Resistance Exercise Training Group Research Articles

Free essential amino acid feeding improves endurance during resistance training via DRP1-dependent mitochondrial remodelling.

Loss of muscle strength and endurance with aging or in various conditions negatively affects quality of life. Resistance exercise training (RET) is the most powerful means to improve muscle mass and strength, but it does not generally lead to improvements in endurance capacity. Free essential amino acids (EAAs) act as precursors and stimuli for synthesis of both mitochondrial and myofibrillar proteins that could potentially confer endurance and strength gains. Thus, we hypothesized that daily consumption of a dietary supplement of nine free EAAs with RET improves endurance in addition to the strength gains by RET. Male C57BL6J mice (9weeks old) were assigned to control (CON), EAA, RET (ladder climbing, 3 times a week), or combined treatment of EAA and RET (EAA+RET) groups. Physical functions focusing on strength or endurance were assessed before and after the interventions. Several analyses were performed to gain better insight into the mechanisms by which muscle function was improved. We determined cumulative rates of myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis using 2H2O labelling and mass spectrometry; assessed ex vivo contractile properties and in vitro mitochondrial function, evaluated neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability, and assessed implicated molecular singling pathways. Furthermore, whole-body and muscle insulin sensitivity along with glucose metabolism, were evaluated using a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. EAA+RET increased muscle mass (10%, P<0.05) and strength (6%, P<0.05) more than RET alone, due to an enhanced rate of integrated muscle protein synthesis (19%, P<0.05) with concomitant activation of Akt1/mTORC1 signalling. Muscle quality (muscle strength normalized to mass) was improved by RET (i.e., RET and EAA+RET) compared with sedentary groups (10%, P<0.05), which was associated with increased AchR cluster size and MuSK activation (P<0.05). EAA+RET also increased endurance capacity more than RET alone (26%, P<0.05) by increasing both mitochondrial protein synthesis (53%, P<0.05) and DRP1 activation (P<0.05). Maximal respiratory capacity increased (P<0.05) through activation of the mTORC1-DRP1 signalling axis. These favourable effects were accompanied by an improvement in basal glucose metabolism (i.e., blood glucose concentrations and endogenous glucose production vs. CON, P<0.05). Combined treatment with balanced free EAAs and RET may effectively promote endurance capacity as well as muscle strength through increased muscle protein synthesis, improved NMJ stability, and enhanced mitochondrial dynamics via mTORC1-DRP1 axis activation, ultimately leading to improved basal glucose metabolism.

Acute strength exercise training impacts differently the HERV-W expression and inflammatory biomarkers in resistance exercise training individuals.

Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are fossil viruses that composes 8% of the human genome and plays several important roles in human physiology, including muscle repair/myogenesis. It is believed that inflammation may also regulate HERV expression, and therefore may contribute in the muscle repair, especially after training exercise. Hence, this study aimed to assess the level of HERVs expression and inflammation profile in practitioners' resistance exercises after an acute strength training session. Healthy volunteers were separated in regular practitioners of resistance exercise training group (REG, n = 27) and non-trained individuals (Control Group, n = 20). All individuals performed a strength exercise section. Blood samples were collected before the exercise (T0) and 45 minutes after the training session (T1). HERV-K (HML1-10) and W were relatively quantified, cytokine concentration and circulating microparticles were assessed. REG presented higher level of HERV-W expression (~2.5 fold change) than CG at T1 (p<0.01). No difference was observed in the levels of HERV-K expression between the groups as well as the time points. Higher serum TNF-α and IL-10 levels were verified post-training session in REG and CG (p<0.01), and in REG was found a positive correlation between the levels of TNF-α at T1 and IL-10 at T0 (p = 0.01). Finally, a lower endothelial microparticle percentage was observed in REG at T1 than in T0 (p = 0.04). REG individuals exhibited a significant upregulation of HERV-W and modulation of inflammatory markers when compared to CG. This combined effect could potentially support the process of skeletal muscle repair in the exercised individuals.

Preventing lower limb lymphedema after pelvic lymphadenectomy with progressive resistance exercise training: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the efficacy of a self-designed progressive resistance exercise training program for preventing the development of lower limb lymphedema. MethodsAn open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted in patients who underwent radical surgery for cervical cancer treatment in our department between October 7, 2019, and October 7, 2021. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: progressive resistance exercise training, graduated compression stocking, and control group. ResultsA total of 267 patients were enrolled (89 in each group). The incidence of lower limb lymphedema was 9.0% (n = 8) in the progressive resistance exercise training group, 28.1% (n = 25) in the graduated compression stocking group, and 42.7% (n = 38) in the control group. Over the 2-year follow-up period, the risk of lower limb lymphedema was significantly lower in the progressive resistance exercise training group than in the control group, with a hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.156 (0.073–0.335). The study was underpowered to demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in risk in the graduated compression stocking group, with an HR (95% CI) of 0.624 (0.376–1.033). ConclusionsProgressive resistance exercise training is an effective strategy for preventing lower limb lymphedema after pelvic lymphadenectomy for cervical cancer. It imposes no additional economic burden and can be performed conveniently without the need for dedicated exercise facilities. This makes it particularly accessible to patients in developing countries, allowing them to exercise at their convenience. Trial registrationChiCTR1800014905.

Time-restricted feeding combined with resistance exercise prevents obesity and improves lipid metabolism in the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, is estimated to be the most common liver disease worldwide. Obesity is a major risk factor and contributor, and, accordingly, weight loss can improve NAFLD. Previous studies in preclinical models of diet-induced obesity and fatty liver disease have shown the independent benefits of resistance exercise training (RT) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) in preventing weight gain and hepatic build-up of fat. Here, we tested the combined effect of TRF and RT on obesity and NAFLD in mice fed a high-fat diet. Our results showed that both TRF-8-h food access in the active phase-and RT-consisting of three weekly sessions of ladder climbing-attenuated body weight gain, improved glycemic homeostasis, and decreased the accumulation of lipids in the liver. TRF combined with RT improved the respiratory exchange rate, energy expenditure, and mitochondrial respiration in the liver. Furthermore, gene expression analysis in the liver revealed lower mRNA expression of lipogenesis and inflammation genes along with increased mRNA of fatty acid oxidation genes in the TRF + RT group. Importantly, combined TRF + RT was shown to be more efficient in preventing obesity and metabolic disorders. In conclusion, TRF and RT exert complementary actions compared with isolated interventions, with significant effects on metabolic disorders and NAFLD in mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether time-restricted feeding (TRF) combined with resistance exercise training (RT) may be more efficient compared with these interventions alone is still unclear. We show that when combined with RT, TRF provided additional benefits, being more effective in increasing energy expenditure, preventing weight gain, and regulating glycemic homeostasis than each intervention alone. Thus, our results demonstrate that TRF and RT have complementary actions on some synergistic pathways that prevented obesity and hepatic liver accumulation.

Effectiveness of Whey Protein Supplementation during Resistance Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Older People with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To determine the effectiveness of whey protein (WP) supplementation during resistance exercise training (RET) vs. RET with or without placebo supplementation on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in older people with Sarcopenia. Electronic searches in the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, Epistemonikos, and CINAHL databases were performed until 20 January 2023. Randomized clinical trials conducted on sarcopenic adults aged 60 or older were included. The studies had to compare the effectiveness of the addition of supplements based on concentrated, isolated, or hydrolyzed whey protein during RET and compare it with RET with or without placebo supplementation on skeletal muscle mass and strength changes. The study selection process, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were carried out by two independent reviewers. Seven randomized clinical trials (591 participants) were included, and five of them provided data for quantitative synthesis. The overall pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) estimate showed a small effect size in favor of RET plus WP for skeletal muscle mass according to appendicular muscle index, with statistically significant differences compared with RET with or without the placebo group (SMD = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.42; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%, p = 0.42). The overall pooled mean difference (MD) estimate showed a significant difference of +2.31 kg (MD = 2.31 kg; 95% CI, 0.01 to 4.6; p = 0.05; I2 = 81%, p < 0.001) in handgrip strength in the RET plus WP group compared with the RET group with or without placebo. The narrative synthesis revealed discordance between the results of the studies on physical performance. WP supplementation during RET is more effective in increasing handgrip strength and skeletal muscle mass in older people with Sarcopenia compared with RET with or without placebo supplementation. However, the effect sizes were small, and the MD did not exceed the minimally important clinical difference. The quality of the evidence was low to very low according, to the GRADE approach. Further research is needed in this field.

Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, or Combined Exercise Training Among Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Physical exercise is suggested to be effective for preventing cognitive decline in older adults, but the relative efficacy of different types of exercise have yet to be clarified. This single-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed to investigate the differential effects of aerobic exercise training (AT), resistance exercise training (RT), and combined exercise training (CT) on cognition in older adults with subjective memory complaints (SMC). Community-dwelling older adults with SMC (n = 415; mean age = 72.3 years old) were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: AT, RT, CT, or control group. The study consisted of two phases: a 26-week intervention and a 26-week follow-up. The participants were evaluated at baseline, 26 weeks (postintervention), and 52 weeks (follow-up). The primary outcome of this study was memory function, which was assessed using the Logical Memory II subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) score. The secondary outcomes included global cognitive function, verbal fluency, working memory, processing speed, and executive functions. Intention-to-treat analysis by a mixed-effect model repeated measure showed that the AT group had significantly improved performance on the WMS-R Logical Memory II test (2.74 [1.82-3.66] points) than the control group (1.36 [0.44-2.28] points) at the postintervention assessment (p = 0.037). The effect was more pronounced in those without amnesia than those with amnesia. No significant improvement was observed in the RT and CT groups. This study suggests that AT intervention can improve delayed memory in community-dwelling older adults, particularly in individuals without objective memory decline.

Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses to Different Types of Short-Term Exercise Training and Detraining in Middle-Age Men.

Whether short-term, single-mode exercise training can improve physical fitness before a period of reduced physical activity (e.g., postsurgery recovery) is not well characterized in clinical populations or middle-age adults. We investigated skeletal muscle adaptive responses after endurance exercise training (ENT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), or resistance exercise training (RET), and a subsequent period of detraining, in sedentary, middle-age men. Thirty-five sedentary men (39 ± 3 yr) were randomized to parallel groups and undertook 6 wk of either ENT (n = 12), HIIT (n = 12), or RET (n = 11) followed by 2.5 wk of detraining. Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics, body composition, muscle thickness, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, resting energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis were assessed at baseline, and after exercise training and detraining. Lean mass increased after RET and HIIT (+3.2% ± 1.6% and +1.6% ± 2.1%, P < 0.05). Muscle strength (sum of leg press, leg extension, and bench press one-repetition maximums) increased after all training interventions (RET, +25% ± 5%; HIIT, +10% ± 5%; ENT, +7% ± 7%; P < 0.05). Aerobic capacity increased only after HIIT and ENT (+14% ± 7% and +11% ± 11%, P < 0.05). Type I and II muscle fiber size increased for all groups after training (main effect of time, P < 0.05). After a period of detraining, the gains in lean mass and maximal muscle strength were maintained in the RET and HIIT groups, but maximal aerobic capacity declined below posttraining levels in HIIT and ENT (P < 0.05). Six weeks of HIIT induced widespread adaptations before detraining in middle-age men. Exercise training-induced increases in aerobic capacity declined during 2.5 wk of detraining, but gains in lean mass and muscle strength were maintained.

Supported progressive resistance exercise training to counter the adverse side effects of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial

PurposeTo investigate the effects of a supported home-based progressive resistance exercise training (RET) programme on indices of cardiovascular health, muscular strength and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients after treatment with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP).MethodsThis study was a single-site, two-arm randomised controlled trial, with 40 participants randomised to either the intervention or control group over a 10-month period. In addition to receiving usual care, the intervention group completed three weekly RET sessions using resistance bands for 6 months. Participants performed 3 sets of 12–15 repetitions for each exercise, targeting each major muscle group. The control group received usual care only. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was the primary outcome and assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Secondary outcomes included body weight, body fat, aerobic fitness, strength and blood-borne biomarkers associated with cardiometabolic risk.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the groups in FMD at 3 or 6 months. However, there were improvements in aerobic exercise capacity (P < 0.01) and upper- (P < 0.01) and lower-limb (P = 0.01) strength in favour of the RET group at 6 months, accompanied by greater weight loss (P = 0.04) and a reduction in body fat (P = 0.02). Improvements in HRQoL were evident in the RET group at 3 and 6 months via the PCa-specific component of the FACT-P questionnaire (both P < 0.01). Five adverse events and one serious adverse event were reported throughout the trial duration.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that home-based RET is an effective and safe mode of exercise that elicits beneficial effects on aerobic exercise capacity, muscular strength and HR-QoL in men who have undergone RARP.Trial registrationISRCTN10490647.

Effects of electrical stimulation-induced resistance exercise training on white and brown adipose tissues and plasma meteorin-like concentration in rats.

Chronic endurance exercise training induces morphological and metabolic alterations including mitochondrial biogenesis in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rodents. A myokine called meteorin‐like (Metrnl) is associated with morphological and metabolic adaptation and increased in blood after acute resistance exercise. However, the effects of chronic resistance exercise training (RT), which aims to increase muscle mass and strength, on WAT and BAT are unclear. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the effects of RT on morphological and metabolic parameters in WAT and BAT and on plasma Metrnl concentrations. We applied electrical stimulation to both legs of rats as RT three times a week for 4 weeks. RT reduced adipocyte size in subcutaneous WAT but induced no changes in mitochondrial and thermogenesis proteins. In BAT, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator‐1 alpha (PGC‐1α) protein levels and mitochondrial content markers were significantly higher in the RT group compared with the control group. A significant positive correlation was found between the expression of PGC‐1α in BAT and plasma Metrnl concentrations. These results suggest that plasma Metrnl is associated with PGC‐1α and mitochondrial biogenesis in BAT. This study describes a potential role of RT in preventing metabolic diseases via altering WAT and BAT and increasing plasma Mertnl concentrations.

Adaptive responses of histone modifications to resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle.

Exercise training causes epigenetic changes in skeletal muscle, although it is unclear how resistance exercise (RE) affects histone modifications. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of acute RE and RE training on gene expression profiles and histone modifications in human skeletal muscle. Healthy male adults were assigned to acute RE (n = 9, age = 20.5±4.3yr, BMI = 28.0±6.8kg/m2) or RE training (n = 21, age = 23.7±2.5yr, BMI = 24.2±2.7kg/m2) groups. Biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and three hours after a single bout of acute RE, or 3-days after 10 weeks of RE training. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 153 genes with GO terms including muscle development, stress response, metabolism, cell death, and transcription factor were significantly up-regulated (+291% vs. pre-acute RE) upon acute RE. Expressions of these genes were also greater (+9.6% vs. pre-RE training, p<0.05) in RE trained subjects. Significant up-regulation of acetylated histone 3 (H3) (+235%) and H3 mono-methylated at lysine 4 (+290%) and tri-methylated at lysine 27 (+849%), whereas down-regulation of H3.3 variant (-39%) distributions relative to total H3 were observed at transcriptionally activated loci after acute RE compared to pre-acute RE levels. Interestingly, the distribution of acetylated H3 was found to be up-regulated as compared to the level of total H3 after RE training (+40%, p<0.05). These results indicate that a single bout of RE drastically alters both gene expressions and histone modifications in human skeletal muscle. It is also suggested that enhanced histone acetylation is closely related to up-regulation of gene expressions after RE training.

Improved Muscle Strength, Muscle Power, and Physical Function After Flywheel Resistance Training in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Sañudo, B, de Hoyo, M, and McVeigh, JG. Improved muscle strength, muscle power, and physical function after flywheel resistance training in healthy older adults: A randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 252-258, 2022-This study aimed to examine whether flywheel resistance exercise training improved muscle strength, muscle power, and physical function in older adults. Thirty-six older adults (64 ± 5 years) were randomly allocated to either a flywheel resistance exercise training group (ETG; n = 18) or a control (CON) group (n = 18). Subjects in the ETG underwent 6 weeks of resistance training on a flywheel squat device (4 sets of 9 maximal repetitions). Isokinetic concentric (60 and 240°·s-1) and eccentric (120°·s-1) knee extension and flexion peak torques and mean power were measured. Physical function was assessed by the 30-second Chair Sit-Stand Test (CST) and walking speed. After the intervention, within-group analyses showed significantly greater flexion torques and mean power with the dominant leg (concentric at 60°·s-1 and 240°·s-1 and eccentric at 120°·s-1; all d > 0.7, p < 0.05) and improvements in CST (d > 0.8) in the ETG, while no substantial differences were found in the CON group. Significant between-group differences in knee flexion torque both concentric (at 60°·s-1: η2 = 0.168 and 240°·s-1: η2 = 0.112) and eccentric (at 120°·s-1: η2 = 0.103) with the dominant leg were also found in favor of the ETG. There was also significantly better performance in the CST for the ETG (η2 = 0.207). There was a significant association between changes in strength and changes in mean power in the ETG. Changes in physical function outcomes were also observed. In conclusion, flywheel resistance exercise training is an appropriate form of activity for improving strength and functional capacity of older adults.

Effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemia and ectopic fat in black South African women: a randomized controlled trial.

We investigated the effects of a 12-week exercise intervention on insulin sensitivity (SI) and hyperinsulinemia and associated changes in regional and ectopic fat. Healthy, black South African women with obesity (mean age 23 ± 3.5 years) and of isiXhosa ancestry were randomised into a 12-week aerobic and resistance exercise training group (n = 23) and a no exercise group (control, n = 22). Pre and post-intervention testing included assessment of SI, insulin response to glucose (AIRg), insulin secretion rate (ISR), hepatic insulin extraction (FEL) and disposition index (DI) (AIRg × SI) (frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test); fat mass and regional adiposity (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); hepatic, pancreatic and skeletal muscle fat content and abdominal s.c. and visceral adipose tissue volumes (MRI). Exercise training increased VO2peak (mean ± s.d.: 24.9 ± 2.42 to 27.6 ± 3.39 mL/kg/min, P < 0.001), SI (2.0 (1.2-2.8) to 2.2 (1.5-3.7) (mU/l)-1 min-1, P = 0.005) and DI (median (interquartile range): 6.1 (3.6-7.1) to 6.5 (5.6-9.2) × 103 arbitrary units, P = 0.028), and decreased gynoid fat mass (18.5 ± 1.7 to 18.2 ± 1.6%, P < 0.001) and body weight (84.1 ± 8.7 to 83.3 ± .9.7 kg, P = 0.038). None of these changes were observed in the control group, but body weight increased (P = 0.030). AIRg, ISR and FEL, VAT, SAT and ectopic fat were unaltered after exercise training. The increase in SI and DI were not associated with changes in regional or ectopic fat. Exercise training increased SI independent from changes in hyperinsulinemia and ectopic fat, suggesting that ectopic fat might not be a principal determinant of insulin resistance in this cohort.

저항성 운동 트레이닝이 비만 남자 대학생의 신체구성, 인슐린저항성, 성장호르몬 및 인슐린유사성장인자-1에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 11 weeks of resistance exercise training on body composition, insulin resistance, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 of obese college male students. Twenty obese college male students were volunteered to participate in this study as subjects, and they were randomly assigned to either resistance exercise training group(n=10) or control group(n=10). The subjects in resistance exercise program for intensity of 65% 1RM, three times per week for 11 weeks, whereas subjects in control were asked to maintain their normal life pattern for the same intervention period. All subjects were asked not to change their physical activity pattern throughout the intervention period. Main results of the present study were as follows: 1) Weight, BMI and % body fat were significantly decreased in resistance exercise training group. 2) Insulin and insulin resistance were significantly decreased in resistance exercise training group. but Insulin and insulin resistance were significantly increased in control group. 3) Growth hormone was significantly increased in resistance exercise training group. 4) Insulin-like growth factor-1 was significantly increased in resistance exercise training group. It was concluded that 11 weeks of resistance exercise training would be beneficial for body composition, Insulin resistance, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in obese college male students.

Effect of exercise therapy on physical performance and functional balance in patients on maintenance renal hemodialysis: randomized controlled study.

Physical performance (PP) and functional balance (FB) abnormalities are frequently encountered problems in patients on maintenance renal hemodialysis (MRH). Although the exercise therapy is an adjunctive to the routine medical care for patients with chronic kidney disease of various stages; but the benefits as well as the long-term effects of different exercises on the PP and FB in patients on MRH are not yet fully described. In this study; Sixty-six patients on MRH (36 males, 30 females), age 35–45 years, were randomly assigned into one of the three groups: aerobic exercise training group (AETG), resistance exercise training group (RETG), and control group (CG). The PP (evaluated using the 6-min walk test “6MWT”) and the FB (evaluated via the Berg balance scale “BBS”) were the main study outcomes evaluated prestudy (evaluation-1), after 3 months (evaluation-2) and 2 months poststudy cessation (evaluation-3). Results revealed that the PP and FB mean values and percentages of changes at evaluation-2 were 444.25±21.83 (33.1%), 413.57±28.55 (22.52%), 337±12.23 (0.33%) m, 50.05±0.89 (22.95%), 49.95±2.06 (22.52%), 41.28±1.75 (0.94%) for AETG, RETG, and CG respectively. At evaluation-3; the PP and FB mean values and the percentage of changes were 425±21.49 (27.36), 366.86±17.47 (8.5%), 336.68 (0.42%) m, 44.4±1.85 (8.06%), 42.95±2.04 (5.003%), 39.48±2.06 (−4.44%) for AETG, RETG, and CG respectively. In conclusions; both aerobic exercise training (AET) and resistance exercise training (RET) have favorable effects, with the AET has higher short and long-term favorable effects on the PP and FB than RET in patients on MRH.

Feasibility of Resistance Exercise Training in Gulf War Veterans with Widespread Pain

Roughly 25-33% of US Veterans of Operations Desert Shield or Desert Storm report a constellation of chronic symptoms including fatigue, confusion and widespread pain. Although exercise is routinely prescribed, and found to be efficacious, for many chronic pain conditions; Veterans’ reports of post-exertional exacerbation of symptoms complicates the question of whether exercise should be used as an adjunct treatment to standard care. PURPOSE: To determine the safety and efficacy of a resistance exercise training (RET) program in Gulf War Veterans (GV) with chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CMP). METHODS: Gulf Veterans suffering medically unexplained CMP lasting at least 3 months (N=50) were randomized to either 16 weeks of twice weekly RET or wait-list control (WLC). Training was supervised by exercise specialists and consisted of 10 exercises targeting major muscle groups. The program started at a very low intensity [25-35% of estimated 1-repetition maximum (1-RM)] and progressed in small (≤5%) increments. Thus, training was both individualized and standardized. Testing of 1-RM was completed at baseline and reevaluated at 16 weeks. The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were completed at weeks 1, 6, 12 and 16. Exercisers not completing >50% of training were excluded from statistical analyses (n=4). Average 1-RM values were compared using dependent t-tests, and MPQ and POMS data were evaluated using repeated-measures ANOVAs. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 22 GV in the RET group, with >90% adherence, and 20 WLC Veterans. No drop outs were due to negative complications with exercise. Following RET, participants on average lifted 67 kg/kg of body weight and significant (p<0.05) 1-RM increases were observed in all 8 lifts. Estimated 1-RM increased by at least 20% for 7 of 8 lifts. Mood scores significantly improved in both groups over the course of the trial with no significant difference between groups. No time or group effects (p>0.05) were observed in MPQ scores. CONCLUSIONS: RET significantly increased strength in GV with CMP. It resulted in no exacerbation of pain symptoms and did not increase mood disturbance. Resistance exercise appears safe and efficacious for Gulf Veterans with widespread pain. Supported by Dept. of Veterans Affairs grant: IO1-CX000383.

Resistance-exercise training ameliorates LPS-induced cognitive impairment concurrent with molecular signaling changes in the rat dentate gyrus.

Effective treatments preventing brain neuroinflammatory diseases are lacking. Resistance-exercise training (RT) ameliorates mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a forerunner to neuroinflammatory diseases. However, few studies have addressed the molecular basis by which RT abates MCI. Thus experiments were performed to identify some molecular changes occurring in response to RT in young, female Wistar rats. To induce MCI, intraventricular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections were used to increase dentate gyrus inflammation, reflected by significantly increased TNF-α (~400%) and IL-1β (~1,500%) mRNA (P < 0.0001) after 6 wk. Five days after LPS injections, half of LPS-injected rats performed RT by ladder climbing for 6 wk, 3 days/wk, whereas half remained without ladders. RT for 6 wk increased lean body mass percentage (P < 0.05), individual muscle masses (gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior) (P < 0.05), and maximum lifting capacity (P < 0.001). The RT group, compared with sedentary controls, had 1) ameliorated spatial learning deficits (P < 0.05), 2) increased dentate gyrus phosphorylation of IGF-1R, protein kinase B, and GSK-3β proteins (P < 0.05), components of downstream IGF-1 signaling, and 3) increased dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity marker synapsin protein (P < 0.05). Two follow-up experiments (without LPS) characterized dentate gyrus signaling during short-term RT. Twenty-four hours following the third workout in a 1-wk training duration, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and GSK-3β proteins, as well as proliferation marker protein, PCNA, were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Similar changes did not occur in a separate group of rats following a single RT workout. Taken together, these data indicate that RT ameliorates LPS-induced MCI after RT, possibly mediated by increased IGF-1 signaling pathway components within the dentate gyrus. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The data suggest that resistance-exercise training restores cognitive deficits induced by lipopolysaccharides and can activate associated IGF-1 signaling in the dentate gyrus. Our data show, for the first time, that as few as three resistance-exercise workouts (spread over 1 wk) can activate IGF-1 downstream signaling and increase proliferation marker PCNA in the dentate gyrus.

The Effect of Changing the Contraction Mode During Resistance Training on mTORC1 Signaling and Muscle Protein Synthesis.

Acute resistance exercise (RE) increases muscle protein synthesis (MPS) via activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC), and chronic resistance exercise training (RT) results in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Although MPS in response to RE is blunted over time during RT, no effective restorative strategy has been identified. Since eccentric muscle contraction (EC) has the potential to strongly stimulate mTORC1 activation and MPS, changing the muscle contraction mode to EC might maintain the MPS response to RE during chronic RT. Male rats were randomly divided into RE (1 bout of RE) and RT (13 bouts of RE) groups. Additionally, each group was subdivided into isometric contraction (IC) and EC subgroups. The RE groups performed acute, unilateral RE using IC or EC. The RT groups performed 12 bouts of unilateral RE using IC. For bout 13, the RT-IC subgroup performed a further IC bout, while the RT-EC subgroup changed to EC. All muscle contractions were induced by percutaneous electrical stimulation. Muscle samples were obtained at 6 h post exercise in all groups. After the 1st RE bout, the EC group showed significantly higher p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation than the IC group. However, the phosphorylation of other mTORC1-associated proteins (4E-BP1 and ribosomal protein S6) and the MPS response did not differ between the contraction modes. After the 13th bout of RE, mTORC1 activation and the MPS response were significantly blunted as compared with the 1st bout of RE. Changing from IC to EC did not improve these responses. In conclusion, changing the contraction mode to EC does not reinvigorate the blunted mTORC1 activation and MPS in response to RE during chronic RT.

Resistance Exercise Training Attenuates the Loss of Endogenous GLP-1 Receptor in the Hypothalamus of Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise training on hypothalamic GLP-1R levels and its related signaling mechanisms in T2DM. The animals were separated into three groups: a non-diabetic control (CON), diabetic control (DM), and diabetic with resistance exercise (DM + EXE) group. The resistance exercise training group performed ladder climbing (eight repetitions, three days per week for 12 weeks). Body weight was slightly lower in the DM + EXE group than the DM group, but difference between the groups was not significant. Food intake and glucose were significantly lower in the DM + EXE group than in the DM group. The blood insulin concentration was significantly higher and glucagon was significantly lower in the DM + EXE group. The DM + EXE group in the hypothalamus showed significant increases in GLP-1R mRNA, protein kinase A (PKA), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and protein kinase B (AKT) and significant decrease in protein kinase C-iota (PKC-iota). Antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis factors were significantly improved in the DM + EXE group compared with the DM group in the hypothalamus. The results suggest that resistance exercise contributes to improvements the overall health of the brain in diabetic conditions.

PO-184 Effects of resistance training and aerobic training on Fibronectin of Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix and Satellite Cell in Aging Mice

Objective To investigate the effects of resistance and aerobic training on the content of fibronectin in skeletal muscle extracellular matrix and satellite cell in 9-month-old BALB/c mice, and then explore the effect of fibronectin content change on satellite cell and its intrinsic mechanism, which will provide a new research perspective and theoretical evidence for delaying sarcopenia.&#x0D; Methods 27 one-month-old BALB / c mice of SPF grade were purchased and fed for natural aging. At 9 months of age, the mice were divided into three groups randomly. Group R was resistance exercise training group (n=9), group A was aerobic exercise training group (n=9), and group C was control group (n=9). The load ladder model for resistance training in group R, the pyramid training program for 9 week training, 5 sets of load ladder training every time. 2 min for rest between sets, 1 min for rest between repetitions, 3 times a week. The treadmill training for aerobic training in group A for 9 weeks, the speed of 0.8km/h, 40min every time, 3 times a week. There is no training in group C. During the training, mouse grip strength was tested by the BIOSEB grip instrument once a week. After exercise intervention, the blood of mice was taken from the eyeball, and the gastrocnemius muscles were removed and placed in -80℃ temperature refrigerator to be freezed for tested . Immunofluorescence was used to detect FN and Pax7; The Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA of FN, Sdc4, Fzd7, Wnt7a, c-Jun, Pax7; Western Blotting was used to detect the FN, sdc4, Fzd7, Wnt7a, c-Jun, p-c-Jun, Pax7 protein content.&#x0D; Results (1) Body weight, grip strength and skeletal muscle mass of mice: The body weight of group C and group R were significantly decreased after 9 weeks to compared with group A (P &lt;0.05; P &lt;0.05). The grip strength of group R and A was significantly increased in the ninth week to compared with group C, (P &lt;0.01; P &lt;0.05); The grip strength of group R and A in the ninth week were significantly higher than that in the first week (P &lt;0.01; P &lt;0.01)；&#x0D; (2) FN in skeletal muscle extracellular matrix and it’s receptor Sdc4: The integrated optical density (IOD) of FN in group R was higher than that in group C and group A, but there was no significant difference among the three groups. The FN mRNA in group R was significantly increased to compared with group A (P&lt;0.05). The FN protein content in group R was significantly increased to compared with group C and group A (P &lt;0.01; P &lt;0.01). There was no significant difference in the expression of Sdc4 mRNA in gastrocnemius muscle among the three groups. Compared with group C, the Sdc4 protein content was significantly down-regulated in both group R and group A (P&lt;0.01; P&lt;0.05).&#x0D; (3) Wnt7a/PCP signaling pathway: The Wnt7a mRNA and Wnt7a protein content in the gastrocnemius muscle of group R were significantly increased to compared with group C (P&lt;0.05; P&lt;0.01)). Compared with group A, Wnt7a protein content in group R was also significantly increased (P&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference in Fzd7 mRNA in gastrocnemius muscle among the three groups; but the Fzd7 protein content in group R was significantly increased to compared with group A (P&lt;0.05). The c-Jun mRNA in group R was significantly increased to compared with group C and A (P&lt;0.05; P&lt; 0.05). The content of c-Jun protein in group R was significantly increased to compared with group C and group A (P&lt;0.01; P&lt;0.01). The content of p-c-Jun protein in group R was significantly increased to compared with group C (P&lt;0.05). &#x0D; (4) Pax7 : The number of Pax7 positive cells in group R was higher than that in group C and group A, but there was no significant difference among the three groups. Pax7 mRNA in group R and group A were significantly lower than that in group C (P&lt;0.05; P&lt;0.01), but Pax7 protein content in group R was significantly higher than group C and group A (P &lt;0.05; P &lt;0.05)&#x0D; Conclusions (1) Exercise can improve muscle strength of aging mice.&#x0D; (2) Resistance training can promote FN in skeletal muscle extracellular matrix and improve skeletal muscle extracellular matrix components of aging mice.&#x0D; (3) Resistance exercise training can promote Pax7 expression through the increase of FN and up-regulation of Wnt7a / PCP signaling pathway, thus make it possible for satellite cell proliferation.

Effects of Resistance Exercise Training on Cognitive Function and Physical Performance in Cognitive Frailty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Cognitive frailty is defined as the presence of both physical frailty and cognitive impairment (clinical dementia rating score = 0.5), in the absence of dementia. It is characterized by concurrent physical frailty and potentially reversible cognitive impairment. In this study, we sought to elucidate the effects of high-speed resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in older adults with cognitive frailty. We conducted a parallel-group, randomized controlled trial involving community-living older adults with cognitive frailty. The participants' mean age was 73.9 (± 4.3 SD) years, and 69.8% (n=30) were female. Two different 4-month interventions included high-speed resistance exercise training group (n=22) and a control group (balance and band stretching, n=23). Frailty score, cognitive function (memory, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, working memory, executive function), physical function (SPPB, TUG, gait speed), and muscle strength (grip strength, knee extension strength) were assessed at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks. Statistical analysis showed that exercise improved performance significantly in the tests for cognitive function (processing speed and executive function, both p < 0.05), physical function (SPPB, TUG, gait speed, both p < 0.05), and muscle strength (grip strength, knee extension strength, both p < 0.05). However, no significant changes in frailty score were observed between intervention and either control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings indicate that high-speed resistance exercise training approaches are effective in improving cognitive function and physical performance in older adults with cognitive frailty. This study shows that it is feasible to identify older adults with cognitive frailty in the community and primary care setting for effective intervention to reduce their level of frailty and cognitive impairment.