Use Of Resistance Research Articles

Low swelling and high mechanical strength organosilane hybrid polydivinylbenzene microspheres for hydrophilic interaction chromatography applications.

In this work, monodisperse organosilane hybrid polymer microspheres with a particle size of about 5µm were synthesized using seed swelling polymerization. The organosilicon reagent methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was introduced into the polymer framework as a copolymerization monomer, and the crosslinking degree of the microspheres was improved by the hydrolysis-condensation reaction of siloxanes. The synthesized hybrid microspheres have good mechanical strength as well as low swelling, with swelling propensity values of 0.167 and 0.348 in methanol and acetonitrile, respectively. Hybrid microspheres modified with cysteine have a hydrophilic interaction chromatography/reversed-phase liquid chromatography mixed-mode retention mechanism. Compared to the commercial cysteine-modified silica column, the synthesized stationary phase has higher separation selectivity for partially acidic or basic samples and better basic resistance for use under high pH mobile phase conditions (at least 10).

A lipase from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 with thermostability and pH resistance for use as a detergent additive

Lipases are important biocatalysts and ubiquitous in plants, animals, and microorganisms. The high growth rates of microorganisms with low production costs have enabled the wide application of microbial lipases in detergent, food, and cosmetic industries. Herein, a novel lipase from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 (Lac-Rh) was isolated and its activity analyzed under a range of reaction conditions to evaluate its potential industrial application. The isolated Lac-Rh showed a molecular weight of 24 kDa and a maximum activity of 3438.5 ± 1.8 U/mg protein at 60 °C and pH 8. Additionally, Lac-Rh retained activity in alkaline conditions and in 10% v/v concentrations of organic solvents, including glycerol and acetone. Interestingly, after pre-incubation in the presence of multiple commercial detergents, Lac-Rh maintained over 80% of its activity and the stains from cotton were successfully removed under a simulated laundry setting. Overall, the purified lipase from L. rhamnosus IDCC 3201 has potential for use as a detergent in industrial applications.Key points• A novel lipase (Lac-Rh) was isolated from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201• Purified Lac-Rh exhibited its highest activity at a temperature of 60 °C and a pH of 8, respectively• Lac-Rh remains stable in commercial laundry detergent and enhances washing performance

Breeding Cultivars for Resistance to the African Sweetpotato Weevils, Cylas puncticollis and Cylas brunneus, in Uganda: A Review of the Current Progress.

In sub-Saharan Africa, sweetpotato weevils are the major pests of cultivated sweetpotato, causing estimated losses of between 60% and 100%, primarily during dry spells. The predominantly cryptic feeding behavior of Cylas spp. within their roots makes their control difficult, thus, host plant resistance is one of the most promising lines of protection against these pests. However, limited progress has been made in cultivar breeding for weevil resistance, partly due to the complex hexaploid genome of sweetpotato, which complicates conventional breeding, in addition to the limited number of genotypes with significant levels of resistance for use as sources of resistance. Pollen sterility, cross incompatibility, and poor seed set and germination in sweetpotato are also common challenges in improving weevil resistance. The accurate phenotyping of sweetpotato weevil resistance to enhance the efficiency of selection has been equally difficult. Genomics-assisted breeding, though in its infancy stages in sweetpotato, has a potential application in overcoming some of these barriers. However, it will require the development of more genomic infrastructure, particularly single-nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs) and robust next-generation sequencing platforms, together with relevant statistical procedures for analyses. With the recent advances in genomics, we anticipate that genomic breeding for sweetpotato weevil resistance will be expedited in the coming years. This review sheds light on Uganda's efforts, to date, to breed against the Cylas puncticollis (Boheman) and Cylas brunneus (Fabricius) species of African sweetpotato weevil.

Investigating helium ion irradiation resistance in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steels

Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the rapid fabrication of complex shapes using engineering materials such as austenitic stainless steels and can imbue them with high irradiation resistance for use in reactor components. This is attributed to their refined grain structure and high grain boundary area. In this study, austenitic stainless steels (type 304) fabricated via direct energy deposition (DED) and powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques were irradiated with 5 MeV He ions to an approximate dose of 0.6 dpa at 300°C; subsequently, they were characterized through electron microscopy and the micro tensile testing. The results revealed that austenitic stainless steels manufactured using AM methods exhibited outstanding mechanical performance. The high performance of austenitic stainless steels fabricated through the DED technique can be attributed to their high tensile strength and excellent ductility elongation. This excellent performance is believed to be caused by the low stacking fault energy and the corresponding martensite formation during deformation. In particular, it was found that better mechanical properties were maintained even after helium irradiation, which is an important result obtained from the micro-tensile test. Even a small variation in the chemical composition and sub-microstructure of AM materials could result in improved irradiation tolerances.

Development of a Low-Molecular-Weight Filtrate Reducer with High-Temperature Resistance for Drilling Fluid Gel System.

Currently, conventional polymeric filtrate reducers with high-temperature resistance for use in drilling fluids have high molecular weights, which greatly affects the rheological properties. Therefore, to address the challenges in regulating the rheology and filtration performance of high-density drilling fluids at high temperatures, it is essential to develop low-molecular-weight filtrate reducers with high-temperature resistance. In this study, a low-molecular-weight filtrate reducer with high-temperature resistance (LMF) was prepared via free radical polymerization from acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid as monomers, tertiary dodecyl mercaptan as a chain transfer agent, and ammonium persulfate as the initiator. LMF was then characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. The obtained filtrate reducer exhibits a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 3819 and an initial thermal decomposition temperature of 300.7 °C, indicating good thermal stability. The effects of LMF dosage, temperature, and NaCl dosage on the rheology and filtration performance of mud samples were also investigated, and the mechanism of action was revealed by zeta potential, particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, and adsorption measurements. The results reveal that LMF increases the mud sample viscosity and reduces its filtration. For example, the filtration of the mud sample with 2 wt% LMF was 7.2 mL, a reduction of 70% compared to that of a blank mud sample. Further, after aging at 210 °C for 16 h, the filtration of the same sample was 11.6 mL, and that of a mud sample with 2 wt% LMF and 35 wt% NaCl after aging at 180 °C for 16 h was 22 mL. Overall, we have reported a scheme to prepare a low-molecular-weight filtrate reducer with high-temperature resistance and superior filtrate-reducing effects, laying the foundation for the investigation and development of low-molecular-weight filtrate reducers.

Inspired electrocatalytic performance by unique amorphous PdCu nanoparticles on black phosphorus

The application of black phosphorus (BP) in electrocatalysis is due to its inherent susceptibility to oxidation in the presence of oxygen and water. Herein, we achieved for the first time the growth of amorphous palladium-copper alloy nanoparticles (PdCu NPs) on two-dimensional BP nanosheets by a one-step solvothermal method. PdCu NPs/BP overcomes the instability of BP and shows exceptional stability and catalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In particular, PdCu NPs/BP exhibits only 4.7% decay in current density after 36,000 s of chronoamperometric testing and 11 mV negative shift in half-wave potential after 10,000 cycles of accelerated durability test. This has resulted in PdCu NPs/BP being the most stable among the currently known Pd-based ORR catalysts. This work introduces a novel method for growing uniform amorphous alloy nanoparticles on BP as well as new ideas for improving BP's oxidation resistance for use in electrocatalysis.

Production of Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Iron Waste Reinforced with Niobium Carbide/Granite Nanoparticles with Outstanding Strength and Wear Resistance for Use in Industrial Applications.

The main objective of this work is to recycle unwanted industrial waste in order to produce innovative nanocomposites with improved mechanical, tribological, and thermal properties for use in various industrial purposes. In this context, powder metallurgy (PM) technique was used to fabricate iron (Fe)/copper (Cu)/niobium carbide (NbC)/granite nanocomposites having outstanding mechanical, wear and thermal properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) examinations were used to investigate the particle size, crystal size, and phase composition of the milled samples. Additionally, it was investigated how different volume percentages of the NbC and granite affected the sintered specimens in terms of density, microstructure, mechanical and wear properties, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). According to the findings, the milled powders included particles that were around 55 nm in size and clearly contained agglomerates. The results showed that the addition of 4 vol.% NbC and 8 vol.% granite nanoparticles caused a reduction in the Fe-Cu alloy matrix particle sizes up to 47.8 nm and served as a barrier to the migration of dislocations. In addition, the successive increase in the hybrid concentrations led to a significant decrease in the crystal size of the samples prepared as follows: 29.73, 27.58, 22.69, 19.95 and 15.8 nm. Furthermore, compared with the base Fe-Cu alloy, the nanocomposite having 12 vol.% of hybrid reinforcement demonstrated a significant improvement in the microhardness, ultimate strength, Young's modulus, longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, CTE and wear rate by 94.3, 96.4, 61.1, 78.2, 57.1, 73.6, 25.6 and 61.9%, respectively. This indicates that both NbC and granite can actually act as excellent reinforcements in the Fe alloy.

Axial tension/compression and torsional loading of diamond and gyroid lattice structures for biomedical implants: Simulation and experiment

Lattice structures are increasingly used in biomedical implants, notably intervertebral cages, requiring a better understanding of their behavior for the different types of loading they undergo during application. Strut-based diamond and sheet-based gyroid structures with porosity levels ranging from 50 to 80 % and an identical pore size of 750 μm were manufactured from Ti6Al4V alloy, tested experimentally and simulated numerically in axial tension/compression and in torsion to simulate flexion/extension, compression and rotation of the human spine. The manufactured structures were within 5 % of the targeted porosity. However, numerical simulations overestimated the experimental apparent (effective) stiffness and strength of the structures by an average of 25 %, likely due to the presence in them of manufacturing defects, especially in the higher porosity lattices. Experimental and numerical results showed that the structures have quasi-identical mechanical properties in compression and in tension. However, a comparison of the torsion and axial results indicated that conventional bulk material failure theories such as the von Mises limitation criterion do not apply to the apparent properties of lattice structures. Studied lattices exhibited adequate resistance for use in intervertebral cages, however their stiffness was greater than those of the vertebrae, while situated in the stiffness range of cortical bone.

Mapping and Validation of Alectra vogelii Resistance in the Cowpea Landrace B301

Cowpea is the most important food legume in West and Central Africa and a valuable economic commodity in the region. Among the major biotic constraints to cowpea production are root parasitic weeds of which Alectra vogelii (Benth.) is of increasing importance. The cowpea landrace B301 was previously identified as a source of Alectra resistance, but neither the genes nor genomic loci conferring this resistance have been mapped. Therefore, to map and identify genetic markers linked to Alectra resistance for use in the molecular improvement of cowpea, we developed an F2 population from a cross of the susceptible variety 524B with B301. The population was phenotyped for resistance to A. vogelii and genotyped with a cowpea high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray. Putative resistance loci were mapped in F2 populations by categorical trait–multiple interval mapping and validated by selective genotyping. Selective genotyping indicated that the resistance loci on Vu04 (Rav1) and Vu11 (Rav2) were significantly associated with resistance (p ≤ 0.01). Using marker assisted backcrossing, the two resistance loci were introgressed independently into the susceptible 524B genetic background. Phenotyping and genotyping of the segregating backcross families delineated Rav1 to a 10 cM on chromosome 4 and Rav2 to a 6.7 cM interval in chromosome 11. These two loci are desirable for breeding Alectra resistant cowpea varieties due to their simple inheritance and ability to independently confer complete immunity to the parasite.

High-performance electrospun particulate matter (PM) filters embedded with self-polarizable tetragonal BaTiO3 nanoparticles

This study developed a novel transparent filter with a high particulate matter (PM) removal efficiency and low airflow resistance for use in windows. The main idea of this filter is to combine the ability of electrospun nanofiber (NF) structures to minimize airflow resistance with the unique self-polarizability of tetragonal BaTiO3 (t-BTO) nanoparticles, which enables the capture of PM through electrostatic interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation predicted the self-polarization of t-BTO, and the presence of static electricity on the NF filters with t-BTO was confirmed by Kelvin probe force microscopy and electrostatic force measurement. Their PM removal efficiency and airflow resistance were dependent on the t-BTO loading and filter transparency. The filter with 20% t-BTO and 90% transparency exhibited a high PM removal efficiency (∼99.1% for PM10–2.5 and ∼98.9% for PM2.5) and a pressure drop of <70 Pa, indicating an extremely low airflow resistance. Moreover, its quality factor value reached ∼0.79 Pa−1, which far exceeds those of previously reported air filters (∼0.2 Pa−1). Further, accelerated long-term experiments for verifying the filter’s durability revealed that it exhibited a high PM removal performance and maintained a low airflow resistance despite a slight reduction in its performance. To enable the commercialization of our filter, the filter’s properties will be optimized based on the results of a field test under actual environments.

Synthesis and Properties of a Gel Agent with a High Salt Resistance for Use in Weak-Gel-Type Water-Based Drilling Fluid

Synthesis and Properties of a Gel Agent with a High Salt Resistance for Use in Weak-Gel-Type Water-Based Drilling Fluid

Evaluation of Disease Severity and Molecular Relationships Between Peronospora variabilis Isolates on Chenopodium Species in New Hampshire.

Quinoa is a potential new crop for New England; however, its susceptibility to downy mildew, caused by Peronospora variabilis, is a key obstacle for cultivation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate differential resistance within the Chenopodium genus, identify novel sources of resistance for use in future genetic studies or breeding programs, and investigate phylogenetic relationships of P. variabilis isolates from different Chenopodium hosts. The long-term goal of this research is to develop a resistant variety of quinoa to be grown in New England. Field trials conducted at the University of New Hampshire evaluated downy mildew disease severity on 10 Chenopodium accessions representing four species. Disease severity for each treatment was compared and significant differences in disease severity were observed between accessions. C. berlandieri var. macrocalycium ecotypes collected from Rye Beach, New Hampshire and Appledore Island, Maine exhibited the lowest disease severity over the growing season. P. variabilis was isolated from each accession, and COX2 sequences were compared. Phylogenetic analyses suggest no effect of host species on P. variabilis sequence similarity; however, isolates are shown to cluster by geographic location. This research provides the first step in identifying potential New England native sources of resistance to downy mildew within the genus Chenopodium and provides preliminary information needed to further investigate resistance at the genomic level in Chenopodium spp.

Genome‐wide association study reveals molecular markers and genes potentially associated with soybean (Glycine max) resistance to Xanthomonas citri pv. glycines

AbstractSoybean bacterial pustule is caused by the gram‐negative bacterium Xanthonomas citri pv. glycines. The identification of sources of resistance for use in molecular breeding is a challenge due to the existence of complex interactions between pathogenic strains and soybean cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of 118 soybean cultivars to inoculation with strains 2440P and 2447 of X. citri pv. glycines and to identify molecular markers associated with the resistance. The genome‐wide association study approach was used to identify association between the phenotype and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers. The positions of significant SNPs were mapped to the soybean Williams 82 genome, and protein‐coding genes near them were identified. One and 116 cultivars were resistant to strains 2440P and 2447, respectively. Eleven SNPs were significantly associated with resistance to strain 2440P and five to 2447. Two significant SNPs are predicted to result in amino acid changes in benzyl alcohol O‐benzoyltransferase‐like and MAIN‐LIKE 1‐like proteins, which after confirmation, could be used in marker‐assisted selection in order to increase the frequency of resistant alleles in new cultivars.

Synthesis of a hydrophobic association polymer with an inner salt structure for fracture fluid with ultra-high-salinity water

This study used a compound initiation free radical polymerization process to synthesize a hydrophobic association polymer (PDMA1) with good salt resistance for use in ultra-high salinity reservoirs. The critical association and entanglement concentrations of PDMA1 in deionized (DI) water were 1596 and 2799 mg/L, respectively. The properties of the polymer in simulated formation (SF) water were investigated using viscosity change and conductivity tests, and the apparent viscosity of the PDMA1 solution was investigated using apparent viscosity, viscoelasticity, and thixotropy experiments. To a certain extent, the apparent viscosity of the solution was found to be influenced by metal ions. Under total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations of up to 239,500 ppm, when the polymer concentration exceeded the critical entanglement concentration, the apparent viscosity of the polymer remained close to that of DI water. Additionally, the viscosity of the PDMA1 solution was affected by different types of metal ions, and the polymer solution thickened owing to divalent cations. PDMA1 is resistant to salt owing to hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic shielding, and double-layer compression. The results of the thixotropy and viscoelasticity tests revealed the thixotropy loop area of the PDMA1 solution in SF water to be greater than that in DI water. Under these conditions, PDMA1 is mostly viscous at low shear frequencies and mostly elastic at high shear frequencies. The PDMA1 inner-salt hydrophobic association polymer can be utilized as a chemical agent for tertiary recovery and fracturing, processes in high-salinity reservoirs, particularly for aggravating fracturing fluid.

Defense responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-colonized poplar seedlings against gypsy moth larvae: a multiomics study

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may help protect plants against herbivores; however, their use for the pest control of woody plants requires further study. Here, we investigated the effect of Glomus mosseae colonization on the interactions between gypsy moth larvae and Populus alba × P. berolinensis seedlings and deciphered the regulatory mechanisms underlying the mycorrhizal-induced resistance in the leaves of mycorrhizal poplar using RNA-seq and nontargeted metabolomics. The resistance assay showed that AM fungus inoculation protected poplar seedlings against gypsy moth larvae, as evidenced by the decreased larval growth and reduced larval survival. A transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis (lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide dehydratase, and allene oxide cyclase) and signal transduction (jasmonate-ZIM domain and transcription factor MYC2) and identified the genes that were upregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings. Except for chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase, which were downregulated in mycorrhizal seedlings, all DEGs related to flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated, including 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavonol synthase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. The metabolome analysis showed that several metabolites with insecticidal properties, including coumarin, stachydrine, artocarpin, norizalpinin, abietic acid, 6-formylumbelliferone, and vanillic acid, were significantly accumulated in the mycorrhizal seedlings. These findings suggest the potential of mycorrhiza-induced resistance for use in pest management of woody plants and demonstrate that the priming of JA-dependent responses in poplar seedlings contributes to mycorrhiza-induced resistance to insect pests.

Association Between the Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Outcomes of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Large-Scale Health Management Cohort Study.

BackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly becoming a major health burden. Due to the difficulty of liver biopsy, there is no reliable indicator to evaluate the outcomes of NAFLD. The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index is a simple and convenient marker of insulin resistance for use in medical practice. Whether the TyG index is predictive of later risk of NAFLD remains unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between TyG index with NAFLD progression and improvement during a median follow-up period of 21 months.Material and MethodsA total of 11,424 subjects (9327 men) diagnosed with NAFLD were included. The TyG index was calculated as follows: ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) * fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was applied to analyze the data.ResultsIn this study, the severity of NAFLD remained the same in 38.8% of subjects, worsened in 17.4% of subjects, and improved in 43.8% of subjects. Compared with the lowest quartile of the TyG index, the adjusted HR of NAFLD progression in the highest quartile (TyG≥9.34) was 1.448 (1.229 to 1.706), and the adjusted HR of NAFLD improvement was 0.817 (0.723 to 0.923). Subgroup analysis found that smoking increased the correlation between the TyG index and the risk of NAFLD progression, while female, vegan diet, and weight control enhanced the correlation between the TyG index and the risk of NAFLD improvement.ConclusionThe TyG index may be a simple and helpful indicator for further risk appraisal of NAFLD in daily clinical practice.

Modeling of plasticity-induced martensitic transformation to achieve hierarchical, heterogeneous, and tailored microstructures in stainless steels

While stainless steels (SS) have excellent corrosion resistance for use in industries such as chemical and food processing, medical implants made of such steels require more stringent specifications, e.g., high strength while maintaining a low weight. A way to design and manufacture such behavior of SS is through the intentional deformation induced manipulation of constituent phases to achieve heterogeneous and hierarchical microstructures. In this paper, an elasto-plastic self-consistent modeling framework incorporating a strain-induced austenite-to-martensite transformation kinetic sub-model is calibrated using a set of SS304L data from the literature to capture stress-strain response and volume fraction of phases. The model is then validated by predicting the mechanical responses of SS316L using a new data set recorded as a function of strain-rate and temperature. By accurately predicting the material behavior, the modeling results can guide the manufacturing process to achieve the desired final part properties.

Energy deposition calculation by Monte Carlo simulation in irradiation of electric cables by electron beam

The reason for crosslinking the insulation polymer in wire and cable by radiation is to improve their performance at an elevated temperature, the chemical resistance, toughness and abrasion resistance in use. The quality of products made by radiation processing depends not only on the absorbed dose but also on homogenuity of dose distribution especially in circular objects like cables which have different density in conductor and insulation part, respectively.It is important to optimize crosslinking processes for reducing the operation cost while sustaining suitable quality of the final product. The computer simulation method becomes a very useful tool for optimizing process, providing essential information in a short time and reducing cost comparing with the conventional method based on experimental dosimetry. The application of several Monte Carlo codes for electron and photon transport and the advances in computing systems, make possible to accomplish dosimetry tasks by numerical simulation. With increased computing speed and decreasing hardware cost, it is expected that Monte Carlo based electron dose calculation algorithms will become available for routine electron beam dosimetry. We have developed the EBSCANmc (simulator program) in order to simulate and study the crosslinking of electric cables. EBSCANmc employs the MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particle) 6.2 code, which is a general purpose Monte Carlo particle transport code. The computer simulation of the dose distributions in electric cables was performed for various process parameters, namely the level of electron beam energy, irradiation positions, the density of cable insulator, and backscattering. The results of computer simulation are compared with experimental data using the CTA film dosimeter.

Effect of pedestrian traffic on the slip resistance and visual appearance of ceramic floor tiles

The increase of surface roughness is a common measure for improving the slip resistance of floors. Nevertheless, the surface roughness of the floors can wear out during the use. Furthermore, rough surfaces can be susceptible to dirt accumulation. As a consequence, during the use, the original slip resistance and visual appearance of the floors can be deteriorated. In this scenario, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of pedestrian traffic on the surface profile, slip resistance and visual appearance of commercial ceramic floor tiles. The surface profile (contact profilometer), slip resistance (pendulum method) and visual appearance (visual analysis) of different commercial ceramic floors were evaluated before and after their exposure to heavy pedestrian traffic, and the results were compared. Significant reductions of the sharpness and height of profile peaks of the surfaces, due to mechanical wear, were observed. Consequently, for all the surfaces which initially presented satisfactory slip resistance for use in slipping risk areas, this property was reduced to unsafe levels. The degree of dirt accumulation, and the consequent visual appearance deterioration, varied according to the profile characteristics of the studied floors. The best cleaning performances were found for surfaces with more spaced irregularities and wider profile valleys.

Laponite/lauric arginate stabilized AKD Pickering emulsions with shell-tunable hydrolytic resistance for use in sizing paper

Utilizing the assembly and formation of laponite/lauric arginate (LAE) complexes near the water-oil interface, where laponite and LAE interact, the stability and preparation of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) Pickering emulsions with tunable shells were investigated. Stable spherical emulsions were generated with homogenization due to the interfacial jamming of laponite/LAE complexes. The packing density of laponite at the oil/water interface was adjustable via LAE concentration tuning. The Pickering system with a tunable shell, droplet size, resistance to oil agglomeration and hydrolysis over a long period of time was achieved based on LAE loading. Hydrophobic paper with a 126.6° of water contact angle was prepared under a surface sizing process with the laponite/LAE-stabilized AKD emulsion loading of 0.12 wt% LAE, which exhibited 90 days' long-term storage stability. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) shows that laponite/LAE forms a dense layer at the oil/water interface and 3D-network in a continuous phase. The properties provided by laponite/LAE, a highly efficient complex with resistance to phase permeability and hydrolysis, open new opportunities in biodegradable and food-grade emulsifiers for paper sizing agents, where LAE achieves synergistic effects with laponite.