Resistance In Brazil Research Articles

PERFIL DE RESISTÊNCIA DE AGENTES DE MICOSES OPORTUNISTAS NO BRASIL

O uso indiscriminado de antifúngicos vem contribuindo com a mudança no perfil epidemiológico de fungos resistentes, elevando a taxa de mortalidade nos pacientes acometidos. No Brasil, devido à ausência de dados oficiais, não existem relatos precisos sobre a primeira detecção de resistência a antifúngicos. Entretanto, dentre os agentes causadores de micoses oportunistas a espécie mais isolada é a Candida albicans, além de outras espécies como Cryptococcus neoformans, Sporothrix schenckii e Aspergillus spp. têm sido descritas. Este estudo buscou evidenciar o progressivo aumento dos índices de resistência de fungos oportunistas aos antifúngicos comumente utilizados e ressaltar a importância do conhecimento do perfil de sensibilidade antes do início do tratamento, pois o tratamento incorreto destas infecções agrava as falhas terapêuticas e leva à remissão das micoses. Realizou-se revisão de literatura científica com base no banco de dados Bireme, Scielo, Pubmed e Google Acadêmico, utilizando como descritores: Candida albicans, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus spp., micoses oportunistas, resistência, resistência em micoses oportunistas, perfil de resistência e resistência fúngica no Brasil. Os mesmos foram pesquisados em português, inglês e espanhol. Com o crescente número de pacientes imunocomprometidos os índices de infecções oportunistas aumentaram. Patógenos fúngicos oportunistas, pertencentes a estes gêneros, mostraram-se resistentes aos poliênicos (anfotericina B), imidazóis (cetoconazol, miconazol, econazol), flucitosina, triazóis (voriconazol, fluconazol, itraconazol) e multiazóis em muitos estudos. A utilização inadequada de alguns antifúngicos vem contribuindo para o aumento de taxas de incidência de infecções oportunistas, principalmente por cepas resistentes, piorando o prognóstico destes pacientes.

O Inimigo do Rei: anarquismo y prensa en las relaciones iberoamericanas (1977-1988)

El presente artículo discute las coordenadas interpretativas y contextuales en las que fue leído el periódico O Inimigo do Rei (1977-1988). Con este fin, analiza y discute la bibliografía disponible sobre el tema, especifica y clasifica los documentos a analizar y argumenta sobre los procesos nacionales e internacionales en los que debe ser inscripta esa publicación periódica. La investigación se apoya en documentos primarios, entrevistas a actores directos e indirectos y la producción académica sobre O Inimigo do Rei y otros periódicos hallables en las bases de datos de repositorios universitarios de Brasil, España y Portugal. Su argumento central sostiene que este periódico debe ser comprendido dentro de una red de intercambio en el espacio iberoamericano por medio de la comunicación con publicaciones periódicas y organizaciones sociales de España y Portugal.

The COVID-19 pandemic intensified resource conflicts and indigenous resistance in Brazil

Indigenous peoples in Brazil have suffered disproportionately from the COVID-19 pandemic due to limited access to an already precarious public health system together with continued attacks on their cultures, their territories and their way of life. These attacks come as part of the government's attempts to further neoliberal development and undermine environmental and indigenous rights, taking advantage of what the Minister of Environment called 'a moment of calm while the press is focusing on the pandemic'. The pandemic has intensified environmental conflicts affecting indigenous peoples, both in amplifying conflicts but also in sparking new acts of resistance and self-protection of indigenous lives and territories. Based on case studies and monitoring of rapidly evolving social media and WhatsApp posts, we analyse these processes through a political ecology lens. We find confirmed cases and deaths amongst indigenous peoples centred around tourism hotspots, mining sites, and other development projects. Yet the presence of these risks, and long term conflicts related to land-grabbing and resource theft linked to said development, has in some cases strengthened community ties and increased capacity for active resistance. While some Mebengokrê (Kayapó) communities in the Amazon have fled further into the forest to maintain isolation, others have expelled gold-miners from their villages. Tupinambá and Pataxó communities in the Northeast have set up blockades to keep people, and the virus, out. The retomadas, or reclaiming of land, of the Tupinambá, Pataxó and Pataxó-Hãhãhai in Bahia State, are a case in point: the long-term struggle to reclaim their lands has strengthened community ties and capacity for active resistance. The recent road blockades of the Mebengokrê (Kayapó) incorporated demands for COVID-19 support into a long history of demands for compensation for the negative impacts suffered from mining and road construction in their territories. At the national level, indigenous movements, which have grown in strength and number in the fight against Bolsonaro's 'politics of extermination' and through engagement of a new cohort of indigenous youth who had access to higher education, were able to draw on social media and indigenous led court cases to help counteract the 'genocide by omission' that has been worsened by the pandemic.

Multiple resistance of Plasmopara viticola to QoI and CAA fungicides in Brazil

AbstractGrapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is commonly controlled by quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) and carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. QoI resistance is conferred by a mutation resulting in a G143A alteration in cytochrome b, while CAA resistance is associated with a G1105S mutation in cellulose synthase 3. The aims of this study were to (a) verify the presence of QoI and CAA resistance in P. viticola in Brazil, (b) develop a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection pyrosequencing assay for quantitative detection of G143A, and (c) determine the geographic prevalence and distribution of G143A and G1105S in Brazilian field populations. P. viticola isolates were sampled from two vineyards reporting failures of QoI and CAA control. Their growth was unaffected by azoxystrobin and mandipropamid, and resistance was associated with the G143A and G1105S mutations, respectively. The SNP detection pyrosequencing assay developed for G143A detection was precise and accurate. Pyrosequencing assays revealed that G143A and G1105S frequencies varied among the 66 field populations and were positively correlated with the number of QoI and CAA applications, respectively. The G143A mutation was observed in 60 populations, 39 of them with frequencies over 90%. G1105S was detected in 20 populations with frequencies ranging from 18.3% to 100%, and which also carried the G143A mutation. Multiple resistance to QoI and CAA in P. viticola was confirmed for the first time in South America. Future resistance monitoring surveys and management strategies must be adopted to prevent further increase in QoI and CAA resistance in Brazil.

<b>‘I will not become an Internet meme’: visual-verbal textualization process in the study of the power and resistance in Brazil

In this article, we analyze a delimited corpus of Internet memes showcasing Brazilian President Michel Temer. The theoretical framework is based on literacy studies, digital information and communication technology usage in research and teaching, and Bakhtin studies. The methodological design follows the approach of Gambarato and Komesu (2018), who selected and analyzed data sets of memes based on classification tools developed by Dawkins (1976) and Knobel and Lankshear (2007). The main goal is to discuss the relevance of using ‘Internet memes’, while studying the concept of ‘text’. Therefore, regarding the mobilization of digital information and communication technologies, we consider how the appropriation of someone else’s word takes place through verbal and visual-verbal elements potentially available to subjects on the Web. We aim to discuss effects of meaning deriving from the way these texts are disseminated across spreadable media, taking into account power and resistance relations between subjects of/in language.

Fitness costs associated with G461S mutants of Monilinia fructicola could favor the management of tebuconazole resistance in Brazil

In this study, we investigated the sensitivity components of demethylation fungicide inhibitors (DMI-tebuconazole) for two different sensitivity genotypes of Monilinia fructicola (G461S mutants and wild-type isolates). These components included the fungicide resistance stability and fitness studied over the course of nine and five successive transfers in vitro and ex vivo, respectively, in the absence of fungicide. The results showed no effect of successive transfers on tebuconazole sensitivity of isolates with the G461S mutation for in vitro and ex vivo assays. Athough stable resistance was found, resistant isolates demonstrated a fitness disadvantage relative to the wild-type isolates. The in vitro assay revealed that wild-type isolates had higher germination rates and mycelial growth capacity; and when tested ex vivo, wild-type isolates could produce more spores and larger lesions in peach fruit. The competition studies corroborate the predicted fitness results, where resistant spores were less frequently re-isolated from two pairs of resistant and sensitive mixtures prepared at different ratios. The results obtained in this study have important implications for tebuconazole resistance management of stone-fruit orchards in Brazil and field tests are currently underway to confirm its practicality.

Evaluation of Solanum peruvianum (sensu lato) germplasm to a standard Ralstonia solanacearum race 1/biovar 1 isolate and to a novel ‘Hawaii 7996’ resistance-overcoming race 3/biovar 2A isolate from Brazil

A major strategy to control the bacterial wilt (BW), caused by the Ralstonia species complex in tomato has been the employment of resistant cultivars and/or root-stocks. The tomato line ‘Hawaii 7996’ is a major source of stable and broad-spectrum resistance against BW. However, the detection of R. solanacearum isolates that overcome the ‘Hawaii 7996’ resistance in Brazil and elsewhere highlights the need for preemptive breeding actions. In the present work, 72 accessions of Solanum peruvianum (sensu lato) and other four wild species were evaluated against two R. solanacearum isolates: ‘CNPH-RS 488’ (race 3/biovar 2A/phylotype II/sequevar 1), virulent on ‘Hawaii 7996’, and ‘CNPH-RS 489’ (race 1/biovar 1/phylotype IIA/sequevar 50), a standard isolate that is avirulent on Hawaii 7996′. The responses to inoculation of the tested accessions were compared to that of ‘Hawaii 7996’ and ‘L390’ (BW-susceptible). The clear-cut differences in the responses among accessions to both isolates suggested the presence of distinct BW resistance mechanisms in this germplasm. Sixteen accessions displayed resistant reactions to ‘CNPH-RS 488’ and 31 to ‘CNPH-RS 489’. However, only seven accessions (predominantly of the species S. corneliomulleri) displayed resistance reactions to both isolates. These new sources of resistance to R. solanacearum may be useful for breeding programs aiming to anticipate potential problems with the further dissemination of bacterial populations with a virulence profile similar to that of R. solanacearum ‘CNPH-RS 488’.

Authority Through Freedom. On Freire’s Radicalisation of the Authority-Freedom Problem in Education

Paulo Freire’s approach to the question of ‘authority and freedom’ in education and teaching (as well as in the political sphere), takes its cue from his early and radical approach to literacy education in Brazil in the 1960s. However, the radical democratic thrust of this educational vision meets very significant political resistance in Brazil and Freire spends 30 years in exile. This essay explores how this Freirean approach needs to be contextualised in the specifically Brazilian context. However, it also explores his original contribution to the wider problematic of authority and freedom in the Philosophy of Education. In Freire, there is a simultaneous critique of traditionalism and progressivism (not dissimilar to Dewey’s in Experience and Education) and this allows Freire to reconceptualise the relation between authority and freedom in education. We explore how Freire’s 1968 text Pedagogy of the Oppressed articulates this understanding very clearly and from a very strong conceptual-philosophical perspective. In the latter part of the essay, we look at how Freire’s later work, in for example Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed, represents a return to a more experiential analysis of the question of authority and freedom in education. Nonetheless, while recognising the need for a philosophy of education to develop «in a manner in keeping with the times», there is also a very strong continuity between the early and later work in this understanding. In brief, in both his earlier and later work, Freire develops an understanding of an «authority through freedom», a co-dependent relationship between these two variables in pedagogy, as also in political life.

Pharmacy refill data can be used to predict virologic failure for patients on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil.

Introduction: Pharmacy adherence measures such as pharmacy dispensing ratios (PDRs) have previously been shown to be predictive of virologic outcomes. We aimed to determine the optimal interval of PDR assessment for predicting virologic failure for HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART).Methods: Using national Brazilian ART pharmacy refill data, we examined PDRs for patients ≥18 years of age with at least one HIV RNA level ≥180 days after ART initiation on or after 1 January 2011. Patients with a documented ART change ≤270 days prior to viral load test date were excluded. Logistic regression models were used to describe associations between virologic failure, defined as an HIV RNA level ≥400 copies/mL and PDRs, defined as the number of days index drug dispensed (non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor) per 180- and 90-day, interval preceding viral load testing, adjusting for sex, age, race, time since ART initiation and index drug. Backward elimination of insignificant variables was performed after adjusting for PDR. A predictive probability of virologic failure was calculated using the corresponding odds ratios for the PDR and any other significant variables. The diagnostic performance of the PDR interval was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for the predictive probability with respect to virologic failure.Results and Discussion: A total of 1,025 patients were included (68% were male, median age 40 years, median time on ART 3.4 years). The PDR was found to be significantly associated with virologic failure for all of the PDR intervals (p < 0.001). There was an increased risk of virologic failure for all PDRs <0.95. The 90–180 days interval had a AUROC of 0.842, compared to 0.841 and 0.829 for the 0–180 days and 0–90 days intervals, respectively. The PDR performed well as a predictive tool to identify patients in virologic failure with the 90–180-days interval prior to viral load testing being marginally more predictive.Conclusions: The validation and use of the pharmacy dispensing ratio using public pharmacy refill data could aid in early identification of patients with poor adherence and prevent development of treatment failure and drug resistance in Brazil.

Plasmid-mediated mcr-1 in carbapenem-susceptible Escherichia coli ST156 causing a blood infection: an unnoticeable spread of colistin resistance in Brazil?

OBJECTIVE:We describe an IncX4 pHC891/16mcr plasmid carrying mcr-1 in a colistin-resistant and carbapenem-susceptible E. coli isolate (HC891/16), ST156, which caused a blood infection in a Brazilian patient with gallbladder adenocarcinoma.METHODS:Strain HC891/16 was subjected to whole genome sequencing using the MiSeq Platform (Illumina, Inc., USA). Assembly was performed using Mira and ABACAS.RESULTS:The isolates showed resistance only to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and cefoxitin, and whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of aac(6′)Ib-cr and blaTEM1.CONCLUSION:Our findings warn of the possible silent dissemination of colistin resistance by carbapenem-susceptible mcr-1 producers, as colistin susceptibility is commonly tested only among carbapenem-resistant isolates.

Perspectivas contemporâneas sobre o mundo lusófono

Em um contexto de intensificação das relações comerciais e culturais entre países no âmbito internacional e do incremento na formação de blocos determinados por diversa gama de afinidades e interesses comuns, os vínculos entre os países de língua portuguesa têm despertado um crescente interesse por parte das pesquisas acadêmicas no âmbito das Ciências Humanas e Sociais (Antropologia, História, Sociologia, Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais). Os artigos selecionados no dossiê "Perspectivas contemporâneas sobre o mundo lusófono" são contribuições originais teóricas e/ou análises de dados empíricos sobre os seguintes eixos temáticos: laicidade/secularização e territórios religiosos em Portugal; tradição e modernidade em Moçambique; cultura, internacionalização e a Capoeira; Educação em Cabo Verde e as políticas educacionais globais; movimento social e resistência estudantil no Brasil e Portugal; e por último, a formação brasileira e releituras a partir do Barroco.

INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE INHIBITOR HERBICIDES IN WILD POINSETTIA

ABSTRACT Weed resistance to herbicides is a major global problem for agriculture. In recent years, the increased use of herbicides, without proper planning, has led to a large increase in the number of cases of weed biotypes that are resistant to one or more herbicide mechanism of action. Wild poinsettia biotypes (Euphorbia heterophylla), discovered in the State of Paraná, with resistance to herbicides that inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) and acetolactate synthase (ALS), are the first case to exhibit multiple resistance in Brazil. This study analyzed the genetic inheritance of PROTOX inhibiting herbicide resistance in E. heterophylla. Crosses were conducted between biotypes that were susceptible (female parent) and those carrying multiple resistance to ALS and PROTOX inhibitors (male parent) to obtain the F1 generation. Backcrosses were performed (RC1 and RC2) and the F1 generation was advanced to F2. F1, F2, RC1, RC2 generation plants and their parents were subjected to applications of the herbicide fomesafen (250 g i.a. ha-1). The observed frequencies in the F2 generation were not different from the expected frequency of 3:1. All RC2 individuals were resistant, while the RC1 population showed a 1:1 segregation, which would be expected when a single gene controls the trait. Thus, it can be inferred that E. heterophylla resistance to PROTOX-inhibiting herbicides is conditioned by a single and dominant nuclear gene.

Spatial and temporal country-wide survey of temephos resistance in Brazilian populations of Aedes aegypti.

The organophosphate temephos has been the main insecticide used against larvae of the dengue and yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) in Brazil since the mid-1980s. Reports of resistance date back to 1995; however, no systematic reports of widespread temephos resistance have occurred to date. As resistance investigation is paramount for strategic decision-making by health officials, our objective here was to investigate the spatial and temporal spread of temephos resistance in Ae. aegypti in Brazil for the last 12 years using discriminating temephos concentrations and the bioassay protocols of the World Health Organization. The mortality results obtained were subjected to spatial analysis for distance interpolation using semi-variance models to generate maps that depict the spread of temephos resistance in Brazil since 1999. The problem has been expanding. Since 2002-2003, approximately half the country has exhibited mosquito populations resistant to temephos. The frequency of temephos resistance and, likely, control failures, which start when the insecticide mortality level drops below 80%, has increased even further since 2004. Few parts of Brazil are able to achieve the target 80% efficacy threshold by 2010/2011, resulting in a significant risk of control failure by temephos in most of the country. The widespread resistance to temephos in Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations greatly compromise effective mosquito control efforts using this insecticide and indicates the urgent need to identify alternative insecticides aided by the preventive elimination of potential mosquito breeding sites.

Understanding rural resistance: contemporary mobilization in the Brazilian countryside

Contradictions between impressive levels of economic growth and the persistence of poverty and inequality are perhaps nowhere more evident than in rural Brazil. While Brazil might appear to be an example of the potential harmony between large-scale, export-oriented agribusiness and small-scale family farming, high levels of rural resistance contradict this vision. In this introductory paper, we synthesize the literature on agrarian resistance in Brazil and situate recent struggles in Brazil within the Latin American context more broadly. We highlight seven key characteristics of contemporary Latin American resistance, which include: the growth of international networks, the changing structure of state–society collaboration, the deepening of territorial claims, the importance of autonomy, the development of alternative economies, continued opposition to dispossession, and struggles over the meaning of nature. We argue that by analyzing rural mobilization in Brazil, this collection offers a range of insights relevant to rural contention globally. Each contribution in this collection increases our understanding of alternative agricultural production, large-scale development projects, education, race and political parties in the contemporary agrarian context.

Authority, resistance, and representing national values in the Brazilian television mini-series

This article examines how politics, class, family, and morals form discourses of authority and resistance in the Brazilian television mini-series’ representations of national values. The Brazilian mini-series is first placed in a global perspective of genres and formats, including soap opera, the telenovela, the Brazilian series, and film. Following a methodological discussion, the article considers conceptualizations of authority, resistance, and national values within a critical framework, which anticipates how tensions of authority and resistance are represented in the Brazilian mini-series, and enables seeing how the practice of authorship becomes a contested site for television creators and critics of the Brazilian mini-series. The article concludes by arguing that tensions of authority and resistance in the mini-series’ representations of political, class, family, and moral frameworks reflect both historical and contemporary value-conflicts in Brazil. It also concludes by arguing that discourses surrounding production and critique of the television mini-series provide an understanding of the roles of authority and resistance in Brazil’s continuing negotiations of its national values.

Cost-effectiveness of genotype testing for primary resistance in Brazil.

HIV genotype-resistance testing can help identify more effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens for patients, substantially increasing the likelihood of viral suppression and immune recovery. We sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of genotype-resistance testing before first-line ART initiation in Brazil. We used a previously published microsimulation model of HIV disease (CEPAC-International) and data from Brazil to compare the clinical impact, costs, and cost-effectiveness of initial genotype testing (Genotype) with no initial genotype testing (No genotype). Model parameters were derived from the HIV Clinical Cohort at the Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute and from published data, using Brazilian sources whenever possible. Baseline patient characteristics included 69% male, mean age of 36 years (SD, 10 years), mean CD4 count of 347 per microliter (SD, 300/µL) at ART initiation, annual ART costs from 2012 US $1400 to US $13,400, genotype test cost of US $230, and primary resistance prevalence of 4.4%. Life expectancy and costs were discounted 3% per year. Genotype was defined as "cost-effective" compared with No Genotype if its incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was less than 3 times the 2012 Brazilian per capita GDP of US $12,300. Compared with No genotype, Genotype increased life expectancy from 18.45 to 18.47 years and reduced lifetime cost from US $45,000 to $44,770; thus, in the base case, Genotype was cost saving. Genotype was cost-effective at primary resistance prevalence as low as 1.4% and remained cost-effective when subsequent-line ART costs decreased to 30% of baseline value. Cost-inefficient results were observed only when simultaneously holding multiple parameters to extremes of their plausible ranges. Genotype-resistance testing in ART-naive individuals in Brazil will improve survival and decrease costs and should be incorporated into HIV treatment guidelines in Brazil.

New Approaches to Resistance in Brazil and Mexico

New Approaches to Resistance in Brazil and Mexico

New Approaches to Resistance in Brazil and Mexico ‐ edited by Gledhill, John and Patience A. Schell

New Approaches to Resistance in Brazil and Mexico ‐ edited by Gledhill, John and Patience A. Schell

New Approaches to Resistance in Brazil and Mexico, edited by John Gledhill and Patience A. Schell

<i>New Approaches to Resistance in Brazil and Mexico</i>, edited by John Gledhill and Patience A. Schell

New approaches to resistance in Brazil and Mexico, edited by Gledhill, John and Patience A. Schell

<i>New approaches to resistance in Brazil and Mexico</i>, edited by Gledhill, John and Patience A. Schell