Multilayer Resistance Research Articles

Research of electrode materials for the creation of multifunctional current sources with increased capacity as a components of the energy sector of an efficient urban environment

As part of creating a comfortable and safe environment, constructing energy-efficient residential and industrial buildings and structures that meet modern requirements and standards, the development of the production of environmentally friendly renewable and new individual energy sources is becoming especially relevant. In this regard, there is a need to increase the energy capacity of electrochemical cells. Research has been carried out on the metallized conductive materials creation based on rolled carbon non-woven material “Busofit” with the sequential application of metal coatings of titanium and silver using ion-plasma sputtering and electric pulse dispersion methods. It has been shown that surface layer metallization of the electrode material with titanium can improve the electrochemical cell characteristics. Additional silver film deposition leads to further cell performance improvement. It has been confirmed that the multilayer structure interfacial resistance between the carbon and the current collector has a significant effect on the conductivity of the electrochemical cell and the stability of its operation. The contact area increase of the electrode with the electrolyte leads to an increase in the rate processes occurring on the electrode surface and in the near-electrode space, which opens up prospects for increasing the energy intensity of the electrochemical system. A significant capacity increase of a water-based capacitor structure is achieved by the formation of a nanostructured dielectric layer of potassium titanate in the interelectrode space. It has been confirmed that the cell voltage cycling helps to stabilize the processes occurring in the surface layer of the electrode material at the interface and determining the range of mechanisms for transmitting electrical energy, which makes it possible to achieve higher energy intensity of the samples. Improvement of technological solutions in the field of ion-plasma technologies and the use of new perspective nanostructured materials creates the prerequisites for the creation of advanced automation and energy supply systems with a higher resource, which expands the possibilities of their use in various construction projects.

Unveiling the physics of acoustic insulation: multilayer flow resistivity estimation

Unveiling the physics of acoustic insulation: multilayer flow resistivity estimation

Todo sobre mi madre: Latina teachers’ lives and the burden of maternal approval

In this article, we draw from an in-depth interview sequence to story how a Latina’s delayed professional trajectory into the New South schoolhouse was, in large part, due to her mother’s warning that K-12 teaching was a dead-end career for losers. Our analysis underscores the emotional tensions that Janet Castillo (a pseudonym) navigated as she struggled to reconcile the burden of her mother’s approval with her own professional dreams. We suggest that even as contemporary research has voiced Latinas’ multi-layered resistance to their essentialization as subaltern women in oppressive educational and professional spaces, more nuanced inquiry is needed to understand the profound influence that Latina mothers exert on their daughters’ choices to (not) teach. We conclude with recommendations for research and praxis surrounding the dynamics of families in growing the Latinx teacher pipeline.

CRISPR gene editing to improve crop resistance to parasitic plants.

Parasitic plants pose a significant threat to global agriculture, causing substantial crop losses and hampering food security. In recent years, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) gene-editing technology has emerged as a promising tool for developing resistance against various plant pathogens. Its application in combating parasitic plants, however, remains largely unexplored. This review aims to summarise current knowledge and research gaps in utilising CRISPR to develop resistance against parasitic plants. First, we outline recent improvements in CRISPR gene editing tools, and what has been used to combat various plant pathogens. To realise the immense potential of CRISPR, a greater understanding of the genetic basis underlying parasitic plant-host interactions is critical to identify suitable target genes for modification. Therefore, we discuss the intricate interactions between parasitic plants and their hosts, highlighting essential genes and molecular mechanisms involved in defence response and multilayer resistance. These include host resistance responses directly repressing parasitic plant germination or growth and indirectly influencing parasitic plant development via manipulating environmental factors. Finally, we evaluate CRISPR-mediated effectiveness and long-term implications for host resistance and crop improvement, including inducible resistance response and tissue-specific activity. In conclusion, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities CRISPR technology provides to combat parasitic plants and provides insights for future research directions to safeguard global agricultural productivity.

Wheat powdery mildew resistance: from gene identification to immunity deployment.

Powdery mildew is one of the most devastating diseases on wheat and is caused by the obligate biotrophic phytopathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). Due to the complexity of the large genome of wheat and its close relatives, the identification of powdery mildew resistance genes had been hampered for a long time until recent progress in large-scale sequencing, genomics, and rapid gene isolation techniques. Here, we describe and summarize the current advances in wheat powdery mildew resistance, emphasizing the most recent discoveries about the identification of genes conferring powdery mildew resistance and the similarity, diversity and molecular function of those genes. Multilayered resistance to powdery mildew in wheat could be used for counteracting Bgt, including durable, broad spectrum but partial resistance, as well as race-specific and mostly complete resistance mediated by nucleotide-binding and leucine rich repeat domain (NLR) proteins. In addition to the above mentioned layers, manipulation of susceptibility (S) and negative regulator genes may represent another layer that can be used for durable and broad-spectrum resistance in wheat. We propose that it is promising to develop effective and durable strategies to combat powdery mildew in wheat by simultaneous deployment of multilayered immunity.

<i>In-situ</i> 4D Evaluation of Carbon-Black Volume Fraction in Stirring Process of Secondary Battery Cathode Material Slurry by Multi-Layered Electrical Resistance Tomography (<i>ml</i>ERT)

The 4D (3D spatial + 1D temporal) mixing state of Carbon-Black (CB) volume fraction α in stirring processes of secondary battery cathode slurry by multi-layered electrical resistance tomography (mlERT) has been evaluated by the mean and dispersion of conductivity from the three axes of r, θ, and z for identifying the distribution factors of CB. Experiments were conducted with stirring time t = 0–360 s and stirring speed ω = 200, 400, and 720 rpm. From the experimental results, the influence of the cathode slurry material of the initial conditions was confirmed from the θ-t space, the blade position from the z-t space, and the shape of the stirring vessel from the r-t space, respectively. By comparing the three types of ω, the conductivity converged to 0.023 only for ω = 720 rpm, which is consistent and indicates the complete stirring by converged value to 0 (no bias as close to 0).

Improved efficiency of vibration-based sound power computation through multi-layered radiation resistance matrix symmetry.

Computing sound power using complex-valued surface velocities involves using a geometry-dependent acoustic radiation resistance matrix multiplied by a velocity vector to compute sound power for a given frequency range. Using a laser scan grid with constant spacing and a scalar radiator area approximation, a multi-layered Toeplitz symmetry exists in the radiation resistance matrix. An innovative approach was developed to exploit this Toeplitz symmetry. This approach preserved accuracy and resulted in a maximum of ∼1300% computation time reduction for curved plate calculations and a ∼9600% computation time reduction for cylindrical shell sound power calculations.

In situ 4D distribution visualization of carbon-black volume fraction in cathode slurry of lithium-ion battery by multi-layered electrical resistance tomography (mlERT)

In situ 4D (3D spatial + 1D temporal) distribution of carbon black (CB) volume fraction ϕCB in cathode slurry of lithium-ion battery (LIB) (CB powder and lithium cobalt dioxide (LiCoO2) particles in NMP/PVDF solution) has been visualized by multi-layered electrical resistance tomography (mlERT). The mlERT are composed of 24 electrodes (=8 electrodes/layer × 3 layers) with a newly developed multiplexer unit, which reconstructs the normalized conductivity σ¯ from the measured voltages U. The conditions of ϕCB is observed in the three dispersion states which are initial state, dispersing state, and fully dispersed state, under the mixing time t=0-360s and the mixing speed ω=720,400, and 200rpm. As the results, in the initial state (t=0s), the distribution of ϕCB is clearly visualized by the spatial σ¯ distribution from the high conductivity of ϕCB to the low conductivity of ϕLi which represents the initial position of CB powder and LiCoO2 particles in NMP/PVDF solution. In the dispersing state (t=30-120s), the distribution of ϕCB is dynamically changed as the σ¯ distribution is graduallly increased in the 3D spatial domain of mlERT which represents the dispersing CB powder within LiCoO2 particles in NMP/PVDF solution. In the fully dispersed state (t=120-360s), the ϕCB is in the uniformity as the σ¯ distribution tends to be uniformly dispersed which represents the fully dispersed CB in cathode slurry. In order to evaluate the distribution visualization of ϕCB in the fully dispersed state by mlERT, a qualitatively-scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a quantitatively-invasive two-wire resistance measurement are tested. The qualitatively-SEM images of fully dispersed CB at the height z=5 and 20mm are observed in the distributed formation of CB powder within LiCoO2 particles in NMP/PVDF solution which agrees to the uniformity of the σ¯ distribution by mlERT. Moreover, the comparison of σ¯ distribution by mlERT to the quantitatively-invasive two-wire resistance measurement is resulted in a low root means square error RSME=0.00196% which indicates the high accuracy of the in situ 4D distribution visualization of ϕCB in cathode slurry of LIB by mlERT.

Influence of support filler and structure of shell mold on its crack resistance

Recently, researchers have been paying more and more attention to the influence of internal and external factors on stress state of shell mold (SM). Internal factors should include morphological structure of SM, its types and connections between the contacting layers. External factors should include all types of force and temperature effects on SM external surface. The purpose of this work was to establish the sliding effect of SM internal layers in contact with each other on the level of SM stress state. The mathematical model for determining the stress-strain state (SSS) in the multilayer SM when it is filled with a liquid metal is presented. Moreover, the SM is made in such a way that its layers can slide relative to each other with the presence of friction. This work is a continuation of the recent works of the authors, where the influence of the temperature factor on the studied SM was estimated. At the same time, SM layers have the same physical and mechanical properties. The problem was solved in the same formulation as in the previous works of the authors. The task was set to determine the influence of the support filler (SF) and the clamp in the upper part of SM on SSS in its sections. The influence of SF was estimated by the amount of friction between the outer surfaces of SM and SF. Just as in the previous works of the authors, the linear theory of elasticity, heat conduction equations, and numerical methods were used to solve the problem. On the contact of SM outer surface with SF surface, the contact problem was solved. Solid phase in the liquid metal during cooling was determined from the equation of interphase transition. Results of the calculations are presented in the form of graphs and plots. It is shown that the absence of friction between the layers reduces the crack resistance of SM multilayer.

Coupling of heat transfer and lubrication of cylinder liner-piston skirt conjunction and low-friction temperature strategy of cylinder liner

PurposeThis paper aims to understand the influence of cylinder liner temperature on friction power loss of piston skirts and the synergistic effect of cylinder liner temperature on lubrication and heat transfer between piston skirt and cylinder liner.Design/methodology/approachA method to calculate the influence of cylinder liner temperature on piston skirt lubrication is proposed. The lubrication is calculated by considering the different temperature distribution of the cylinder liner and corresponding piston temperature calculated by a new multilayer thermal resistance model. This model uses the inner surface temperature of the cylinder liner as the starting point, and the starting temperature corresponding to different positions of the piston is calculated using the time integral average. Besides, the transient heat transfer of mixed lubrication is taken into account. Six temperature distribution schemes of cylinder liner are designed.FindingsSix temperature distributions of cylinder liner are designed, and the maximum friction loss is reduced by 34.4% compared with the original engine. The increase in temperature in the second part of the cylinder liner will lead to an increase in friction power loss. The increase of temperature in the third part of the cylinder liner will lead to a decrease in friction power loss. The influence of temperature change in the third part of the cylinder liner on friction power loss is greater than that in the second part.Originality/valueThe influence of different temperature distribution of cylinder liner on the lubrication and friction of piston skirt cylinder liner connection was simulated.

Improved efficiency of vibration-based sound power computation through multi-layered radiation resistance matrix symmetry

Calculating sound power using complex-valued surface velocities is becoming an established practice in structural acoustics with rising optimism about this method’s potential versatility compared to traditional pressure-based methods. One approach involves using a geometry-dependent acoustic radiation resistance matrix multiplied by a velocity vector to compute sound power for a given frequency range. At scale, the computational costs incurred through this calculation limits the application of this method. Given a discretized surface with constant spacing and using a well-informed average radiator area approximation, a multilayered Toeplitz symmetry exists in the radiation resistance matrix. This symmetry, its origins and necessary assumptions are explored. By exploiting the Toeplitz symmetry, computationally expensive mathematical operations that used to be performed on the entire radiation resistance matrix, can be performed on a single row of the matrix, and then expanded using the pattern that will be presented. This approach preserves accuracy and greatly accelerates the processing, as evidenced through experimental data. The approach resulted in a maximum of ∼1300% computation time reduction for single radius curved plate calculations and a ∼9,600% computation time reduction for cylindrical shell calculations. [Funding for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF).]

Heinz-resistant tomato cultivars exhibit a lignin-based resistance to field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) parasitism.

Cuscuta species (dodders) are agriculturally destructive, parasitic angiosperms. These parasitic plants use haustoria as physiological bridges to extract nutrients and water from hosts. Cuscuta campestris has a broad host range and wide geographical distribution. While some wild tomato relatives are resistant, cultivated tomatoes are generally susceptible to C. campestris infestations. However, some specific Heinz tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hybrid cultivars exhibit resistance to dodders in the field, but their defense mechanism was previously unknown. Here, we discovered that the stem cortex in these resistant lines responds with local lignification upon C. campestris attachment, preventing parasite entry into the host. Lignin Induction Factor 1 (LIF1, an AP2-like transcription factor), SlMYB55, and Cuscuta R-gene for Lignin-based Resistance 1, a CC-NBS-LRR (CuRLR1) are identified as factors that confer host resistance by regulating lignification. SlWRKY16 is upregulated upon C. campestris infestation and potentially negatively regulates LIF1 function. Intriguingly, CuRLR1 may play a role in signaling or function as an intracellular receptor for receiving Cuscuta signals or effectors, thereby regulating lignification-based resistance. In summary, these four regulators control the lignin-based resistance response in specific Heinz tomato cultivars, preventing C. campestris from parasitizing resistant tomatoes. This discovery provides a foundation for investigating multilayer resistance against Cuscuta species and has potential for application in other essential crops attacked by parasitic plants.

Deep Etching Process of GaAs-Based Micro-Nano Grating Based on Multilayer Resist

Deep Etching Process of GaAs-Based Micro-Nano Grating Based on Multilayer Resist

Unconventional Hall effect in metal/semiconductor hybrid spintronic devices

We investigate the Hall resistance of metallic multilayers Ta/Cr/CoTb/Ta/Si. In addition to the anomalous Hall effect originating from the ferrimagnetic CoTb layer, the unconventional Hall effect (UHE) is observed in our multilayer samples. The UHE depends not only on the current and magnetic fields but also on the device geometry and temperature in a unique way. Our results suggest that the UHE does not originate from the spin–orbit torque driven magnetization tilting but occurs possibly due to thermionic emission and Lorentz force at the metal/Si interface, where the Schottky barrier is formed. We also find that the space-charge effect causes geometric dependence of the Hall resistance. The magnitude of UHE is sizable and linearly proportional to the longitudinal magnetic field, suggesting that the observed UHE is attractive to the magnetic-field sensing industry.

Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing Using Multilayer Structure of Reduced Graphene Oxide and α-Fe2O3.

Multilayers consisting of graphene oxide (GO) and α-Fe2O3 thin layers were deposited on the ceramic substrates by the spray LbL (layer by layer) coating technique. Graphene oxide was prepared from graphite using the modified Hummers method. Obtained GO flakes reached up to 6 nanometers in thickness and 10 micrometers in lateral size. Iron oxide Fe2O3 was obtained by the wet chemical method from FeCl3 and NH4OH solution. Manufactured samples were deposited as 3 LbL (GO and Fe2O3 layers deposited sequentially) and 6 LbL structures with GO as a bottom layer. Electrical measurements show the decrease of multilayer resistance after the introduction of the oxidizing NO2 gas to the ambient air atmosphere. The concentration of NO2 was changed from 1 ppm to 20 ppm. The samples changed their resistance even at temperatures close to room temperature, however, the sensitivity increased with temperature. Fe2O3 is known as an n-type semiconductor, but the rGO/Fe2O3 hybrid structure behaved similarly to rGO, which is p-type. Both chemisorbed O2 and NO2 act as electron traps decreasing the concentration of electrons and increasing the effective multilayer conductivity. An explanation of the observed variations of multilayer structure resistance also the possibility of heterojunctions formation was taken into account.

Impact of Cutting Speed on Tool Life of Coated and Uncoated Cemented Carbide during Turning of S31700 Grade Stainless Steel

Here, we found and observed different results of experimental work in dry turning of S31700 grade stainless steels using coated and uncoated cemented carbides. The turning tests were conducted at three different cutting speeds (150and 200m/min) while feed rate and depth of cut were kept constant at 0.3 mm/rev and 1 mm, respectively. The cutting tools used were ISO P30 uncoated and TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN coated cemented carbides. We found the influences of cutting speed on the average flank wear. The worn parts of the cutting tools were also examined using optical microscopy and SEM. Here we concluded that cutting speed significantly affected the average flank wear. The multilayer effects superior resistance to tool wear compared to its uncoated counterpart in the entire range of cutting speeds during turning of S31700 stainless (AISI317) steel.

Improved wear resistance of alternating amorphous and crystalline layers in electrodeposited Ni[sbnd]P multilayers

Nickel‑phosphorus (NiP) multilayer coatings are expected to show enhanced wear resistance due to the alternating sequence of individual single layers with different properties and to be used as alternatives to conventional hard chromium layers. NiP multilayer coatings with different thicknesses and properties of the sublayers were electrodeposited from a single electrolyte with alternating pulse currents. The NiP multilayer coatings showed enhanced wear resistances and lower internal stresses. The investigation of the individual NiP layers electrodeposited at low current densities (2 A dm−2) had a high P content (≈14%), while the NiP layer deposited at 8 A dm−2 had a medium P content (≈5%). The P content strongly affects various properties of the layers, e.g. crystallographic structure, corrosion resistance, internal stress, hardness and wear resistance. XRD measurements showed that the layers with high P content were amorphous, while NiP layers with medium P content were crystalline. The amorphous layers have a lower hardness and a higher corrosion resistance, while the crystalline ones show a comparatively higher hardness and lower corrosion resistance. AFM measurements before and after etching cross sections of the NiP multilayer coatings revealed this interesting interplay between P content, hardness and corrosion resistance of the individual NiP layers. The wear resistance of the NiP multilayers is improved in comparison to the amorphous single layers, while the internal stress is lower in the multilayers compared to the crystalline layer.

Corrosion resistance and tunable release of ciprofloxacin-loaded multilayers on magnesium alloy: Effects of SiO2 nanoparticles

Complications related to corrosion and infection of magnesium (Mg) implants are encountered by physical barrier and local drug delivery system. In this work, the multilayer films composed of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and SiO2 nanoparticles were fabricated on Mg alloys by the spin-spray layer-by-layer assembly method. The resultant films were characterized via FT-IR, XPS, SEM and EDS techniques. The corrosion behaviors of the multilayer films were investigated via electrochemical tests and hydrogen evolution experiment. The obtained films showed corrosion resistance, self-healing ability, antibacterial efficacy and a prolonged release profile. The results also suggested that the loading dosage and the release rate of CIP could be controlled by the assembly parameters. Moreover, the in vitro release kinetics of CIP from the multilayer films could be fitted with the pseudo-second-order model.

Influence Mechanism of Cu Layer Thickness on Photoelectric Properties of IWO/Cu/IWO Films.

Transparent conductive IWO/Cu/IWO (W-doped In2O3) films were deposited on quartz substrates by magnetron sputtering of IWO and Cu in the Ar atmosphere. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns identified the cubic iron–manganese ore crystal structure of the IWO layers. The influence of the thickness of the intermediate ultra-thin Cu layers on the optical and electrical properties of the multilayer films was analyzed. As the Cu layer thickness increases from 4 to 10 nm, the multilayer resistivity gradually decreases to 4.5 × 10−4 Ω·cm, and the optical transmittance in the mid-infrared range increases first and then decreases with a maximum of 72%, which serves as an excellent candidate for the mid-infrared transparent electrode.

Optimization of the Oxidation Behavior and Mechanical Properties by Designing the TiB2/ZrO2 Multilayers

TiB2/ZrO2 multilayers with different modulation ratios (at a fixed modulation period of 50 nm) ranging from 2:1 to 6:1 were deposited by magnetron sputtering. The oxidation behavior of the as-deposited multilayers was investigated at 600 °C in air. The microstructures, mechanical properties, and oxidation resistance of the multilayers were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that discontinuous oxidation retarded the inward diffusion of oxygen and the outward diffusion of metallic components. The formation of dense (Ti, B)-oxide scale and internally inserted ZrO2 layers in the TiB2/ZrO2 multilayers enhanced the oxidation resistance. Moreover, the oxidation resistance of the multilayers increased as modulation ratio decreased. The hardness and elastic modulus of the TiB2/ZrO2 multilayers were maximized (23.9 and 303.1 GPa, respectively) at the modulation ratio of 6:1. After annealing, the formation of thick ZrO2 layers did not lead to sustained increases in hardness. The maximum hardness and elastic modulus were obtained at the critical modulation ratio of 4:1, and good adhesion strength with the substrate was also observed. The oxidation mechanism and experimental results demonstrate that controlling the modulation ratio of multilayers can produce synergetic enhancements in the oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of multilayers after high-temperature oxidation.