Use Of Resistance Research Articles

Marker-assisted selection provides arabica coffee with genes from other Coffea species targeting on multiple resistance to rust and coffee berry disease

Selecting superior genotypes is facilitated by marker-assisted selection (MAS), which is particularly suitable for transferring disease resistance alleles because it nullifies environmental effects and allows selection of resistant individuals in the absence of the pathogen or race, enabling preventive breeding. Molecular markers linked to two major genes (SH3 and SH?), conferring resistance to coffee rust, and those linked to the Ck-1 gene, conferring resistance to coffee berry disease (CBD), have previously been identified. These markers were validated and used in a progeny of crosses between Indian selections with Coffea arabica cultivars. Eleven resistant individuals homozygous for SH3 were identified by MAS. Of these, seven carry SH? from Hibrido de Timor and the gene introduced from Coffea liberica (SH3). SH? was characterized as derived from Coffea canephora. Thus, it was possible to identify C. arabica genotypes carrying important genes for rust resistance introgressed from other coffee species. MAS also allowed identification of sources of CBD resistance for use in preventive breeding for resistance to this serious disease. Using two validated molecular markers, two coffee plants carrying Ck-1 were identified: the UFV 328-60 genotype (F2) was resistant and homozygous based on both molecular markers but exhibited no markers related to SH3 and SH?, and the UFV 317-12 genotype (F1) was resistant and homozygous but resistant and heterozygous based on CBD-Sat207 and CBD-Sat235, respectively. Along with possessing Ck-1, the latter carries SH?. Overall, plants carrying different genes for resistance to rust and CBD were identified. These plants are important sources for gene pyramiding in breeding programs aimed at multiple and durable resistance.

Development and identification of Verticillium wilt-resistant upland cotton accessions by pyramiding QTL related to resistance

Cotton Verticillium wilt is a serious soil-borne disease that leads to significant losses in fiber yield and quality worldwide. Currently, the most effective way to increase Verticillium wilt resistance is to develop new resistant cotton varieties. Lines 5026 and 60182 are two Verticillium wilt-resistant upland cotton accessions. We previously identified a total of 25 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to Verticillium wilt resistance from 5026 and 60182 by assembling segregating populations from hybridization with susceptible parents. In the current study, using 13 microsatellite markers flanking QTLs related to Verticillium wilt resistance, we developed 155 cotton inbred lines by pyramiding different QTLs related to Verticillium wilt resistance from a filial generation produced by crossing 5026 and 60182. By examining each allele's effect and performing multiple comparison analysis, we detected four elite QTLs/alleles (q-5/NAU905-2, q-6/NAU2754-2, q-8/NAU3053-1 and q-13/NAU6598-1) significant for Verticillium wilt resistance, pyramiding these elite alleles increased the disease resistance of inbred lines. Furthermore, we selected 34 elite inbred lines, including five lines simultaneously performing elite fiber quality, high yield and resistance to V. dahliae, 14 lines with elite fiber quality and disease resistance, three lines with high yield and disease resistance, and 12 lines with resistance to V. dahliae. No correlation between Verticillium wilt resistance and fiber quality traits/yield and its components was detected in the 155 developed inbred lines. Our results provide candidate markers for disease resistance for use in marker-assisted breeding (MAS), as well as elite germplasms for improving important agronomic traits via modern cotton breeding.

Immunological reactions of winter soft wheat collection samples for resistance to brown rust

Introduction. One of the central issues in the selection this creating varieties that combine high productivity potential, grain quality with its genetic protection against diseases. The factors that reduce yields and gross harvests of staple food crops of winter wheat, should include numerous diseases, among which a special place is occupied by different types of rust. One of the most economically important and dangerous leaf diseases of winter wheat is brown leaf rust. The aim and tasks of the study. The aim of our research was to determine the resistance to leaf rust collection samples of soft winter wheat on artificial infectious background. The objectives study was to assess the collection and selection of samples of material with a high resistance for use in breeding. Materials and methods . Evaluation of 78 collection samples of winter wheat for resistance to leaf rust was conducted on an artificial infectious background in the field during 2013 - 2014. Results and discussion . Meteorological conditions during years of the study were characterized by fever and unstable air moisture. So, in 2013 during the growing season HTC was 1.3, and in 2014 was 1.6. From the collection of winter wheat, which we studied in 2013-2014 years, 60 samples (76.9%) were high resistant. 12 samples were immune (15.4%), they were originating mainly from the United States and Hungary. Conclusions. Within two years of research to determine the stability of the collection material of winter wheat against leaf rust in the conditions of artificial infection background. Among the 78 samples there were 12 immune, 48 highly resistant, 11 resistant, 5 moderately susceptible, 2 susceptible. Emphasis immune samples Beres, Lurda 81, Lindon, Co 7250-49, Co 7250-50, HBE 384, Mc Nair 2203, Century, TAM-200, Arthur 71, Rochy and Polovchanka, You need to attract crossover and used in breeding work towards the creation of varieties with increased resistance to leaf rust.

Mechanical performance of integrally bonded copper coatings for the long term disposal of used nuclear fuel

The preferred method for disposal of used nuclear fuel is underground emplacement in a Deep Geological Repository (DGR). Many countries have light water reactor fuels which require large Used Fuel Container or Canister (UFC) designs weighing up to 25 ton for containment. In contrast, Canada exclusively uses heavy water reactor fuel, which is substantially smaller. This has led the Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) to create a novel UFC, which uses standard pressure vessel grade steel for structural containment and a thick, integrally bonded copper coating applied to the exterior surface for corrosion protection. Currently, the coating is applied using two different methods: electrodeposition and gas dynamic cold spray. This novel copper coating needs to be fully validated to ensure adequate mechanical strength and chemical resistance for use under repository conditions. Detailed mechanical and corrosion testing programs were undertaken. Mechanical tests indicated that adhesion strengths exceeded 45MPa and tensile properties were comparable to wrought copper. A Finite Element Model (FEM) of the copper–steel composite was created and validated using three point bend tests. This model accurately predicts the response of the composite, including large deformation and debonding failure mechanisms. Now validated, this model will be used to assess the performance of the coating on the full-scale UFC under simulated DGR loading conditions.

Insulin sensitivity index (ISI0, 120) potentially linked to carbon isotopes of breath CO2 for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

New strategies for an accurate and early detection of insulin resistance are important to delay or prevent the acute onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Currently, insulin sensitivity index (ISI0,120) is considered to be a viable invasive method of whole-body insulin resistance for use in clinical settings in comparison with other invasive sensitivity indexes like homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). To investigate how these sensitivity indexes link the 13C/12C-carbon isotopes of exhaled breath CO2 to pre-diabetes (PD) and type 2 diabetes in response to glucose ingestion, we studied excretion dynamics of 13C/12C-isotopic fractionations of breath CO2. Here, we show that 13C/12C-isotope ratios of breath CO2 were well correlated with blood glucose, insulin, glycosylated-hemoglobin as well as with HOMA-IR and 1/QUICKI. Conversely, the strongest correlation was observed between 1/ISI0,120 and breath CO2 isotopes. Consequently, we determined several optimal diagnostic cut-off points of 1/ISI0,120 and 13CO2/12CO2-isotope ratios to distinctively track the evolution of PD prior to the onset of T2D. Our findings suggest that isotopic breath CO2 is a novel method for accurate estimation of ISI0,120 and thus may open new perspectives into the isotope-specific non-invasive evaluation of insulin resistance for large-scale real-time diabetes screening purposes.

Testing and modelling of shearwalls studded with small-diameter round timber under cyclic lateral load

As a forestry by-product mainly from thinning of the artificial forests, small-diameter round timber is not suitable for structural members due to its low quality. For use in structural applications, a kind of shearwall utilising small-diameter round timber in the form of built-up studs was developed. To investigate the structural behaviour of the shearwalls, 15 full size specimens with different configurations were manufactured and tested under cyclic lateral loading. The failure modes of the shearwalls were observed and the hysteresis curves obtained. The lateral resistance, stiffness and displacement capacity were evaluated. An FE model of the shearwalls was then developed using ABAQUS, and the structural behaviour simulated. FE modelling and testing of the shearwalls correlated closely. The results of this study showed that the developed shearwalls performed quite well under cyclic lateral load, with sufficient lateral resistance for use in light wood frame construction.

Resistance in Capsicum spp. to anthracnose affected by different stages of fruit development during pre- and post-harvest

This study aimed to investigate the reaction of unripe and ripe fruits of Capsicum spp. accessions to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides during the pre- and post-harvest periods, and to identify sources of resistance for use in plant breeding programs. Thirty-seven Capsicum spp. accessions of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro were evaluated. They were cultivated in a greenhouse and arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications. Twenty fruits from each accession were inoculated at two stages (unripe and ripe) in two different environments (fruits inoculated in the plant and detached fruit inoculated under laboratory conditions). The symptoms were assessed every 24 hours between the 1st and 8th days after inoculation. There were highly significant differences in the values of the area under the disease progress curve and in severity, considering all sources of individual variation and their interactions. Values of low and moderate correlation were observed for inoculation of unripe and ripe fruit in both environments. These results indicate the existence of distinct genes responsible for resistance at different stages of fruit development. Complete lack of symptoms was registered only for accessions UENF 1718 and UENF 1797 (C. baccatum var. pendulum).

Assessment of som (Persea bombycina) clones for resistance against Phyllosticta persae

Som (Persea bombycina) is an economically important tree used as food source by the muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis. Phyllactinia leaf spot (PLS), caused by Phyllosticta persae, affects all som cultivars during June to September (rainy season) and is responsible for foliage losses up to 26%. Information about the effect of this disease at the farmer level and host resistance is lacking. PLS severity was assessed in six major sericulture areas of Assam, India. Furthermore, eight clones were evaluated for resistance in experimental field trials. Disease incidence and severity index (DSI), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), apparent infection rate, lesion diameter and frequency all indicated differences among clones. DSI and AUDPC values were 3.6 fold and 4.2 fold higher in the most susceptible accession M-8 compared to M-5. High broad sense heritability (h2 = 0.80) of DSI suggested an additive nature of resistance. Correlations of DSI (r range: 0.55 to 0.91) with other parameters provided a good empirical evidence of obtained PLS responsiveness. M-5 showSed partial resistance on the basis of all measures and appeared as the most diverse accession based on Euclidean distance. These results suggested that clone M-5 may be a potential source of resistance for use in PLS breeding programs.

Polymer coatings for biomedical applications using atmospheric pressure plasma

Atmospheric pressure plasma was used to alter the surface of high molecular weight polyethylene (HMWPE) by grafting various biocompatible polymers, to provide a more hydrophilic surface to improve wear resistance for use in applications, such as prosthetics and orthopedic implants.For this study, the organic coatings included biocompatible polymers such as poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate), polyethylenimine, and polyethylene glycol. Atmospheric pressure plasma was used, along with an in-house constructed spray delivery system, to graft the molecules to HMWPE substrates. The surface of the substrates was maintained at a temperature below 80°C during the coating process. Coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle analysis, and adhesion testing. A significant decrease in contact angle was noted for various coatings produced with this method, indicating increased hydrophilicity. Plasma processing conditions, specifically the pretreatment of the substrate and the input power, affected the adhesion and uniformity of the polymerized layer. Trends varied for the polymers used in this study, indicating the need for optimization of plasma parameters for the desired polymer coating.

Sources of Resistance to the Maize Weevil Sitophilus Zeamais in Tropical Maize

The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is among the major storage pests that enhance food insecurity among maize farmers. New sources of resistance to the maize weevil are critical in a successful breeding program to address grain damage by postharvest pests. The objective of the study was to evaluate resistance in maize genotypes to the maize weevil, and consequently their value for use in breeding programs. A total of 175 genotypes, including hybrids, landraces, open-pollinated varieties and checks, were tested for resistance to the maize weevil. The percentage grain damage, weight loss, flour weight and weight of damaged and undamaged grains were measured. Significant differences (P <0.001) were observed among the genotypes for all the traits evaluated. The distribution of the genotypes among the different categories of resistance was an indication of the existence of genetic variation. The most resistant genotypes were CKPH08003 and BRAZ 2451 while the most susceptible were PH 3254 and BRAZ 4, among the hybrids and landraces respectively. Genotypes that were superior to the resistant checks were identified. The percentage weight loss and flour weight were identified as the most important insect-resistance traits for discriminating genotypes as evident from the canonical discriminant analysis. Correlation coefficients among the traits evaluated were highly significant. The resistant hybrids identified can be recommended for release and adoption by farmers, whereas the resistant landraces can act as sources of resistance for use in breeding programs.

Development of hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin film with high electrical resistance for use in embedded sensors in abrasive environment

In this study, a hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) film with a high electrical resistance is developed for use in embedded sensors in an abrasive environment. The a-C:H and a-C:H:Si films were deposited by magnetron sputtering. Graphite targets were sputtered by means of bipolar pulsed-direct current power supply and addition of acetylene, argon, and krypton. The a-C:H:Si films were deposited using graphite targets with small silicon inserts. To optimize the adhesion, a chromium nitride interlayer was deposited prior to the carbon layer. The influence of bias voltage, acetylene flow, deposition pressure, and silicon doping on the electric resistance was investigated. Hardness, hydrogen content, and bonding status of the coating were also determined. It was found that the resistance of the film increases with decreasing negative bias voltage and increasing acetylene flow and deposition pressure. With increasing resistivity of the film, the hardness decreases. This was attributed to higher hydrogen contents in these films. The silicon doping of the films has no significant effect on the electrical resistance.

Resistance in Maize Inbred Lines to Fusarium verticillioides and Fumonisin Accumulation in South Africa.

Fusarium ear rot of maize, caused by Fusarium verticillioides, is an important disease affecting maize production worldwide. Apart from reducing yield and grain quality, F. verticillioides produces fumonisins which have been associated with mycotoxicoses of animals and humans. Currently, no maize breeding lines are known with resistance to F. verticillioides in South Africa. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate 24 genetically diverse maize inbred lines as potential sources of resistance to Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin accumulation in field trials at Potchefstroom and Vaalharts in South Africa. After artificial silk channel inoculation with F. verticillioides, Fusarium ear rot development was determined at harvest and fumonisins B1, B2, and B3 quantified. A significant inbred line by location effect was observed for Fusarium ear rot severity (P ≤ 0.001), although certain lines proved to be consistently resistant across both locations. The individual inbred lines also differed considerably in fumonisin accumulation between Potchefstroom and Vaalharts, with differentiation between susceptible and potentially resistant inbred lines only being possible at Vaalharts. A greenhouse inoculation trial was then also performed on a subset of potentially resistant and highly susceptible lines. The inbred lines CML 390, CML 444, CML 182, VO 617Y-2, and RO 549 W consistently showed a low Fusarium ear rot (<5%) incidence at both Potchefstroom and Vaalharts and in the greenhouse. Two of these inbred lines, CML 390 and CML 444, accumulated fumonisin levels <5 mg kg-1. These lines could potentially act as sources of resistance for use within a maize breeding program.

Insect Resistance in Sweetpotato Plant Introduction Accessions

Fifty-five sweetpotato cultivars, experimental breeding clones, and plant introduction (PI) accessions were evaluated in 17 field experiments at the USDA, ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (Charleston, SC; 12 evaluations, 1997-2010), the Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center (Blackville, SC; two evaluations, 1998-1999), and the University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center (Homestead, FL; three evaluations, 2005-2007). These experiments included two insect-susceptible control entries ('Beauregard' and 'SC1149-19') and three insect-resistant control cultivars ('Regal,' 'Ruddy,' and 'Sumor'). At each location, genotypes differed significantly in the percentage of uninjured roots WDS (wireworm, Diabrotica, Systena) index, the percentage of roots damaged by the sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius (F.)), the percentage of roots damaged by the sweetpotato flea beetle (Chaetocnema confinis Crotch), and the percentage of roots damaged by white grub larvae (including Plectris aliena Chapin and Phyllophaga spp.). 'SC1149-19' had a significantly lower percentage of uninjured roots, a significantly higher WDS index rating, and significantly higher percentages of infestation by flea beetles, grubs, and sweetpotato weevils than most other sweetpotato genotypes in this study. In addition, 43 of 55 genotypes had significantly less overall insect damage than 'Beauregard,' one of the leading commercial orange-fleshed cultivars in the United States. Ten genotypes had significantly less insect injury than 'Picadito,' a commercial boniato-type sweetpotato grown extensively in southern Florida. Many of these sweetpotato genotypes have high levels of resistance to soil insect pests, and they may be useful as sources of insect resistance for use in sweetpotato breeding programs.

The Wear Mechanism Comparison between MgO-Based Chrome-Free Brick and MgO-Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Brick in the Lower Part of RH Vacuum Degasser

The damage and improvement mechanism of rebonded MgO-Cr2O3 brick and MgO-ZrO2 brick used in the lower part of RH vacuum degasser were studied. The results show that the main damage of rebonded MgO-Cr2O3 brick is structure spalling because of the penetration of slag. MgO-ZrO2 brick has characteristics of high direct-bonding degree, small air permeability and making the viscosity of penetrated slag increased by means of ZrO2 absorbing CaO in slag to form CaZrO3 or ZrO2 solid solution, which make the degree of slag penetration decrease and improve the structure spalling resistance. MgO-ZrO2 brick has the defect of poor thermal shock resistance in use, the incorporation of MgO-rich spinel into MgO-ZrO2 brick significantly improved both thermal shock resistance and hot modulus of rupture because of the formation of eutectoid structure of grain-refining spinel and zirconia, which also improved structure spalling resistance because air permeability was decreased to 5% of MgO-ZrO2 brick

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars exhibit different levels of post‐attachment resistance against the parasitic weeds Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica

Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica are root parasitic weeds that infect the major cereal crops of sub-Saharan Africa causing severe losses in yield. The interspecific upland NEw RICe for Africa (NERICA) cultivars are popular amongst subsistence farmers, but little is known about their post-attachment resistance against Striga. Here, we evaluate the post-attachment resistance levels of the NERICA cultivars and their parents against ecotypes of S. hermonthica and S.asiatica, characterize the phenotype of the resistance mechanisms and determine the effect of Striga on host biomass. Some NERICA cultivars showed good broad-spectrum resistance against several Striga ecotypes, whereas others showed intermediate resistance or were very susceptible. The phenotype of a resistant interaction was often characterized by an inability of the parasite to penetrate the endodermis. Moreover, some parasites formed only a few connections to the host xylem, grew slowly and remained small. The most resistant NERICA cultivars were least damaged by Striga, although even a small number of parasites caused a reduction in above-ground host biomass. The elucidation of the molecular genetic basis of the resistance mechanisms and tolerance would allow the development of cultivars with multiple, durable resistance for use in farmers' fields.

Monitoring changes in mechanical state of windings of power transformers caused by radial deformations

A method for monitoring of the mechanical state of the windings of power transformers, which enables one to identify the effects of the appearance of radial deformations of the windings by varying the phase-shift angle between the voltages of the pair of windings is suggested. The method is an alternative to the method of measuring the short-circuit resistance for use in load modes.

Screening Exotic Sorghum Germplasm, Hybrids, and Elite Lines for Resistance to a New Virulent Pathotype (P6) of Peronosclerospora sorghi Causing Downy Mildew

A recent outbreak of sorghum downy mildew (SDM) in Texas has led to the discovery of both metalaxyl fungicide resistance and a new pathotype, P6, in the causal organism Peronosclerospora sorghi. New and alternate sources of host plant resistance are needed for successful management of SDM. To identify sources of resistance, a total of 333 (242 minicore lines representing diverse germplasm from India, 67 commercial hybrids from Kansas, and 24 elite breeding lines from Texas) were inoculated in the greenhouse. Using an established sandwich inoculation technique, artificial inoculation of test lines with P. sorghi conidia, resulting in &lt; 10% infection, were scored as “resistant.” Fifty-two minicore and 20 accessions from Kansas exhibited ≤ 10% infection and were selected as resistant. Out of 52 resistant minicore accessions, 28 were photoinsensitive. Eleven of 20 commercial hybrids from Kansas showed zero percent infection. Thirteen of 24 elite breeding lines from Texas were also resistant. In this study, resistance sources for the new P6 SDM pathotype were identified. The diversity among these materials is expected to provide different single-gene sources as well as quantitative sources of SDM resistance for use in breeding programs. Accepted for publication 13 January 2011. Published 23 March 2011.

On the Scaling up Soybean Leaf Level Stomatal Resistance to Canopy Resistance for One-Step Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration

Canopy resistance (rc), which represents the composite diffusive resistance to water vapor transfer from vegetation surfaces to the atmosphere, plays an important role in describing the water vapor and energy fluxes and CO2 exchange mechanisms and is an essential component of the complex ecophysiological and turbulent transport and evapotranspiration models. While one-step (direct) application of combination-based energy balance models (i.e., Penman-Monteith, PM) requires rc to solve for actual evapotranspiration (ETa), a remaining challenge in practical application of PM-type models is the scaling up of leaf-level stomatal resistance (rs) to rc to represent an integrated resistance from the plant community to quantify field-scale evaporative losses. We validated an integrated approach to scale up rs to the canopy. Through an extensive field campaign, we measured diurnal rs for a subsurface drip-irrigated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] canopy and integrated several microclimatic and in-canopy radiation transfer parameters to scale up rs to rc. Using microclimatic and plant factors such as leaf area index for sunlit and shaded leaves, plant height, solar zenith angle, direct and diffuse radiation, and light extinction coefficient, we scaled up soybean rs as a primary function of measured photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). We assumed that PPFD is the primary and independent driver of rc; hence, the scaling approach relied heavily on measured PPFD-rs response curves. We present experimental verifications of scaled up rc by evaluating the performance of the scaled up rc values in estimating ETa. In addition, we solved the PM model on an hourly time step using the scaled up rc values and compared the PM-estimated ETa with the Bowen ratio energy balance system (BREBS)-measured ETa. The relationship between rs and PPFD was asymptotic, and rs showed strong dependence to PPFD, as PPFD alone explained 67% to 88% of the variability in rs. Beyond a certain amount of PPFD (400 to 500 mol m-2 s-1), rs became less responsive to PPFD. At smaller PPFD (0 to about 150 mol m-2 s-1) and greater rs (>70 to 80 s m-1) range, rs was very sensitive to PPFD. The rc_min, rc_avg, and rc_max ranged from 42 to 104 s m-1, 69 to 183 s m-1, and 95 to 261 s m-1, respectively, throughout the season. The seasonal average rc_min, rc_avg, and rc_max were 54, 92, and 129 s m-1, respectively. Canopy resistances were higher in early growing season during partial canopy closure, lower during mid-season, and high again in late season due to leaf aging and senescence. The ETa estimates from the PM model using scaled up rc values correlated very well with the BREBS-measured ETa. The average root mean square difference (RMSD) between the BREBS-measured and PM-estimated ETa was 0.08 mm h-1 (r2 = 0.91; n = 827), and estimates were within 3% of the measured ETa on an hourly basis. On a daily time step, RMSD was 0.64 mm d-1 (r2 = 0.86; n = 83), and the estimates were within 4% of the measured data. The approach successfully synthesized the whole-canopy resistance for use in PM-type combination-energy balance equations by scaling up from rs using a straightforward model of in-canopy radiation transfer.

Material properties of water-swelling material used as a water cutoff treatment material at waste landfill sites

Water-swelling material (WSM) is a fluid sealant obtained by blending high-absorbency polymer, a filler, and a solvent by using a synthetic resin elastomer as the base material. In this research, we studied experimentally the composition of WSM, the extent of swelling, the strength of the WSM and the long-term performance of the swelling material used as a jointed water cutoff treatment material at waste landfill sites. One of the results was that adjusting the degree of etherification of the high-absorbency polymer, which is a component of the WSM, and the resin content of the synthetic elastomer contributed to improvement of the swelling of the sealant and the strength of the swelling material. Further, in long-term tests, the strength of the WSM tended to become stabilized and it was confirmed that it had sufficient pressure resistance for use in coastal landfill sites, where its application as a water cutoff treatment material is being considered.

The clinical research of non-invasive dynamic monitoring in traumatic brain edema

Objective To explore and evaluate the feasibility of the EEC disturbances Coefficient of Resistance in use of the clinical application of the brain injury intracranial pressure monitoring. Method Measure and dynamic monitoring 20 healthy volunteers and 80 patients with traumatic brain injury in patients with disturbances of brain electrical impedance coefficient, to observe theri changes, through the multi-media image analysis system to calculate the head CT edema around the hematoma and hematoma volume, and do the correlation analysis.Result (①The brain electrical impedance coefficients of the Healthy volunteers' left and right brain is the same, no significant difference. ② Traumatic brain injury with cerebral edema in patients with disturbances of brain electrical impedance factor increased significantly. With the intensification of cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, from the brain electrical impedance coefficients can easily be reflected that with the surgical removal of intracranial hematoma or conservative treatment of intracranial to make the hematoma absorbed gradually, the patient's rehabilitation, to alleviate brain edema, cranial pressure gradually reduced, a gradual decline of the disturbance factor. 1,3 days after injury in patients with brain electrical impedance disturbance factor in patients significantly increased to 7 days a gradual decline coefficient of brain electrical impedance disturbance. Conclusion The brain electrical impedance measurement may be more sensitive to disturbance factors reflect the brain edema in patients with traumatic brain injury changes. The higher the disturbance factor, the more severe brain edema. The method for the clinical dynamic, continuous non-invasive with monitoring of cerebral edema provided a new and meaningful way. Key words: Traumatic; Brain edema; Non-invasive dynamic monitor