can be distinguished. According to the author, since police and judicial activities overlap in the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, it is here that the specified criterion should be sought. In particular, it is noted in the work that justice is the sphere of direct implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, the content of which is the resolution of conflicts of legal and illegal interests, the denial of a committed offense and the establishment of the law in legal relations. Instead, the police is appointed to carry out only operational and forceful enforcement of the law enforcement function, i.e. it is only an auxiliary activity in the law enforcement sphere (for example, prevention, detection and recording of certain types of offenses, search and detention of offenders, providing protection from them to individuals and legal entities, ensuring the execution of court orders decisions and sentences, detention of convicts and other types of coercion). The boundaries of such auxiliary activities may be different in different states and even in one state at different times, but this does not change the fact that justice and the police play different roles in the performance of law enforcement functions: the first is the main one, the second is auxiliary. In addition, the article points to the fact that justice is connected exclusively with only one law­enforcement function of the state, and the police is mainly involved in the administrative function. Therefore, the criterion for distinguishing between justice and police, and, accordingly, their concepts, should be determined by what fundamentally distinguishes these state structures, making them different in nature in the system of state power; such a criterion is the nature of the functions of the state to which these phenomena are adapted. The author notes that the police is a special institution of the state, called together with other structures of the executive power to implement the legal order ideally defined by the legislative power in the norms, actually establishing and maintaining this order in society, preventing and suppressing its violations. At the same time, the specificity of the police in relation to other bodies of the executive power is that it acts as a «force» component of the executive power, has the necessary means and skills to use coercion, including forceful physical and armed coercion in order to maintain proper law and order Justice, on the other hand, is called upon to ensure, within the framework of the law enforcement function, the authoritative resolution of contradictions between legitimate and illegitimate interests, denying offences and thus establishing legality and restoring the violated legal order. The sphere of justice includes legal activities related to the establishment of legal facts, the investigation of facts of offenses, the resolution of legal disputes, determination and realization of the responsibility of violators of the law.

Transhumanism, managerism and the special military operation in Ukraine

The article analyzes two ideologies that are the most important for the modern Transhumanism and managerialism as two ideologies most significant for the modern Western world have been analyzed. The study of these issues was carried out in the context of identifying the relationship between the Western elites’ support for Ukraine and the transformation processes that are taking place in the European Union and North America. The purpose of the study is to determine what social changes in the West lead to forming barriers to the peaceful resolution of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The work applied general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the comparative method of scientific cognition. Document analysis was used as an applied method of collecting empirical information (the study of information portals, state authorities’ and non-governmental organizations’ websites). As the study result, the following conclusions have been made. The transhumanism ideology in the countries of the European Union and North America is focused on creating a “society of the chosen”. The transhumanism and managerialism application leads to a significant increase in society manageability by accelerating traditional social ties disintegration. Western society transformation increases its vulnerability due to incomplete change of social values and internal resistance to transhumanism and managerialism. The special military operation on the territory of Ukraine is used to strengthen integration processes in the West.

The Effectiveness of Traditional Game Therapy in Improving Social Skills in Elementary School Students 060952 Medan Labuhan District

Social skills are very important for the development of elementary school children. Traditional play therapy offers an alternative method for education that has the potential to improve social skills through group interactions and real-life experiences. This is different from the conventional approach which often centers on academic aspects. The aim of this study was to evaluate how effective traditional play therapy is in improving the social skills of children in elementary school and compare it with more conventional methods. This is the experimental design used for this study with a control group. Children in elementary school are divided into two groups. The experimental group received traditional play therapy, while the control group carried out routine activities. Data was collected through teacher observations, assessments, and social skills questionnaires before and after six weeks of intervention. The results of the analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant improvements in social skills. Communication, cooperation and conflict resolution show improvement. These results indicate that traditional play therapy is effective in improving the social skills of elementary school children. According to this research, traditional play therapy can be included in the school curriculum as a tool to improve social skills in a comprehensive and enjoyable way.

Determinants of Nyumba Kumi Community Policing Initiative on Maintenance of Law and Order in Migori County, Kenya

Purpose: The study sought to determine the key factors influencing the success or failure of the Nyumba Kumi initiative in maintaining law and order within Suna West Sub-County, Migori County, Kenya. More specifically, it set out to explore how community awareness, collaboration with law enforcers, technology in use, and information sharing influence the success of this community policing endeavor. The study further points out difficulties inhibiting the success of this initiative, such as frayed relations between the community and police force, mistrust, and issues related to personal vendettas, which have undermined the initiative's goal of reducing insecurity. Methodology: This study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional research type to investigate the extent to which selected associated factors affected the implementation of the Nyumba Kumi initiative in Suna West Sub-County. Local community members, Nyumba Kumi leaders, and local administration officials were interviewed using structured questionnaires. A total sample of 210 respondents was represented from all key stakeholder groups using a stratified random sampling technique. Statistical analyses were performed to summarize variables of interest with the help of descriptive statistics like means, and standard deviations (SD) using SPSS version 26. The study also used inferential statistics (Pearson product-moment correlation) to examine the relationships between variables. Findings were tabulated and graphically displayed for trends and comparisons between indicators. Findings: The study achieved a high response rate, highlighting strong positive relationships between the maintenance of law and order and several key factors. Significant associations were found with community awareness (r = 0.759, p < 0.001), collaboration with law enforcement (r = 0.793, p < 0.001), technology use (r = 0.450, p < 0.001), and information sharing (r = 0.673, p < 0.001), all of which contributed to enhanced security in Suna West sub-county, Migori County. These findings indicate that the Nyumba Kumi initiative thrives on increased community awareness, effective collaboration with security agencies, and the integration of technology. Despite challenges such as strained relationships between community members and law enforcement, the initiative has led to reduced crime rates, quicker emergency response times, and more peaceful conflict resolution in the area. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study reinforces key theories related to community policing. It supports Collective Efficacy Theory by demonstrating how communities contribute to law and order through informal support and social control. It also bolsters Social Cohesion Theory, emphasizing the significance of strong social bonds for effective community policing. Furthermore, it validates social cognitive theory by illustrating how observational learning and social interactions influence community behavior in security initiatives. From a practical standpoint, the study recommends enhancing community training, fostering collaboration with law enforcement, integrating technologies such as mobile applications and GIS, and improving information sharing. These strategies serve as a practical framework for strengthening grassroots security efforts and enhancing the effectiveness of community policing within the Nyumba Kumi initiatives. Additionally, the study offers valuable policy recommendations that advocate for supporting community training, encouraging collaboration with law enforcement, promoting technology use, and enhancing information sharing. Implementing these policies would significantly improve community policing outcomes by facilitating better cooperation between communities and law enforcement agencies.

ANALISIS KEBERLANJUTAN PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT SWADAYA DI KECAMATAN SEKERNAN KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI

This study aims to determine the general description of smallholder palm oil in Sekernan District, Muaro Jambi Regency, and analyze their sustainability status and sensitive attributes that affect them. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis to determine the status of the sustainability index of smallholder palm oil using MDS Rapid Apparasial analysis, which is modified to RAP-PalmOil, and leverage analysis is used to determine its sensitive attributes. This research was conducted in Suko Awin Jaya, Bukit Baling, Tantan, and Tunas Mudo villages. The sampling location in this study was determined purposively (purposive) with a sample of 100 respondents, who were then determined by simple random sampling. The study results show that the sustainability status of smallholder palm oil in Sekernan District is multidimensionally considered quite sustainable. The economic dimension provides the highest sustainability index and is followed by the social and ecological dimension, which is considered quite sustainable. The sensitive attribute or attribute that has the most influence on the sustainability index value on the ecological dimension is the fertilization period, while the economic dimension is farming income, and the sensitive attribute on the social dimension is conflict resolution

One conflict, different meanings: a comparative analysis of Armenian and Azerbaijani narratives of victory in Nagorno-Karabakh wars

ABSTRACT This article comparatively examines the Armenian and Azerbaijani narratives of victory in the First and Second Karabakh Wars, respectively. Drawing on the speeches, addresses and statements by the Armenian and Azerbaijani leadership, it unpacks what meaning the two countries ascribed to their victories. Azerbaijan has developed a complex narrative which includes the definition of several enemies, personalization and extensive symbolization of the victory along with an insulting, demonizing and dehumanizing language in regardto Armenia(ns), the Armenian leadership and army, as well as an assertive and uncompromising attitude towards conflict resolution and the future of Armenia–Azerbaijan relations. Lacking any of these elements, the Armenian narrative has been quite simple, stressing the need of a compromise-based, peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and describing the victory as existentially important and a watershed development in Armenia’s history.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Managing Workplace Conflict Management in Nigerian Universities

This study assesses the effectiveness of managing workplace conflicts in Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. A mixed-methods approach and survey design was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis methods. The main objective of the study is to assess the effect of collective bargaining on workplace conflict management in Nigeria Universities, focusing on Kogi State University Anyigba The population considered for this study is the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) members, the Non-academic staff union (NASU), and the Senior Staff Association of Nigerian Universities (SSANU) from the Kogi State University Anyigba. Summing them up therefore the total number of these individuals is 4013. Hence 4013 constituted the total population of this study. This study employed the “Modern Management Theory," theory propounded by Mary Parker Follet who believed that management was "the art of getting things done through people. The result of hypothesis one shows that the p-value is 0.000 at 5% significance level; this means that the Null Hypothesis is rejected and the study concludes that Collective bargaining has a significant effect on conflict management in Kogi State University Anyigba. The result of hypothesis two shows that the p-value is 0.000 at 5% significance level this means that the Null Hypothesis is accepted and the study concludes that the collective bargaining strategy is not effective in workplace conflict management at Kogi State University Anyigba. The study recommends that the University should re-evaluate its current collective bargaining strategies to ensure they are more effective in managing workplace conflicts. This might include involving more diverse stakeholder groups in the bargaining process to improve effectiveness. The University should implement conflict resolution training programs for both academic and non-academic staff to enhance their capacity to engage in constructive bargaining and negotiations.

Activism as education in and through the youth climate justice movement

AbstractYoung people worldwide are increasingly participating in a global movement for climate justice, yet to date, little research has examined how youth climate justice activists conceive of and experience activism as education. The present study used in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with 16 US climate justice activists (aged 15–17) to address the research question: How do youth climate justice activists explain and experience the educative power of their activism? The results of reflective thematic analysis bring to light youths' dual roles as ‘learners of the movement’ and ‘climate justice educators’. As learners, youth described gaining awareness of climate justice directly from the movement, as well as learning a variety of skills (e.g., organising, communication, conflict resolution) through their activist engagement. Simultaneously, youth described their role as educators through a range of activities intended to raise awareness among adult and youth audiences, including educational workshops and trainings, school visits, teach‐ins, curriculum development, talk shows and interviews, creating digital resources, social media outreach and public protest (e.g., strikes, marches and demonstrations). Beyond spreading knowledge of climate in/justice, youth activists were also educators of action and social change processes—noting that learning about governmental institutions and political processes enabled them to exercise their democratic citizenship and equip and embolden other young people to do the same (e.g., via political advocacy trainings). The findings of the present study have implications for creating climate justice curricula that not only attend to the scientific and technological dimensions of the climate crisis, but also enable learners' justice‐driven action and democratic participation.

СИМФОНИЗМ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЙ И. Л. СЕЛЬВИНСКОГО: РОМАН-ЭПОПЕЯ «АРКТИКА» И ПОЭТИЧЕСКИЙ ЦИКЛ «АЛИСА»

The article examines the interconnection of musical and verbal arts. Using the novel «Arctic» and the poem cycle «Alice» as examples, an analysis is conducted of the artistic techniques employed by I. L. Selvinsky to create verbal analogs of musical structures. It is established that the thematic depth of the works, detailed depiction of the processes of character formation and development, their spiritual quests, and the resolution of internal conflicts indicate the symphonic nature of the poet’s thinking. The reference to the symphonic works of P.I. Tchaikovsky, the disruption of the composer’s accepted symphony order, enhances the aesthetic direction of the poetic work and reveals profound meaning. The unity of thematic and imagery material, the utilization of similar principles in the development of musical and literary works allow for the poetic cycle «Alice» to be considered as a symphonic suite, with its poetic elements assessed in the parameters of musicology correlated with literary methodology.

The Role of Attachment Styles in Marital Stability: A Psychological Approach to Strengthening Relationships

Purpose: The present study attempts to establish how attaching styles influence marital stability. To help determine how the various attachment patterns or styles-secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized-influence communication quality, conflict resolution, and overall marital satisfaction. Provide an understanding of how attachment styles, which are developed during one's childhood years, impinge on adult-to-adult relationships, particularly in marriage. Understand the rise in divorce rates and marital problems based on exploration of attachment styles that strengthen or weaken the marital bond. Add to the increasing scientific knowledge repository by focusing on real-life marital outcomes related to psychological theories of attachment. Material and Methods: The research design for this study is a mixed-methods design, which includes the following; Quantitative Component: Standardized questionnaires related to attachment style and relationship satisfaction scales will be administered to 200 couples. Qualitative Component: 20 couples from each category of different attachment styles will be interviewed in depth. This will be done at the marriage counseling centers in Houston, Texas. Population: Married individuals from different age brackets and years of marriage. Sampling: Stratified random sampling to ensure that there is a fair representation of marital backgrounds. Statistical Analysis: Application of correlation and regression analysis will help identify if attachment styles significantly predict marital outcomes. Findings: The key results of the study are that secure Attachment: Couples with at least one partner showing a secure attachment style exhibit: Improved communication, Successful conflict resolution, Overall relationship satisfaction, Insecure Attachment Styles, Anxious and avoidant are attached to less satisfaction and more conflict in marriage. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Based on this research, our recommendations in the present study are as follows: The need for Attachment-Based Interventions and Relationship Education Programs.

Science Studies teachers’ selection of content when teaching for Sustainable Development

Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) advocates a holistic teaching approach, acknowledging social, economic, and environmental perspectives and their relations in striving for sustainable development (SD). It is through understanding these unique perspectives and their interrelations that solutions to SD problems, resolution of SD conflicts and ways to sustainability can be found. Holistic teaching can pose challenges for teachers when choosing what teaching content to include when teaching sustainability. Additionally, the literature does not clearly define what content is to be included within ESD. This study conducted focus group discussions to investigate what content 11 Science Studies teachers chose and whether their teaching approach was holistic when teaching for SD. The findings identified four themes of taught content. The participating teachers included different relationships between the environmental, societal, and economic dimensions of SD. However, the teachers had challenges with the relationships connected to the economic dimension of SD.

Sectoral Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Social Dialogue in Cote d’Ivoire: Empirical Evidence from Agro-industrial Companies

The aim of this article is to study the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on social dialogue through their dimensions. The methodology is based on structural equations to highlight these links using data from a sample of 812 workers in agro-industrial firms in Côte d'Ivoire. In particular, the results reveal that environmental, social and cultural CSR dimensions have a significant impact on all dimensions of social dialogue reorganized by cultural negotiation. In the background, the contribution to the protection of mountains, rivers and sacred forests, to the celebration of religious events, both happy and unhappy, and to the resolution of certain conflicts, requires the mobilization of traditional negotiation tools: Inter-ethnic alliances, birthright, traditional chiefs and the palaver tree technique to resolve certain organizational conflicts. The result is a contribution to the protection of beliefs and collectivism, the pillars of organizational durability in Africa.

Investigating Socio-Economic and Academic Consequences of Insecurity and Kidnapping in Senior Secondary Schools in Anambra State

The study investigates the socio-economic and academic consequences of kidnapping in senior secondary schools in Anambra State. Two research questions and two research hypotheses were formulated for the study. The scope was restricted to the extent to which kidnapping influence academic performance and socio-economic development of students. Relevant literatures were reviewed on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, empirical studies and summary of reviewed literature. The design of the study was a descriptive survey design. The study was carried out in Anambra State. The study population was public SS 2 students in Anambra State. The sample of the study consisted of 400 SS2 students. The instrument for the study was a questionnaire consisting of 10 items. The instrument was validated by 3 experts – two experts in measurement and evaluation and one expert in administration. The reliability of the instrument was done using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r) yielding a value of 0.86. Data analysis was conducted using mean and standard deviation for research question and t-test statistic was used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the study were as follows: there is a significant difference between the mean ratings to which kidnapping influence academic performance of SS2 students in senior secondary schools and there is a significant difference between the mean ratings to which kidnapping influence socio-economic development of SS2 students in senior secondary schools. The study recommended among others that government and traditional rulers should encourage dialogue and conflict resolution mechanisms at the community level to address underlying grievances and prevent conflicts from escalating into violence.

Development of a regression model for effective labour management of an IT project

The object of the study is human resource management in IT projects, where the diversity of cultural characteristics and communication practices can affect the efficiency of task performance. The main problem addressed in this study is to identify the key factors that affect the effectiveness of human resource management in IT projects and to identify problem areas that need to be adjusted to improve the productivity and quality of teamwork. The study findings showed that the effectiveness of human resource management in IT projects largely depends on four main aggregate indicators: communication and interaction, cultural factors, leadership and management, and technical and professional skills. In particular, the model found that improved communication and interaction, as well as leadership and management, have the greatest positive impact on overall performance. Instead, cultural differences can create barriers that negatively affect teamwork performance. The findings are explained by the fact that effective communication and interaction are fundamental to coordinating teamwork, ensuring clarity of tasks, and timely information exchange. Leadership and management determine team motivation, conflict resolution strategies, and the overall direction of activities. The negative impact of cultural factors is explained by language barriers, differences in work approaches, and other cultural characteristics that can make it difficult to understand and cooperate. These findings can be used in practice in IT projects where multicultural teams work. They provide valuable guidance for leaders and managers on which aspects of management to focus on to improve team effectiveness. In particular, effective communication practices should be implemented, leadership skills and strategic planning should be developed, and cultural sensitivity should be taken into account, as well as training and development of technical and professional skills of team members. This will help overcome cultural barriers, improve collaboration, and increase the overall productivity of IT projects.

Deterrence and Missed Opportunities: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

The paper critiques the expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as a nuclear-armed alliance, exploring whether enlargement provoked Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and the role of deterrence in conflict escalation. Despite NATO's efforts to bolster Ukraine’s defenses without direct intervention, questions remain about the effectiveness of its deterrence strategy. Public opinion shifts in Sweden and Finland toward NATO membership after Russia’s actions highlight broader implications for European security. The paper also assesses the non-implementation of the Minsk agreements, exploring missed opportunities for conflict resolution and peacebuilding. By examining these dynamics, it contributes to debates on NATO's future, the efficacy of nuclear deterrence, and the prospects for cooperative security amidst escalating global tensions.

The Role of Soft Power in Great Power Rivalries: Challenges, Solutions, and Strategies, Focus on International Relations Theories

The rebirth of major power competition has led to a significant transformation in the global order. This study digs into the complex nature of this occurrence, examining its underlying reasons, displays, and possible outcomes in deferent angle. By utilizing a comparative analysis of realist, liberal, constructivist, and critical theoretical perspectives, the paper aims to shed light on the theoretical foundations of the current geopolitical dynamics. By critically assessing these theories, this paper highlights major obstacles to global stability, such as the escalation of arms races, the decline of multilateral institutions, and the increased threat of interstate conflicts and misunderstanding. Furthermore, this paper explores potential ways for collaboration and conflict resolution, drawing on insights from a variety of theoretical frameworks together with existing and current example from different conflicting countries. Marxism and Feminism are also highly shown in this paper which mostly focus on discussing their views toward GPC. In essence, this paper tries to develop our comprehension of major power competition and guide the formulation of efficient strategies to mitigate its destabilizing impacts.

Public Sentiment Analysis of the Israel-Palestine Conflict on Social Media Using BERT

General background Israel-Palestine conflict has drawn significant global attention, particularly in how it is perceived and discussed on social media platforms. Specific background understanding public sentiment surrounding such geopolitical issues is crucial for media monitoring, diplomatic efforts, and reputation management. Knowledge gap previous sentiment analysis studies often lack the ability to accurately handle multilingual and context-rich datasets, especially in analyzing neutral sentiments, which are commonly overlooked. This study aims to apply the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model to analyze public sentiment towards the Israel-Palestine conflict on the X platform, focusing on Indonesian users. Results Using BERT, the model achieved 93% accuracy, with a precision of 0.95, recall of 0.93, and F1-score of 0.94. The model performed well in predicting positive and negative sentiments but showed room for improvement in handling neutral sentiment. Novelty this study introduces the implementation of the BERT Transformer model for the multilingual and context-sensitive sentiment analysis of tweets, specifically addressing a high-stakes geopolitical conflict. Implications the findings demonstrate the potential for using advanced natural language processing techniques like BERT for monitoring public opinion, brand management, and detecting societal tensions on social media, offering valuable insights for stakeholders involved in conflict resolution and diplomatic strategies. Highlights: Achieved 93% accuracy in sentiment analysis using BERT on X platform. Identified strengths in predicting positive/negative sentiments, with challenges in neutral sentiment. Demonstrated BERT’s effectiveness in handling complex geopolitical social media data. Keywords: Sentiment Analysis, BERT Transformer, Israel-Palestine Conflict, Social Media, NLP

Design Framework for VR Games in the Police Domain

The escalation in the number of conflicts poses various implications and consequences to society, demanding a comprehensive understanding from a law enforcement perspective. The surge in conflicts introduces significant challenges related to public safety, necessitating adaptive strategies for both conflict and crime prevention and resolution. Accordingly, effective policing must adapt to the evolving dynamics, employing a nuanced approach that addresses the root causes of conflicts and enhances community resilience to avoid or mitigate them and their broader societal impact. A pivotal role is this direction is played by the ongoing technological advancements that facilitate actions like enhancement of situational awareness, analyzing patterns and anticipating potential hotspots and activities, facts that sustain both proactive and reactive measures. In particular, technological advancements in Virtual Reality (VR) present a valuable avenue for addressing policing challenges, especially in relation to conflict resolution, mitigation, and prevention. Building VR simulations for training purposes offers a controlled yet realistic environment for officers to practice e.g., de-escalation strategies and decision-making under stress. These gaming simulations provide a platform to expose officers to diverse scenarios, fostering adaptability, encouraging communication and collaboration, and enhancing their ability to properly handle conflicts with precision and self-control. At the same time, VR systems can be developed for societal awareness and educational purposes, fostering better understanding and communication between law enforcement and the public. While a broad range of governmental, practitioner, and academic efforts exist aiming at building and incorporating VR solutions for various purposes in the police domain, specific areas that involve other societal forces and bystanders need more attention. It is then the aim of this article to capture existing design and evaluation principles as well as lessons learned from existing VR solutions in the police domain. This is done by proposing a design framework for responsible VR gaming solutions in the police domain following the Design Science Research methodology in a transdisciplinary approach.

How is the Development of science Education in Primary Schools’conflict Resolution?

Science education in elementary schools is not only concerned with numbers, formulas and laboratory experiments, but includes various phenomena that often occur in the surrounding environment so that it has an impact on increasing the development of science education in resolving conflicts in elementary schools. This study aims to analyze the publication of science education in primary schools' conflict resolution using VOSviewer with a publish or perish application with a range of publications for ten years (2013 to 2023). Based on these criteria, there were 992 articles found into three areas that is Conflict Resolution, Science Education, and Primary School terms. The research results show that research has decreased significantly in the last 5 years, namely from 2013 to 2019 with a total of 205 articles down to 54 articles. From 2019 to 2022 there will be static for the publication of articles on this topic. A drastic decline has occurred in the last 2 years, namely from 2021 to 2022, with a total of 9. The latest data in 2023 saw an increase of 1 article to 10 published articles. So that it can be said that it was decreasing. Through VOSviewer, this study analyzes a lot of articles published related to the topic itself. The impact of this review becomes a reference for a starting point in conducting research on related topics in the future.