Resistive Voltage Divider Research Articles

Pulsed Signal Duration Shaper with Adaptive Response Thresholds

His paper represents a shaper designed to restore the width of rectangular pulses transmitted over an open-optic (wireless) communication channel and having shape distortions in the form of amplitude modulation, pedestal and tightening of the front and decay. The principle of pulse width recovery is based on the formation of voltage comparator thresholds adaptive to changes in high and low pulse signal levels. Due to the use of sample-and-hold circuit (UVH - S/H circuit) in the circuit, the values of the input signal levels are stored in the previous half-periods. The threshold voltage of the comparator before its operation is formed as the output voltage of a resistive voltage divider into two inputs, one of which is supplied with the current voltage of the input signal, and the other with the voltage level of the signal recorded in the S/H circuit at the previous half-cycle of information pulses. The study presents the method for estimated error in pulse width formation from comparator bias voltages, S/H circuit and modulation changes in the shape of the information signal. The example provides quantitative estimates of the error. In the Micro Cap circuit modeling environment, a model experiment was performed, diagrams of the signal source and shaper models on ideal components and time diagrams of the device operation are presented. The operability of the device during the passage of a pulse signal with the above-mentioned shape distortions has been confirmed. A large depth of modulation of the input signal amplitude is allowed. The formative properties of the circuit are provided. The speed of the shaper is determined by the speed of the comparator and the S/H circuit. To reduce the error of the duration forming of information pulse signals, it is necessary to choose a voltage comparator and sample-and-hold circuit devices with minimal static errors.

Generalized utilization of energy harvesting ability of TENG for concurrent energy storage and motion sensing application with effective external circuitry

Utilizing triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for simultaneous mechanical energy harvesting and sensing applications is a crucial and challenging endeavor that can improve TENG-based self-powered sensing systems. However, this issue remains relatively underexplored and thus, it is the primary focus here. We propose a simple and generalizable external circuitry achieving simultaneous energy storage and sensing from the TENGs. Commonly available polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) triboelectric film is dielectrically modified by loading synthesized sodium tantalate filler particles with high dielectricity. The fabricated films and aluminum tape are utilized as negative and positive triboelectric films. The electrical performance of the TENG operated in contact-separation mode is optimized based on the filler concentration in the PDMS film and the maximum electrical output of ∼ 195 V, ∼ 6.27 µA, and ∼ 44 µC/m2 is observed. Completely analyzed TENG with highly efficient and stable electrical output (for more than 10,000 operational cycles) is utilized for further experiments. Various fundamental voltage divider (VD) (capacitive, resistive, and inductive) electrical circuits are fabricated and their successful utilization for dividing the electrical output from the TENG is demonstrated. After a comprehensive analysis of the compatibility between the VD and TENG, it is determined that inductive and resistive VDs are the optimal choice. Owing to its simplicity, the resistive VD is further utilized to construct real-time vehicle speed sensing and approaching direction-finding applications. The proposed simple and generalized state-of-the-art process for simultaneous energy storage and sensing through the TENG could be revolutionary, potentially expanding its applicative scope significantly.

Design and testing of a high-precision generating voltmeter for metal-enclosed megavolt level DC voltage source.

An extremely stable megavolt (MV) level DC voltage source is the key foundation for many scientific instruments, and the need for accurate measurement and long-term real-time monitoring of its output voltage is increasingly urgent. The utilization of conventional resistive voltage dividers for measurements introduces leakage currents, resulting in considerable measurement errors. The non-contact generating voltmeter (GVM) sensor based on electric field measurement has a simple structure and a low cost, making it expected to be an effective solution. Currently, most research on GVM sensors focuses on the measurement of weak electric fields at kV/m levels with significant interference. In this paper, an improved high-precision non-contact GVM sensor was designed. A DC voltage test platform was built, and the effects of the sampling resistor and motor rotation speed on the measurement results were discussed. The relative combined uncertainty of the improved GVM sensor reached 0.042%, which satisfied the urgent need for MV level DC voltage source measurement. The improved GVM sensor can provide an effective reference for measuring the output voltage of a metal-enclosed MV level DC voltage source or the potential of a suspended electrode.

A Flexible Evaluation System for the Complex Calibration of Inductive and Resistive Voltage Dividers up to 100 kHz

A Flexible Evaluation System for the Complex Calibration of Inductive and Resistive Voltage Dividers up to 100 kHz

Uncertainty assessment of a resistive voltage divider for binary step-up method implementation in HVDC applications

The most used methods for determining the ratio of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) standard resistive dividers are described in this paper. The binary step-up method was chosen to metrologically characterize a HVDC resistive divider, in order to achieve local traceability to the SI from Josephson Voltage Standards. A Monte Carlo-based simulation was performed to estimate the uncertainty levels of each step from 1.25 kV up to 10 kV, considering that the main components are the uncertainty of the digital multimeter and the voltage source. It was found a variation up to 64-fold in the standard deviation of the voltage output, for a uniform distribution, when the voltage source uncertainty was increased up to 10-fold.

Calibration Method of a Wideband AC Resistance Voltage Divider Based on an Equivalent Model.

Aiming at the problem of large measurement error and phase shift in resistance voltage dividers under high-frequency conditions in the field of power measurement, such as power harmonics, an error correction method is proposed for an alternating current (AC) resistance voltage divider based on the equivalence principle. Firstly, the frequency error model of the AC resistance voltage divider precision is established, and the angle difference of the continuous spectrum ratio difference from 50 Hz to 100 kHz is corrected by determining the shielding structure and the resistance parameters and fine-tuning the shielding potential correction method to reduce the capacities error of the AC resistance voltage divider design precision. At the same time, the performance parameters such as the direction and magnitude of the shielding potential compensation capacitive error are investigated. Finally, the precision voltage divider (the maximum voltage applied is 480 V) calibration experiments verify that the important characteristic judgment factor of the voltage divider is independent of the frequency and the equivalent capacitance value, which effectively solves the phase correction problem of harmonic power measurement.

Calculating a Resistive Voltage Divider for Insulated Neutral Networks

Calculating a Resistive Voltage Divider for Insulated Neutral Networks

A novel AC flatness adjustment technique for wideband resistive voltage dividers

Resistive voltage dividers (RVDs) are commonly used as AC attenuation networks in measurement circuits; however, their high-frequency gain is always disturbed by nasty parasitic elements and deviates significantly from the desired design value. This paper proposes a closed-loop adjustment technique for adjusting the frequency response flatness of wideband RVDs (WRVDs). In the proposed adjustment scheme, the frequency response flatness of the WRVD is determined by a voltage-controlled compensation capacitor, whereas the corresponding control voltage is provided by a digital potentiometer. The settling time and the adjustment error of the loop are analyzed to evaluate the adjustment performance. To verify the concept, the adjustment loop is incorporated into a 100:1 WRVD for demonstration. Final experiments show that the proposed technique improves gain flatness by 81 times compared with uncompensated flatness, with 1.15% up to 2MHz, and that the compensated voltage divider has an excellent linearity of 36 ppm up to 100V.

Direct Adaptive SSDV Circuit for Piezoelectric Shunt Damping

Piezoelectric shunt damping is widely studied to suppress vibration of thin structures via shunting an attached piezoelectric transducer with an electrical impedance. The SSDV (synchronized switch damping on voltage) technique can be used to enhance the damping effect. However, SSDV is not stable in the weak excitation. Although some adaptive SSDV circuits have been developed to tackle the stability problems, additional monitoring devices are required to feed back the vibration strength signal for adjusting the series voltage sources. We here present a new direct adaptive SSDV (DA-SSDV) method without additional excitation level monitoring module, based on the ratio of the maximum piezovoltage and the value of the series voltage sources. A compact DA-SSDV circuit is designed with low-cost off-the-shelf discrete components. The close-loop control of the series voltage sources is realized simply through a passive envelope detector and a resistive voltage divider. Experimental results show the DA-SSDV circuit avoids the stability problems and possesses a good displacement transmissibility around 6.2, a fast voltage adjustment response speed above 5 V/s and a high operation sensitivity with the open-circuit piezovoltage of 540 mV. The DA-SSDV shows great application value in the compact and low-power vibration control systems.

Empirical Characterization of Cable Effects on a Reference Lightning Impulse Voltage Divider

The effect of measurement cables on impulse voltage measurement system signal transmission has been widely ignored by the high-voltage community. During the last years, the cable length effects have been reported, but the results have not been fully consistent. This article characterizes cable effects on a resistive impulse voltage divider system using three different empirical test methods. The used methods are step response analysis using convolution, low-voltage analysis with an impulse calibrator, and high-voltage impulse analysis with an impulse generator. Results show that with reasonable cable lengths up to 25 m, the time parameter errors increase almost linearly with the cable length. The tested divider system was not sensitive to the tolerance of the 50- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> termination at the cable end. The cable effect seems to be related to the current flowing through the cable, and the related errors can be reduced using a high-impedance termination at the digitizer end of the cable. Either short cable or high-impedance termination at the digitizer end is recommended for this type of divider. In addition, the results show that the three applied methods produce comparable results.

Study of the behavior of low voltage ZnO varistors against very fast transient overvoltages (VFTO)

• Complete VFTO(s) generation and measurement system based on (MPC) and (TLT) technologies. • Five commercial ZnO varistors of the same reference were used in the characterization. • The influence of the applied overvoltage front time on the capacitive effect of the varistor is confirmed. To study the behavior of low voltage ZnO varistors against Very Fast Transient Overvoltage (VFTO), the authors have developed a complete VFTO(s) generation and measurement system based on magnetic pulse compression (MPC) and Transmission Line Transformer (TLT). This system has an output voltage of 24 kV, rise time of 32 ns, and a bandwidth of 10 MHz. The measurement system comprises a damped resistive voltage divider with an impedance of 1000 MΩ and a maximum bandwidth of 10 MHz. The experiment was performed with five commercial zinc oxide varistors with a nominal voltage of 150 V, each one was subjected to VFTO-type voltage pulses and, by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), a single varistor was selected to perform the case study. This work presents an experimental methodology to observe the response of low voltage ZnO varistors against VFTO. This response is the delay of the residual voltage to the applied discharge current and indicates the poor performance of these devices against VFTOs. Our methodological proposal consists of a series of laboratory tests that will allow manufacturers and consumers to take corrective measures in case of malfunction, damage of the varistor material, or permanent degradation of the device.

Resistive High-Voltage Probe with Frequency Compensation by Planar Compensation Electrode Integrated in Printed Circuit Board Design

Resistive voltage dividers tend to have a highly non-linear transfer function as parasitic and stray capacitances exert an increasing influence with increasing frequency. The non-linear transfer function depends on the topology and resistors used and consists of a low-pass filter with an additional high-pass component in the GHz range. Due to the non-linear transfer function the measured signal differs from the original input signal. Here, we present an improved resistive voltage divider with additional compensation capacities to extend the linear bandwidth. With this new concept, the linear bandwidth is improved from 115 kHz to 88 MHz, while maintaining a DC input impedance of 10 MΩ. For high-voltage insulation and easy manufacturing, surface mounted resistors on a printed circuit board with a compensation electrode on the adjacent side are used. The performance of this resistive voltage divider is demonstrated by measuring a series of high-voltage pulses with an amplitude of 2.5 kVpeak-peak. The measured pulse rise time is about 16 ns, corresponding to an average slew-rate of 150 V/ns. Finally, the developed resistive voltage divider is successfully used to measure fast high-voltage transients required for advanced ion mobility spectrometers with integrated collision induced fragmentation.

A method for using Josephson voltage standards for direct characterization of high performance digitizers to establish AC voltage and current traceability to SI

A method for traceability to SI for ac voltage and current based on high performance digitizers is presented. In contrast to the existing thermal-based methods, the proposed method utilizes direct traceability to quantum-based waveforms via the use of Josephson voltage systems. This allows not only a simplification of the traceability chain and reduced measurement times but also offers the potential for analysis of the ac voltage and current waveform spectral content, a feature which is not possible using thermal methods. Scaling of current and voltage is achieved by the use of current shunts and resistive voltage dividers respectively. Target operating ranges are up to 1 A and 100 V with a frequency range up to 1 kHz for both. The corresponding target uncertainty for this traceability route is 1 μV V−1 and 2 μA A−1 up to frequencies of 1 kHz. The traceability chain is described and various components are characterized to validate their suitability for this task. It is demonstrated that these uncertainty targets can be met under certain conditions. The use of multi-tone calibration waveforms is investigated to further reduce measurement time. An uncertainty analysis method based on simulation using real component performance data is demonstrated.

Self-correction sensor for measuring medium DC voltage based on resistance voltage divider

Self-correction sensor for measuring medium DC voltage based on resistance voltage divider

A Low-Power Direct Adaptive SSDV Piezoelectric Vibration Control Circuit

Piezoelectric shunt damping is promising in vibration suppression of thin structures. A Low-power direct adaptive synchronized switch damping on voltage (LDA-SSDV) circuit is designed to solve the stability problem of the SSDV without additional vibration strength monitoring devices. Based on the linear relationship between the maximum piezovoltage and the values of series voltage sources, we use simple envelope detectors and resistive voltage dividers to control the voltage sources. And the voltage sources are activated during the switching events for saving energy. The experimental results show that the LDA-SSDV circuit has a stable operation and similar vibration suppression level compared to SSDV.

Long‐Term Stability of Reference Measuring System for Impulse High Voltage

Long‐term stabilities of shielded resistive voltage dividers for lightning and switching impulse, employed as the reference dividers of Japan High‐voltage Impulse testing Laboratory Liaison (JHILL) are investigated. The DC scale factors and the step‐response parameters have been annually measured for 20 years. Annual variations of impulse parameters, namely the peak value, the front time, and the time to half value of the calculated waveform from the step‐response waveforms by the convolution algorithm are investigated. Furthermore, long‐term stabilities of reference low‐voltage impulse calibrators are investigated. The parameters of circuit elements of the calibrators have been annually measured for 18 years. The impulse parameters of the output waveforms of the calibrators are calculated, and the annual variations of them are investigated. After the detailed evaluation, it can be expected that the measurement system employing the voltage dividers and the calibrators, including the analytical method of the data, has the similar performance to those of NMIs of developed countries. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Comparison of a Resistance Ratio and Voltage Ratio of the KRISS 1-kV Resistive Voltage Divider Traceable to Quantum-Based National Standards

Comparison of a Resistance Ratio and Voltage Ratio of the KRISS 1-kV Resistive Voltage Divider Traceable to Quantum-Based National Standards

Temperature dependence of TIQ flash ADC

Threshold Inverter Quantizer (TIQ) is an innovative idea in the construction of flash ADC, which can effectively replace the reference voltage circuit, resistive or capacitive voltage divider and differential comparator array in a conventional flash ADC by an internal reference comparator array made of CMOS inverters. The inverter switching voltage serving as the internal reference voltage, this architecture offers large improvements in chip area, power consumption and operating speed of the ADC. Variations of the inverter switching voltage due to its sensitivity to operating temperature and process variations causes imperfections in this ADC designs. This paper presents the thermal dependencies TIQ based flash ADC architecture. The complete circuit is modelled in cadence virtuoso simulation suite with gpdk 180 nm design library.

Studying the thermal condition of an automated 6 (10) Kv electric power fiscal metering location

THE PURPOSE. Examine the problem of reliable functioning of small electric power fiscal metering locations (EPFML) based on unconventional instrument current and voltage converters (Rogowski coil and resistive divider). Identify the most severe environmental conditions in which EPFML can be operated. Conduct research into EPFML thermal condition in different grid operation modes, and also during high voltage testing. Determine the conditions in which heat emission at the resistor divider attains its maximum value. METHODS. To solve the problem, use was made of three-dimensional hybrid field and chain simulation models, calculated by the methods of finite elements and linear electric circuit theory. The developed simulation models enable research to be conducted not only in normal, but also emergency electric grid operation, during lightning and pulse surges, insulation testing, and in the presence of insolation. RESULTS. The article presents the results of research concerning the thermal condition of a 6 (10) kV automated electric power fiscal metering location. CONCLUSION. If a resistive divider is used as a primary voltage converter, maximum heat emission occurs in the event of intermittent single phase arc faults to earth in accordance with Petersen’s theory. The results of the conducted research show that an EPFML based on a resistive voltage divider should be calculated using simulated models, taking into account insolation and the daily pattern of changes in maximum ambient temperature.

High-performance quaternary latch and D-Type flip-flop with selective outputs

This paper presents a quaternary latch and two edge-sensitive quaternary flip-flops (QFFs), which are capable of storing a quaternary digit. Two complementary outputs are often generated in a flip-flop inevitably. However, the new designs offer the opportunity to eliminate one of the quaternary outputs with the aim of area and static power reduction. This feature reduces the number of transistors by four and cuts static power dissipation by 47.5% when resistive voltage dividers are used. Simulation results show promising outcomes for the proposed QFFs, which are based on CMOS technology and a single power supply. They provide an excellent compromise between the delay and power factors in comparison with the previous CMOS and CNFET QFFs. The first proposed design with resistive voltage dividers, Design #1, operates with 70.96% and 38.19% lower power-delay product (PDP) than the earlier QFFs with the fastest speed and the lowest power consumption, respectively. The second one with capacitive voltage dividers, Design #2, avoids continuous static current during the production of logic values ‘1’ and ‘2’ and improves PDP even more significantly. Setup time, hold time, critical clock skew, and robustness against process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations are also measured showing considerable improvements compared to the previous designs. Finally, the applicability and correct functionality of the proposed QFFs in larger sequential circuits is verified by designing a quaternary shift register and a quaternary decrementing counter.