Resistance Movement Research Articles

필립 글래스의 오페라 <사티아그라하>에 나타난 비폭력 저항운동과 작곡기법 연구

Philip Glass composed the opera <Satyagraha> which deals with Gandhi's actions to regain the rights and freedom of Indians in South Africa, as he encountered and became interested in Satyagraha, a nonviolent resistance movement advocated and promoted by Mahatma Gandhi, the father of Indian independence. The purpose of this study is to introduce the opera <Satyagraha> which has not yet been studied in Korea and to examine the content about nonviolent resistance movement by Gandhi which is an important feature of this work and the main composition techniques used in this work. To this end, I first examined life of Gandhi, the etymology and meaning of Satyagraha and the ideological background of the nonviolent resistance movement, explored the profile of Glass who composed the opera <Satyagraha> and his world of music and then explained the production background and outline of the opera. As a result of the study, it was found that the opera <Satyagraha> expressed content related to the nonviolent resistance movement through synopsis focusing on several events related to the protection for the Indian’s rights and interests, historical figures of each act representing the past, present, and future of Satyagraha, lyrics extracted from the Hindu scripture ‘Bhagavad Gita’ and a choir appearing as a crowd practicing Satyagraha. The main composition techniques used in the work were minimalism characterized by additive process and circulatory structure, the chaconne technique in which rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic variations appear based on repeated harmonic patterns and the use of various scales such as major, minor and chromatic scales and modes. It is hoped that through this study, a broader understanding of the opera <Satyagraha> will spread and follow-up research from various perspectives will be produced.

Reflection of Political Struggle in Italy in Documents of Communist International (1919—1923)

The article examines the events that unfolded in Italy between 1919 and 1923. Based on a large number of documents, archival sources, and literature, it explores the fierce struggle between socialists, communists, on one side, and fascists on the other, which culminated in Benito Mussolini’s victory in 1922. The article analyzes the theoretical understanding of fascism as a phenomenon by the communists, as well as the development of methods to combat it, which were reflected in the congresses of the Communist International and the plenums of its Executive Committee from 1919 to 1923. The novelty of the research lies in addressing the issue of confrontation between left and far-right parties after World War I, during the formation of a new world order. The author concludes that the intensification of the struggle between the Communist Party of Italy, the Socialist Party of Italy, and fascism reflected a political crisis in Italian society and an attempt by radical forces to find a way out of it. Fascism, with its idea of a third way representing something between capitalism and socialism, came to power in Italy. The realization of their mistakes ultimately allowed the left parties to unite with all anti-fascist forces in the Resistance movement and defeat Nazism during World War II.

Moving with the Soul: Cipari Peasant Movements for Land Rights in Indonesia

This research explains movements by peasants in Cipari, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia, in demanding their land rights. Compared with similar cases in Indonesia, efforts by Cipari peasants paid off in the end and presented a unique case of success. Cipari peasants obtained ownership rights to the land on their terms. Through an empirical case study approach, we found that the Cipari peasant movement to fight for land rights lasted for a long period of time, beginning in the post-independence era and extending through the post-collapse of Indonesia’s New Order regime. For Cipari peasants, land is not just a means of production or economic resource but also has socio-cultural value and, more importantly, embodies spiritual (religious) values. These social and cultural factors provided the main driver for Cipari peasants to persist in undertaking their resistance movement. Over a long process, Cipari peasants obtained legal title to land in the form of land certificates. We show that the Cipari peasant social and resistance movement emerged and continued to develop not solely because of political opportunities but especially due to its socio-cultural values about land.

A PURVIEW OF POSTCOLONIAL DISCOURSE IN THE WORKS OF AMITAV GHOSH

Postcolonial discourse underlines an unprecedented concern of the west over the non-west or its cultural ‘other’. It denotes the continuum of cultural confrontations in the form of resistance movements against continuing colonial hegemony in the postcolonial period. Amitav Ghosh points out a common thread of postcolonial concern over the subaltern consciousness in the postmodern scenario while penning down the distorted history and culture of the country in his creative writings. The present paper instigated by a close reading of Amitav Ghosh’s fictional creations aims to bring out a purview of postcolonial discourses in his works.

Observations of Decadal-Scale Brine Geochemical Change at the Bonneville Salt Flats

Over the past century, the Bonneville Salt Flats, which lies on the western edge of the Great Salt Lake watershed, has experienced changing environmental conditions and a unique history of land use, including resource extraction and recreation. The perennial halite salt crust has decreased in thickness since at least 1960. An experimental restoration project to return mined solutes began in 1997, but it has not resulted in anticipated salt crust growth. Here, primary observations of the Bonneville Salt Flats surface and subsurface brine chemistry and water levels collected from 2013 to 2023 are reported. Spatial and temporal patterns in chemistry, focused on density and water stable isotopes, are evaluated and compared with observations across seven periods of research spanning from 1925 to 2023. Declining salinity in the areas to the east of extraction ditches and south of Interstate 80 were observed. Brine extracted for potash production decreased in salinity as extraction rates increased. Between the years 1964 and 1997, the salinity of the shallow aquifer brine located beneath and to the east of the crust experienced a decrease. However, following this period, the salinity stabilized and subsequently increased. Salinity recovery was concurrent with declines in brine extraction and the salt restoration project, with the largest decrease in brine extraction being concurrent with the largest recovery in salinity. The specific impact of the restoration project on the brine salinity increase remains unclear. To the west, the shallow aquifer in the area between the Silver Island Mountains and the salt crust has increased in salinity. This increase is accompanied by a decline in groundwater levels, which enables the underground movement of solutes from east to west, following a salinity gradient away from the saline pan. Over the past 25 years, the alluvial-fan aquifer along the Silver Island Mountains has markedly declined, leading to increasingly more saline and isotopically heavier basinal waters to be extracted for industrial use. This change is concurrent with the onset of the salt restoration project, which relies on alluvial-fan aquifer waters. This compilation of changes in groundwater chemistry provides an important resource for stakeholders working to understand and manage this dynamic and ephemeral evaporite system. It also offers an example of decadal-scale change in a highly managed Great Salt Lake watershed saline system.

Latvian Women – Participants in the National Armed Resistance, 1940s–1950s

This article provides an insight into the participation of Latvian women in the armed national resistance movement after the Second World War. It is found that at least 414 Latvian women participated in the national partisan war of 1944–1956. Unlike men, they did not participate in military operations, but performed housekeeping work and medical duties.Women joined national partisan groups to avoid arrest because they had previously been partisan supporters. There were cases where women went to the forest because their family members were already there. In several cases, new families were also formed in the forest and children were born.

Russian women, Ukraine war, and (Neglected) writing on the wall: From the (Im)possibility of world traveling to failing feminist alliances

ABSTRACT We argue that the Russian feminist and resistance groups, Pussy Riot, Feminist Antiwar Resistance, and Les Pleureuses, operate and should be acknowledged as agents of social change, and leaders of cultural opposition during the current Russia-Ukraine war. We establish Second World Feminism and Russian feminism as its cultural product in this essay. We argue how, in the years preceding the war, Pussy Riot repeatedly protested the totalitarian grip of the Russian state, its corruption, and the concretion of the Russian Orthodox Church and the state in creating conditions of female obedience and oppression. Further, we analyze the emergence and the ongoing activism of the anti-war resistance movement, FAR and its branch Les Pleureuses, in their fight against war, patriarchy, authoritarianism, and militarism. We illustrate how and why Russian feminists/resistance groups became agents of dissent, and can become torchbearers of peace. We examine the collectives’ potential contribution to and compatibility with transnational feminist alliances and make a case for including both Russian and Second World Feminisms as meaningful and impactful perspectives within the framework of transnational feminism.

A Gap in the Literature: The Evolution of Britain’s Second World War Yugoslav Policies

ABSTRACT The decision processes behind the formation of Britain’s wartime policies represented the intersection of multiple, sometimes competing variables, from political to military and from immediate to long-term. There remain unanswered questions that arise from these competitions and contradictions within the British government’s, oftentimes multi-track policies, which hold far-reaching implications for understanding events. Britain’s policies of support for resistance movements in occupied Yugoslavia during the Second World War serve as a striking example. The historical understanding of how British policy developed concerning Yugoslavia, its motivations, objectives, and how these were defined and prioritized by the individuals and agencies involved with these processes, represents a small but deeply contentious corner of Second World War literature, wherein much remains unresolved. This article, based on doctoral research carried out at the Defence Studies Department of King’s College London, analyses the forces that shaped British policy concerning Yugoslavia in the light of what Graham Allison has called ‘the essence of decision.’ That is, by looking to the British government as a policy arena and examining the ‘official mind(s)’ of the policy community in that context, highlighting the multiple overlapping forces, both internal and external, that interacted in shaping the evolution of British policy. By resurveying various British archives, it has been possible to resolve many longstanding historiographical disputes, as well as present new alternative approaches to viewing British policy development concerning Yugoslavia. Those findings, presented here, suggest a view of Britain’s Yugoslav policy that was far more reactive and constrained than previously presented. The reality of the British government, its policy development, and its chosen course is far more chaotic and disjointed than the ‘all behind you, Winston’ myth, and when viewed with this appreciation present British policy development as less sensation, but far more remarkable.

Оpposition of historical narratives in the drama: Ukrainian optics (based on the play by Ihor Yuzyuk “There under the black forest... Banderado”)

In the article, Ihor Yuzyuk’s play “There under the black forest... Banderado” is analyzed from the standpoint of various historical and ideological narratives regarding the movement of the Ukrainian national liberation resistance. The playwright uses the conceptual metaphor “banderado” (Spanish “flag bearers”) in the title of the work, and reproduces it in the content characteristics of its individual parts (a total of 8 banderado inserts with different plots about the individual heroism of Ukrainians from the Cossacks to the first post-Soviet years). Therefore, Yuzyuk’s drama can be considered as a meaningful narrative polemic with Oles Gonchar’s novel “The Standard Bearers”, because Gonchar interprets the role of Ukrainian soldiers as an organic segment of the Soviet army, which liberated European countries from Hitler’s fascism, but brought Stalin’s socialism there with bayonets. The phonetic consonance of the concept “banderado” with the surname of one of the leaders of the Ukrainian national liberation movement unfolds the discourse of Stepan Bandera himself, who does not become a direct character of the play, but is constantly mentioned in its dialogues. Ihor Yuzyuk shows how both totalitarian regimes — both Hitler’s and Stalin’s — tried to use and compromise Bandera and his supporters, how they used the “colonial army” of Ukrainians in their interests and did not pay attention to the colossal human losses, because “they are not counted, they are counted”. Considering the Ukrainian territory as a multi-front zone, which during the Second World War was on the brink of two totalitarian regimes, the playwright seeks to create new narratives both of the war itself and of the Ukrainian national liberation resistance. Every new play about Bandera will be relevant now, because since the beginning of the full-scale Russian aggression, the very name of Stepan Bandera has become for Ukrainians a symbol of unity, joint resistance and a sign of liberation from the hypnosis of a blurred psychedelic identity.

Mokra polja kao potencijalno rešenje u procesu prečišćavanja otpadnih voda

Constructed wetlands are engineering systems that are used in the process of purifying waste water and improving water quality. Wetlands are engineered systems that are built to take advantage of the processes that occur in natural wetlands, including vegetation, soil, and associated microbial activity to treat wastewater. These systems can be used as part of decentralized wastewater treatment systems and can be used to treat different types of wastewater. The paper presents different types of wet fields, their application, design criteria and methods of wastewater treatment. These systems are used as a secondary treatment process meaning that the wastewater is treated in a primary treatment step before entering the wet field filter. There are different types of wet fields, such as wet fields with surface movement of wastewater, wet fields with underground movement of wastewater, where water can move horizontally and vertically, as well as a hybrid system that is a combination of the previously mentioned two systems. The use of wet fields for wastewater treatment is becoming an increasingly popular system in various parts of the world, both in developed and developing countries

Geophysical investigation of the 2022 Cianjur earthquake: Uncovering a new active fault

An earthquake disaster struck the Cianjur area on November 21 2022, with a main earthquake measuring 5.6 Mw. Until April 2023, BMKG recorded that aftershock occurred 448 times with a magnitude range of 1 – 4.2 Mw. This event occurred due to underground movement caused by a fault. The fault that has been identified in the Cianjur area is the Cimandiri fault, however, the epicentre of the earthquake and the location of the Cimandiri fault line are approximately 20 km away. BMKG indicated that there was a new fault that was the cause of the earthquake. This research aims to determine subsurface conditions with indications of active faults in the areas affected by the 2022 Cianjur earthquake. Data acquisition was carried out at Cibulakan and Firdaus Mosque using the GPR method. The GPR method used is GSSI – SIR 3000 with a 270 MHz frequency antenna. Data processing was carried out using GPRPy software. Based on the processing that has been carried out, there are indications that the fault stretches perpendicularly in a north–south direction at a depth of approximately 2 m below the ground surface. Apart from that, the rock that makes up the area is volcanic rock.

Между дегерманизацией и славянизацией: концепции интеграции Возвращенных польских земель после Второй мировой войны

The article examines the integration concepts of “recovered territories” (former German lands) as part of the post-war Poland, proposed by various political forces represented in the Polish Resistance Movement during World War II, in order to determine their influence on the subsequent development of the state, whose borders in 1945 changed radically. This study is based on acts and memoranda of the Polish government in exile, documents of new authorities created by the Communists and their allies in the liberated territory, programs of political and public organizations, press materials, and memoirs. The author pays special attention to the terms “de-Germanisation” and “Slavianisation”, which the program settings of the government in exile in London and its supporters, as well as the plans of the Polish communists, contain. The article traces the gradual transition to a common understanding of the mechanism of future integration processes as “re-Polonisation”. First of all, it was a radical change of population in the newly annexed territories and at the same time the forced deportation of German citizens to Germany and the settlement of the vacated spaces by Poles from the central voivodships of the country and repatriates from the USSR. On the other hand, the local Poles (former German citizens) were not deported. According to the Polish authorities, this autochthonous Polish population was subjected to forced Germanisation for many centuries, they needed to return their native language and Polish appearance in full. As a result, various groups of inhabitants of Polish origin with diverse cultural backgrounds had to transform into a homogeneous ethnocultural community, which was to become part of a single Polish nation. Re-Polonisation also implied a whole range of measures aimed at changing the cultural landscape and national symbols, restoring the former Slavic toponyms, and identifying and consolidating historical and cultural evidence of the Polish past of the new territories in the public consciousness. However, the analysis of the integration concepts of the opposing Polish political movements shows serious differences in the understanding of the term “re-Polonisation”, in the development and application of specific mechanisms for its implementation in the new Polish territories. Polish emigrant circles in London gave priority to the national-cultural aspects of integration, while the left-wing forces finally came to the conclusion that socialist-type transformations would become a universal means of integration for all groups of Polish society. With the victory of the Communists, the latter approach prevailed, which led to the underestimation of many factors and errors in the sphere of the national-cultural policy in the newly annexed lands in the first post-war years.

Habermas and the mutations of the public sphere

In this article, I argue that concern with the public sphere and the necessary conditions for a genuine democracy can be seen as a central theme of Jurgen Habermas's work that deserves respect and critical scrutiny in the contemporary moment, when throughout the world liberal democracies are in crisis. My study intends to point to the continuing importance of Habermas' problematic of the public sphere and its relevance for debates over democratic politics and social and cultural life in the present age, in an era in which the Occupy Movements, Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, the Trump Resistance Movement, and Ukraine and Palestine Solidarity groups use social media to struggle against multiple forms of oppression. At stake is delineating a concept of the public sphere which facilitates maximum public participation and debate over the key issues of the contemporary era and which consequently promotes the cause of radical democracy and social transformation.

Bernard Lazarus Emanuel Sigamoney: A Multi-Faceted School Teacher's Biography

Bernard Lazarus Emanuel Sigamoney was born in 1888 as part of the indentured labour community. His parents ensured that he received an education and this helped him climb the social ladder in local communities in Durban and Transvaal. Consequently, his name became linked to the scout, sport, social, religious, and political movements of the day. He died in 1963 leaving behind a footprint that calls for recognition. This article placed Sigamoney, a South African politically active schoolteacher, under scholarly analysis. His circumstances of being subjected to institutional racism and forced removals make a coherent narrative an impossible task for a historian. Therefore, a disjointed but important narrative from the scraps left behind in newspaper accounts, internet searchers, and general history sources was constructed. These accounts revealed how he contributed to South African political liberation on a national and local community level. The political networks he created also present readers with a window into twentieth century resistance movements in local communities. His voice was also present in the early socialist and later anti-apartheid sports movements. He used his position as a schoolteacher to launch actions that challenged the segregation and apartheid regime of the day.

In Defense of Bilingual Schools for the Deaf: Interlocutions of Resistance Movements in Portugal and Brazil

RESUMO: Este trabalho parte de uma aproximação entre estudos realizados no Brasil e em Portugal, cenários em que as lutas pelo reconhecimento das pessoas surdas como participantes de uma comunidade linguística minorizada vêm pautando as discussões em defesa de uma escola bilíngue. Olha-se para os dois contextos a partir do entendimento da escola como lugar do encontro com a diferença, dando atenção no que se aproximam e, também, nas suas singularidades, dadas suas condições históricas, políticas e sociais. Realizaram-se interlocuções entre os movimentos de resistência pela manutenção dos espaços “Escola” – Escolas de Surdos (Brasil) e Escolas de Referência para Educação Bilíngue de Alunos Surdos – EREBAS (Portugal) – como também aproximação aos discursos de estudantes surdos, com o objetivo de olhar as potencialidades desses espaços possibilitarem experiências de ser Escola. Os estudantes — sujeitos da experiência — perceberam que a identificação linguística proporcionada pela Escola de Surdos/ EREBAS está relacionada ao acesso ao conhecimento, que vem sendo negado — ou não garantido — nos espaços da “escola inclusiva”. A defesa desses espaços precisa estar atrelada à busca de um lugar que dê significado às coisas do mundo, que abra o mundo e possibilite experiências que só acontecem nesses espaços de encontro com a diferença.

Myanmar’s escalating civil war : Implications for India’s ‘Act East’ policy

Since the February 2021 coup d’état in Myanmar, the nation has descended into a relentless cycle of armed conflict, insurgency, and anarchy, diminishing hopes for an immediate cessation of hostilities or a return to democracy. Despite calls from regional bodies such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the United Nations to halt violence and respect democratic processes, the Burmese military junta has shown no willingness for political concessions or negotiations with the resistance movement. This situation raises concerns about Myanmar becoming a potential flashpoint in Asia, as Western and Chinese involvement supporting rival stakeholders intensifies. While China and Russia seem committed to sustaining the military junta, Western powers advocate for an end to military rule, emphasizing a return to democracy and restructuring Myanmar's federal system to grant autonomy to minority-dominated provinces. The unfolding scenario aligns with Bertil Lintner's concept of the "Great Game East," signifying an increased geopolitical struggle in the region.

Traditional Values and Practice of Coexistence of the Population of Byshiv Community of Kyiv Region in the Conditions of Russian War of Aggression

New motivations and social orientations of behavior during the war exemplified by the practice of coexistence of the population of Byshiv community of Kyivshchyna are considered in the article. The study of culture of the population of the villages of this community has shown the great importance of traditional heritage for the preservation of originality, in particular, exemplified of the Honey Feast of the Saviour in Vesela Sloboda. Patriotic self-consciousness in the days of war has united the fellow villagers on their small front, becoming a key phenomenon in self-organization, mutual aid. It is emphasized that modern research is of great importance in preserving the memory on Russia’s war against Ukraine. Records of pre-war and wartime coexistence are the evidences of changes those are important material for their interpretation. Therefore, the informants’ records are used widely in the article. Residents of the villages of Byshiv community contribute to the defense of their native land, are engaged in volunteer activities, have become a part of the national resistance movement, demonstrating selflessness, sacrifice and invincibility. The first emotional experiences at the beginning of the war, actions concerning the rapid rallying, unity and support, namely mutual aid, neighbourhood customs of fellow villagers are reflected in the stories of the inhabitants of the villages. The Irpin river has become a natural obstacle in the defense of the villages of Yablunivka and Pereviz, as well as on the enemies’ way to Kyiv making their attacks impossible. The practices of commemorating the dead are considered. The awareness of the inhabitants of the villages of the persistence of traditions from the times of Kyivan Rus is described in the article. The unique importance of folk culture as the informative and spiritual fronts is shown exemplified by Kupala Circle festival in the village of Hruzke of Fastiv district in Kyiv region with the support of the Byshiv community.

3 Forgiving, listening, waiting: Ethics of solidarity in Kosova’s movement of civil resistance in the1990’s

3 Forgiving, listening, waiting: Ethics of solidarity in Kosova’s movement of civil resistance in the1990’s

Cartography of Resistance: Zagreb 1941-1945: An interview

On the occasion of the seventieth anniversary of the liberation of Zagreb, a few interested researchers and activists, supported by Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Southeast Europe (RLS SEE) in partnership with Zagreb-based curatorial collective [BLOK], started to work on a project entitled Cartography of Resistance [Kartografija otpora]. The starting point is the underground networks established for the purpose of resistance to the fascist Ustasha [Ustaša] authorities during the Second World War on the territory of the Yugoslav countries (1941-1945), which were rooted in the interwar left-oriented labor movement and activism of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia [Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ]. The research has been carried out in two phases; during 2015 and 2016, and from 2020 until 2022. Both focused on spatial, organizational, political, gender and social aspects of the resistance movement. During the first phase emerged the website “kartografija-otpora.org” that mapped the resistance on the territory of the city of Zagreb. On the basis of research carried out in the second phase, the book entitled Kartografija otpora: Zagreb 1941.-1945. (ed. Josip Jagić, Marko Kostanić) was written and published. The book consists of nine chapters total, where the first three, written by Karlo Držaić, Saša Vejzagić and Josip Jagić, deal with the general institutional and social history of the resistance movement. Krešimir Zovak in his contribution tackles the Peoples’ Justice [Narodna Pravda], exploring controversial topic of Partisan courts. Barbara Blasin wrote about Antifascist Women’s Front in Zagreb, while Ana Lovreković dealt with women working for the Party’s Local Committee. Petra Šarin wrote about Agitprop and the underground printing services. Stefan Treskanica and Goran Korov, members of the team from 2015, investigated the phenomenon of Peoples’ Aid [Narodna pomoć] and explored the activities of the KPJ in the prewar period, between 1931 and 1941. The website was also updated on the basis of these findings with more than 200 locations of terror and resistance. We asked the contributors about the content and specific importance of this book.

Kryzhanovsky as a Figure in Anti-Bolshevik Movement of Urals and Siberia in 1918—1920

The article is dedicated to the history of the Yekaterinburg Secret Military Organization, which prepared an uprising against Soviet authority. It introduces new information into academic discourse regarding its covert operations in the spring and summer of 1918. The existing historiographic views on the leadership composition and structure of the Yekaterinburg Secret Military Organization have been expanded. The role of one of its previously unknown participants, the mining engineer Yuri Ilyich Kryzhanovsky, within the organization has been revealed. It has been proven that Yuri I. Kryzhanovsky was one of the leaders of the Yekaterinburg Secret Military Organization, and that the headquarters of the underground movement was located in his father’s house. Key milestones in Kryzhanovsky’s biography have been established, including the final period associated with his service in Admiral Kolchak’s army. Kryzhanovsky’s connections with Major General A. N. Grishin-Almazov, commander of the Siberian Army, and the renowned revolutionary B. V. Savinkov are demonstrated. It is proven that Yuri I. Kryzhanovsky participated in the creation of the All-Russian National Union in the city of Ufa and subsequently joined the leadership of the Yekaterinburg branch of the All-Russian National Union. The primary sources for reconstructing the biography of Yuri I. Kryzhanovsky were award documents from Kolchak’s army and newspaper materials.