Resin Emulsion Research Articles

Advanced characterisation of the early age behaviour of bulk hydrophobic mortars

Over the last 15 years, bulk hydrophobic treatment of cementitious materials with silanes and siloxanes is in the scientific focus. They are beneficial in terms of reducing water uptake by capillarity, however, this is often followed by an impact on cement hydration leading to the decrease in structural properties of cement matrix. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of different incorporation modes of a silicone-based hydrophobic agent used for the bulk hydrophobic treatment of mortars, and to evaluate their effect on cement hydration and the early age properties. Two different incorporation modes are compared: an emulsion of silane and silicone resin and microencapsulation of silicone resin. Each of these is incorporated in mortars prepared with CEM I and CEM III/A. Based on the combined measurement of isothermal calorimetry, electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, thermal expansion coefficient and autogenous deformation at early age, it is shown that the emulsion, as a delivery method of hydrophobic agent, affects the early age mechanical behavior of cement-based systems, for both types of cements. The microencapsulation on the other hand, prevents these effects from occurring, and is therefore suitable for bulk hydrophobic treatment.

Sulfonic acid-containing benzoxazine surfactant and its waterborne benzoxaizne resins

A sulfonic acid-containing benzoxazine surfactant, sodium 3-dodecyl-3,4-dihydro- 2H-1,3-benzoxazine-6-sulfonate (SBZ), was synthesized via Mannich reaction using sodium 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate and n-dodecylamine as raw materials. The chemical structure of SBZ was characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR. Using SBZ as the surfactant, a series of waterborne benzoxazine resin (WBR) emulsions were prepared. The effects of SBZ concentration and oil–water ratio on the behavior of WBR emulsions were studied. Furthermore, polybenzoxazine film was prepared via curing a WBR emulsion with 50 vol% oil phase. The results showed that SBZ had a strong emulsifying ability. Only using low SBZ concentration of 2.0%, the high solid contents of 50–80 vol% and stable WBR emulsions were obtained. After polymerizing the WBR emulsion, a transparent and flexible polybenzoxazine film was fabricated. The SBZ surfactant was incorporated into the cross-linked polybenzoxazine network after polymerization. The film had a moderate mechanical property and a high glass transition temperature of 288 °C. This work provides a new strategy for the development of high heat-resistant and environmentally friendly waterborne benzoxazine coatings.

Rheological performance investigation of high viscosity liquid asphalt

The bonding of asphalt and aggregate is critical especially for permeable asphalt concrete (AC) pavement and ultra-thin overlay to avoid the ravelling. High viscosity asphalt (HVA) is desirable to provide firm bonding, thereby being commonly employed both for permeable AC pavement and ultra-thin overlay. Different from the traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA) which requires significant energy consumption and accompanies pollution and aging, this paper presents a laboratory study on the rheological characteristics of HVA without heating. SBS modified asphalt was tested and prepared for liquidation and solidification using a liquefier and curing agent (CA) in an attempt to produce this high viscosity liquid asphalt (HVLA). Liquid asphalt was fabricated by adding waterborne epoxy resin emulsion (WERE) and liquid carbon petroleum resin (LCPR). The performance of the resulting HVLA was systematically evaluated. The HVLA had a Brookfield viscosity (BV), under ambient temperature of 2.42 Pa·s and an indication of acceptable workability. After solidification, penetration, softening point and ductility was 44(0.1 mm), 80°C and 18 cm, respectively. At 60°C, dynamic viscosity was 86, 450 Pa·s. Dynamic shear rheology (DSR) and bending beam rheology (BBR) gave it a performance grade of PG 82-28 with favourable workability. By analysing the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), the compatibility of the components in HLVA proved desirable.

Synthesis of water-based cationic polyacrylate copolymer emulsion by RAFT polymerization and its application as an inkjet printing agent

PurposeIn this work, the authors used reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization to develop a new cationic acrylate modified epoxy resin emulsion for water-borne inkjet which have the advantages of both polyacrylate and epoxy resin. The emulsion was successfully used in the canvas coating for inkjet printing. This paper aims to contribute to the development of novel cationic emulsions for inkjet printing industry.Design/methodology/approachIn this work, the epoxy acrylate was synthesized from RAFT agent and epoxy resin firstly. Cationic macromolecular emulsifier was prepared by RAFT polymerization, using 2,2’-Azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and styrene as monomer, which was directly used to prepare the emulsion. The influences of the amount of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate on particle size, zeta potential and water contact angle were studied. Finally, the cationic emulsion was used to print images by inkjet printing.FindingsThe emulsion has the smallest particle size, the highest potential and the highest water contact angle when the DM content is 13 Wt.%. The transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the latex particles is core-shell sphere with the diameters in the range 120–200 nm. The emulsion was successfully used in the canvas coating for inkjet printing. This work will contribute to the development of novel cationic emulsions for inkjet printing industry.Originality/valueThe emulsion was successfully used in the canvas coating for inkjet printing. This work will contribute to the development of novel cationic emulsions for inkjet printing industry.

Study of Pavement Performance of Thin-Coat Waterborne Epoxy Emulsified Asphalt Mixture

Waterborne epoxy emulsified asphalts (WEEA) have high densities, good chemical stabilities, and high viscosities. However, they have problems in terms of overly high stiffness and low-temperature brittleness when applied as thin-coat asphalt mixtures. In this study, testing was conducted to obtain the optimal mixing ratio for WEEA. Anti-sliding, rutting, water stability, Cantabro, and low-temperature bending tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of thin coating layers formed from open graded friction course (OGFC)-5 WEEA mixtures, with the results indicating that the optimal ratio of waterborne epoxy resin emulsion and curing agent was 2:1 and that the dosage of waterborne epoxy resin should be maintained between 15 and 30%. The surface texture depth and British Pendulum Number (BPN) of the OGFC-5 WEEA mixtures were larger than 0.91 mm and 77.4, respectively, and the WEEA mixtures had better water stabilities and spalling resistance performance than a mixture without WEEA. Waterborne epoxy resin dosages of 15 and 30% resulted in WEEA mixture stabilities of up to 4,285 and 8,798 times/mm, respectively, and tensile strengths at -10 ℃ of 2.204 and 4.727 MPa, respectively. The relatively good pavement functional and low-temperature performance of the optimized OGFC-5 WEEA mixture suggest its usefulness as a pavement maintenance material.

Effects of metakaolin on the mechanical and anticorrosion properties of epoxy emulsion cement mortar

Different sizes of Metakaolin (MK) were introduced into epoxy resin emulsion concrete mortar (EECM) to improve mechanical and anticorrosion properties. The effects of MK contents and sizes on the mechanical property, water absorption and chloride diffusion coefficient of EECM were studied respectively. Electrochemical tests were used to measure corrosion rate of samples. The results showed MK could greatly enhance the mechanical properties of EECM and more content MK obtained higher strength. The smaller size MK caused a slight decrease in strength due to poor dispersion in EECM. The water absorption and chloride diffusion coefficient of EECM both decreased significantly after adding MK. The smaller size of MK with 400-mesh and 1250-mesh made the water absorption reduced approximately 51%. The chloride diffusion coefficient of EECM also reduced with the increasing of MK content, especially the largest decline 73.1% corresponds to 1250-mesh MK. The data in polarization curves and EIS curves coincide with the above conclusion. The larger size of MK had the better anticorrosion effect on steel bar than that with smaller size. The corrosion situation on the surface of steel bars in mortar supplied the realistic anticorrosion effect.

Effect of Epoxy Resin Emulsion on the Mechanical Properties of Oil Well Cement‐Based Composites

Oil well cement is a brittle material, which can not ensure the long‐term sealing integrity of oil and gas wells when used in cementing operations directly. As a kind of polymer emulsion material, epoxy resin emulsion has a bright future for improving the properties of the cement slurry. Epoxy resin emulsion was added to oil well cement and its workability and mechanical properties were studied, the stress‐strain behavior of cement samples was evaluated, and the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results show the epoxy resin emulsion used in oil well cement will affect the fluidity, but the rheological property of cement slurry with different content of resin meets the construction requirements. The resin reduces the water loss of cement paste and has no adverse effect on the thickening time. The compressive strength of cement stone decreases with the increase in resin content. When the content of resin is 6%, the flexural strength and impact strength of the cement sample are the largest, and 50.7% and 20.2% higher than that of the specimen without resin, respectively, after curing for 28 days. Further comparison shows that epoxy resin emulsion can improve the mechanical properties of oil well cement better than styrene‐butadiene rubber latex. Meanwhile, the resin obviously improves the deformability and decreases the elastic modulus of cement stone. Compared with pure cement, resin cement slurry has no extra hydration products, but the formation of hydrated calcium silicate is inhibited. The microstructure shows that the resin forms a polymer film in the cement matrix and interweaves with cement hydration products, thus improving the flexibility of cement paste.

Laboratory Study on Active Aging Oil Plugging Agent

Aging oil refers to the stable emulsion of crude oil formed by emulsification that cannot be treated by conventional surfactants due to the influence of bacteria, chemical agents, self asphaltene and colloid in the process of crude oil exploitation, transportation and processing. There is a large amount of aging oil stored in the joint station of the production plant in Huabei oilfield, which not only causes certain harm to the gathering and transportation system, but also brings heavy environmental burden to the oilfield. In this study, on the basis of physical property analysis of aging oil samples, the properties of aging oil and emulsifying resin plugging agent were compared. And the water plugging principle of emulsion resin was used for reference. The system of active aging oil plugging agent is constructed by experiment. Core displacement experimental evaluation shows that active aging oil core water plugging rate was 98%, the breakthrough pressure gradient was 26 MPa.m−1, and it has good plugging effect.

Flame Retardancy Effects on Intumescent Coatings with Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

AbstractThis research aimed to study the effects of fire combustion on materials coated with ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl acetate copolymer emulsion resins with differing foam producing substance to dehydrating agent ratios. The flame retardancy of these materials was assessed by evaluating their heat release, CO and CO2 emissions. Experimental results indicate that intumescent paint formulations significantly enhance the flame retardancy of painted plywood, thus reducing peak heat release rate and extending the time to reach peak heat release rate. Moreover, a low amount of foam producing substance enhances the fire retardancy of plywood panels. Furthermore, binder resin containing vinyl acetate monomer in intumescent coatings can enhance fire performance. In addition, low foam producing substance content can form an ideal char layer, which significantly reduces CO and CO2 emissions. The mechanism to achieve more favorable fire performance was verified by carrying out thermogravimetric analysis, which demonstrated lower weight loss. The results of this study provide an improved understanding of the effects of intumescent coatings.

Preparation of water-based epoxy resin and its application as an automotive air filter paper binder

Water-based epoxy resin emulsion was prepared by emulsifying o-cresol formaldehyde epoxy resin with self-emulsified epoxy curing agent synthesized in this study and then used as an environmentally friendly binder for automotive air filter paper. The preparation process of the self-emulsified epoxy curing agent was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of neutralization degree (Neu) and amount of curing agent on the formation of epoxy resin emulsion were studied. The micro-morphology and size distribution of the epoxy resin latex were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic and static light scattering, respectively. The micro-structure of the air filter paper surface was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical strength and moisture-resistance properties of air filter strengthened by the prepared water-based epoxy resin emulsion was tested and compared to three commercial binders. The prepared epoxy resin emulsion greatly enhanced the mechanical properties and moisture-resistance properties of the air filter paper while maintaining its filtration properties. Therefore, the epoxy resin emulsion can be used as an environmentally friendly water-based binder for automotive air filter paper with excellent comprehensive properties.

Deep color, heat-reflective, superhydrophobic and anti-soiling coatings with waterborne silicone emulsion

Recently, deep colored inorganic pigments with high infrared reflectance have attracted much attention for using in the building coating field because of their ability to reflect solar heat radiation and reduce the temperature of the roofs and outside walls. However, pollutants that are present in the air require the coatings to possess self-cleaning and anti-soiling properties. In this work, black infrared-reflective pigments, fluorinated acrylic resin emulsion and a small number of SiO2 nanoparticles were mixed in silicon resin emulsion, and the resulting mixture was coated on an aluminum plate. After drying, black coatings with high infrared reflectance, superhydrophobic (SH) and obvious anti-soiling properties were created. Between wavelengths of 1250–2500 nm, the infrared-reflectivity of the prepared cool coating is higher than that of the white SiO2 coatings. Under the radiation of a 275-Watt infrared lamp positioned at a height of 40 cm, the surface temperature of the cool coating is 30 °C lower than that of the carbon black coating (90 °C), and only 5–10 °C higher than that of the white SiO2 coating. Furthermore, the heat-reflective coating exhibited stable SH properties to both rain and UV irradiation, which allow for the coating to possess self-cleaning ability and retain its heat-reflective properties over a long period of time.

Facile fabrication of waterborne fabric coatings with multifunctional superhydrophobicity and thermal insulation

A paraffin-loaded microcapsule with tetraethyl orthosilicate and fluorosilane as the shell was successfully prepared, which was subsequently combined with the silicone resin emulsion in an appropriate ratio to obtain waterborne multifunctional fabric coatings. The coating not only exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity and resistance to abrasion, acid/alkali, aging and surfactant, but also performed good thermal insulation.

3D Graphene-Oil Absorbent Resin Hybrid Gel as High Efficiency Oil Absorbent Material

A new type of high oil absorbent resin (OAR) was synthesized by emulsion polymerization with lauryl methacrylate (LMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) as soft monomers, and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as hard monomer. A graphene-oil absorbent resin hybrid aerogel (G-OAR aerogel) was therefore prepared through the hydrothermal reduction of graphene oxide colloidal solution and the oil absorbent resin emulsion. The self-assembly characteristics of graphene oxide in hydrothermal treatment resulted in the formation of 3D porous structure for G-OAR aerogel. The component, morphology and hydrophobicity of G-OAR aerogel were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and contact angle, and its absorption capacities to different kinds of organic solvents and oils were also been investigated. The results indicate that the absorption capacities of G-OAR aerogel reach up to 40-50 g/g for low density organic solvents, like acetone, anhydrous alcohol, cyclohexane, toluene, ethyl acetate and diesel. The absorption capacities are 80-90 g/g for high density and weak polarity organic solvents, like phenixin and castor oil. The good oil absorption property makes it show high potential in the application of wastewater treatment and oil leakage.

Oxidative drying properties of a helmet pentadentate phthalocyanine-derived iron(III) complex

The structure of a hexaisoindoline iron(III) complex reported in 1962 was corrected as the one of a recently described helmet phthalocyanine-like iron(III) complex. Accordingly, its catalytic activities were compared to commercial Co(II) and Fe(II) driers towards the oxidation of bulk FAMEs through oxygen uptake measurements and by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, as well as its ability to decompose methyl linoleate hydroperoxides. It is shown that the phthalocyanine-like iron(III) complex presents higher catalytic performances at low concentrations and under mild conditions of temperature and pressure, both on the overall oxidation process and on the decomposition steps of the drying chemical process. The efficiency of the phthalocyanine-derived iron(III) complex was confirmed by the drying of an alkyd resin emulsion and a satin white paint formulation which exhibits a very good hardness and a low yellowing of the film.

Development of shrink resistance cotton using fluorocarbon

An attempt has been made to develop shrink resistance cotton textile by making it hydrophobic. The cotton fabric was made hydrophobic by treating with fluorocarbon resin emulsion at varying concentrations along with catalyst. The hydrophobicity was measured by carrying out water repellency test and also determining the water contact angle. The air permeability of cotton fabric was also determined and was not adversely affected. The untreated and treated cotton fabric was subjected to repeated domestic laundry condition and shrinkage was measured. In order to determine the impact of fluorocarbon treatment on fabric, the physical properties of treated and untreated cotton fabrics were compared. No adverse impact was observed in colour fastness properties. The tensile and tear strength showed good retention even at higher concentration of water repellent chemicals. This work finds wide use in home textiles and hotel industry. This work is of industrial interest as value added shrink resistance cotton textiles can fetch more export earnings.

UTILIZATION OF PINUS RESINATED Oversize FIBERS IN PRODUCTION OF PARTICLEBOARDS

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of producing particleboard from oversize resin fibers in a reduced proportion of adhesive. It was used as raw material, oversize resin fibers discarded from the MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard) production process, flake particles of Pinus spp. derived from an MDP (Medium Density Particleboard) company’s chipper and adhesive formed by the urea-formaldehyde resin and paraffin emulsion. The experiment consisted of five treatments, mixing particles and fibers in different proportions (100: 0%; 75: 25%; 50: 50%; 25: 75%; 0: 100%). Three panels were produced per treatment, with nominal density of 650 kg.m-3, 8% resin and pressing cycle of 160ºC, 40 kgf.cm-2 for 8 minutes. The properties of the panels were evaluated by the procedures described in ASTM D-1047 (1993), DIN 53362 (1982) and ABNT / NBR 14810 (2013). The results showed that oversize resin fibers have potential for use in the sector, especially in quantities above 75%, a fact that was evidenced by the values found for dimensional stability and strength/stiffness. For internal adhesion, the increase in the number of fibers above 25% was not significant.

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Epoxy Resin Enhanced Oil-Well Cement Stone

To adequately understand the waterborne epoxy resin and enhance the compressive, tensile strength of oil-well cement stone, the cement composite materials were prepared with different addition of waterborne epoxy resin, and the specimens were cured for 3days, 7 days, 14days, 28days at 50°C thermostatic water bath to test the compressive strength and tensile strength, respectively. The results showed when the content of resin emulsion is 30%, the compressive strength and tensile strength of the cement are increased by 303.09% and 306.04% compared with pure cement, respectively. Obviously, in the mechanical performance testing, oil-well cement stone modified by waterborne epoxy resin have been significantly improved compared with the pure cement. To explore the enhanced microstructure of oil-well cement modified with waterborne epoxy resin, the cement specimens were prepared with 30% waterborne epoxy resin analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

High density and high strength cement-based mortar by modification with epoxy resin emulsion

The HDHS (high dense and high strength) cement-based paste and mortar were designed based on the densest packing model determined by Dinger-Funk equation. The HDHS cement-based paste was modified by adding different contents of epoxy resin emulsion (ERE) and curing agent (CA). The influences of the degree of packing densification on the pore structure and mechanical strength of the HDHS cement-based paste were investigated. The hydration process of the modified HDHS cement-based paste, pore structure and mechanical properties of the modified HDHS cement-based mortar were researched. The results show that the compressive strength of the HDHS cement-based paste firstly increases and then decreases with the decrease of the Euclidean distance. The compressive strength reaches the maximum value of 123.4 MPa while the porosity is 10.15% at the Euclidean distance of 64.30. It is also found that the hydration of the modified HDHS cement-based paste can be divided into four stages based on the normalized heat flow. The influence of the polymer (ERE and CA) on the hydration is different at every stage. The adding of polymer reduces the compressive and flexural strength but increases the bonding strength of modified HDHS cement-based mortar. When the P/C (polymer/cement-based powders, wt.%) ratio is 12.5% and the CA/ERE ratio (wt.%) is 0.5, the compressive strength is still above 75 MPa and the bonding strength obtains the maximum of 2.65 MPa while the porosity is just 7.74%.

Business Roundup

BUSINESS Business Roundup ShareShare onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail C&EN, 2018, 96 (41), p 17October 15, 2018Cite this:C&EN 96, 41, 17AbstractPerstorp, a Swedish chemicals group, says it will effectively double production of pentaerythritol tetravalerate, a phthalate-free polyester plasticizer, to 50,000 metric tons per year during 2019. To achieve this capacity hike, Perstorp says it has entered into a long-term production agreement with Italian producer Alcoplast. Arkema plans to increase alkyd emulsion resins capacity at its Grand Rapids, Mich., facility by June 2019. The increase will support customer demand for solvent-free waterborne coatings that perform like traditional solvent-based products, the firm says. Cabot Corp. has received $2.9 million to research low-cobalt lithium-ion battery cathodes from the U.S. Department of Energy. Cabot is partnering with Argonne National Laboratory and battery maker Saft to advance the project. Evotec has struck a new three-year drug discovery initiative with Sanofi called LAB031. In the arrangement, Evotec will collaborate with academic researchers to develop small-molecule programs through lead optimization, and Sanofi has the option to acquireView: PDF | Full Text HTML

AGING OF WATERBORNE PAINT BASED ON THE ACRYLIC RESIN EMULSION AND ORGANIC PIGMENT

Aging of waterborne paint on the base of acrylic resin emulsion with and without green Luconyl have been investigated by general appearance assessment, adhesion change, FT-IR and discoloration. The obtained results showed that the both of paint-formulas coatings had no cracks, blisters, flacks and there was no change of adhesion during the aging process. However, IR analysis indicated that there were some changes in chemical structures of coating with and without Green Luconyl during aging process. To specify, IR spectrums of initial and aged coating no containing Green Luconyl illustrated aging process led content of O-H and C=C increased significantly but baseline of spectra was fairly unchanged. For coating filled Green Luconyl, IR spectrums’ shape was fairly stable but baseline saw a clear reduce during accelerated weather exposure. Moreover, SEM images indicated that surfaces morphology of samples changed differently depending on in presence of organic pigment. Surface of aged coating without Luconyl saw rougher than surface of coating with Luconyl after aging process. Hence, the weather aging test had more significant influence on paint coating in absence of Luconyl than paint coating in presence of Luconyl. It was explained that the macroradical produced in aging process would attack into conjugated double bonds of Luconyl instead of double bonds of AC-261 leading to aged coating filled Luconyl become more opaque than initial while coating no filled Luconyl had significant changes in chemical structure during aging process. Although this was a hypothesis, it saw a suitable with the obtained results. The paint coating in presence of Luconyl illustrated significant color change, especially, showed the loss of green color while the other paint coating showed slight color change.