Resilient Modulus Research Articles

Evaluation of Gradation and Stress State Effects on the Resilient Modulus of Crushed Aggregate Materials

Resilient modulus is a key mechanical parameter for unbound granular base materials. To evaluate gradation effects on the resilient modulus of crushed aggregate materials, the present study conducted laboratory resilient modulus tests on two categories of crushed aggregate materials with seven different gradations. A multi-factor sensitivity analysis was performed on test results and found that the confining pressure and axial stress yield a more significant impact on resilient modulus than the gradation. Different material gradations can yield an average impact of 8%, with a maximum of 21%, and show increased sensitivity with aggregate gradation becoming finer.

Optimizing recycled asphalt mixtures with zeolite, cottonseed oil, and varied RAP content for enhanced performance and circular economy impact

The pavement industry has been increasingly encouraged to adopt a more circular approach, associating economic development with a more responsible use of natural resources, due to the significant impacts that its activities impose, particularly on the environment and financial resources. One practice aligned with the circular economy trend is the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures. Several methods have been adopted to increase the amount of RAP without compromising the mechanical performance of recycled asphalt mixtures, with particular emphasis on warm mix additives and animal and vegetable oils. In this study, the incorporation of zeolite and cottonseed oil in different proportions in these mixtures was evaluated. Blending charts were used to establish the maximum recycling rates based on the critical temperatures of bio-binders formulated with cottonseed oil. For this research, two sets of recycled asphalt mixtures were analyzed: one with 15 %, 25 %, and 33 % RAP, containing 4 %, 6 %, and 10 % cottonseed oil, respectively, and another with 15 %, 25 %, and 33 % RAP, containing 0.3 % zeolite. The mixtures were evaluated for both mechanical performance and circularity aspects through an integrated analysis of mechanical properties (tensile strength, resilient modulus, moisture damage, Cantabro abrasion, flow number, fatigue life) and the Mixture Circularity Index (MCIRAM). All recycled mixtures, regardless of the type of additive, demonstrated satisfactory mechanical performance in all tests conducted. The integrated analysis of mechanical and circularity dimensions identified that the recycled asphalt mixture containing 0.3 % zeolite and 25 % RAP is the most advantageous, as it met the mechanical criteria and exhibited good environmental performance. Among the mixtures with bio-binder, the combination containing 33 % RAP and 10 % cottonseed oil exhibited superior mechanical performance and demonstrated greater circularity.

Resilient Modulus of Compacted Granular and Lateritic Materials Used as Base Layers for Flexible Pavements in West Africa

The objective of the study is to synthesize resilient modulus data available in Senegal and to propose linear and nonlinear elasticity parameters, which can be used directly for the design of flexible pavements in west Africa. The materials tested are unbound aggregates of basalt and quartzite and gravel lateritic soil from Senegal and Burkina Faso. The Repeated Load Triaxial device is used according to French and American procedures to measure resilient modulus. Different models of the resilient modulus are used to determine the parameters of the nonlinear models and the summary and/or characteristic resilient modulus used in the elastic linear calculation. For the nonlinear calculation, the parameters of the models of Seed et al. (1967), NCHRP (2004) and Boyce (1980) are determined. For the linear elasticity calculation, at the optimum water content and at the dry density of 95% of its maximum value, a maximum modulus of between 300 and 350 MPa is proposed for laterites in the base layer. Values ​​of 220 MPa and 150 MPa are proposed for basalt and quartzite respectively. The moduli obtained are not correlated to the CBR values of the materials. A strong variability in the modulus of laterites is also noted, contrary to the modulus of unbound aggregates. Laterites sometimes have higher modulus than unbound aggregates due to cohesion, but they are more sensitive to water. We recommend that unbound materials (untreated gravels and laterites) be compacted in situ to 97% of the maximum dry density and, for laterite, to the optimal water content -1.5 but also to ensure a good waterproofing and good drainage of the structure. Keywords: Resilient modulus; unbound aggregates; gravel lateritic soil; West Africa.

Dynamic behaviour of oyster shell powder-modified expansive soil under cyclic loading

This paper systematically studies the dynamic mechanical properties of oyster shell powder (OSP)-modified expansive soil under simulated train loads. A GDS dynamic triaxial test system was used in the study. The axial cumulative strain development and hysteresis curve characteristics of expansive soil with different oyster shell powder particle sizes (dosp=0–0.075 mm, 0.075–0.15 mm, 0.15–0.25 mm, 0.25–0.5 mm, 0.5–1.0 mm, 1.0–2.0 mm), dosages (Fosp=0 %, 3 %, 6 %, 9 %) and cyclic stress ratios (CSR=0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.275, 0.3) were studied. The results show that when dosp< 0.5 mm, the axial cumulative strain, damping ratio and dynamic resilient modulus of the modified soil are significantly improved with increasing oyster shell powder content; when Fosp= 9 % and dosp< 0.5 mm, the dynamic performance of the modified soil is similar. When Fosp= 9% and dosp= 0.25–0.5 mm, compared with plain soil, the axial cumulative strain decreases by 37.3 %, the damping ratio decreases by 39 %, and the dynamic elastic modulus increases by 29.9 % after 200,000 cycles. When dosp> 0.5 mm, the performance of each dynamic performance index of the modified soil deteriorates compared with that of the plain soil, and the deterioration effect is more significant with increasing oyster shell powder content and particle size. When oyster shell powder-modified soil is used as a subgrade filler for a ballasted track railway with a design speed below 200 km/h, it is recommended to control the content of oyster shell powder as Fosp= 9 % and the particle size of oyster shell powder as dosp= 0.25–0.5 mm. At this time, from the perspective of controlling the postconstruction settlement of the railway subgrade, the cyclic stress ratio CSR should be controlled below 0.2.

Influence of Carbide Slag Stabilization on the Short-Term and Long-Term Resilient Modulus of Clayey Subgrade

Influence of Carbide Slag Stabilization on the Short-Term and Long-Term Resilient Modulus of Clayey Subgrade

Stiffness, rutting, and fatigue performance evaluation of cement-natural rubber latex stabilized recycled concrete aggregate

ABSTRACT The stiffness, rutting, and fatigue performance of cement-natural rubber latex (NRL) stabilized recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) were evaluated under cyclic loading. The RCA was stabilized with 3% cement content and dry rubber content to cement (r/c) ratios at 5%, 10% and 15%. The performance evaluation was carried out through advanced experiments, including indirect tensile resilient modulus test, indirect tensile fatigue test, and rutting susceptibility test using a Hamburg wheel tracking device. The results indicated that the r/c ratio of 10% was optimum for cement-NRL stabilized RCA (3C10R-RCA), which exhibited the optimum performance in terms of permanent deformation, fatigue cracking, and rutting susceptibility. The indirect tensile fatigue life of 3C10R-RCA was found to be 79.3% greater than that of the 3% cement stabilized RCA (3C-RCA), while the rut depth of 3C10R-RCA was 8% lower. Although the resilient modulus value of 3C10R-RCA was slightly lower than that of 3C-RCA, the tensile permanent deformation was found to be lower, which is associated with the lower rut depth. As a result of the significant improvement in fatigue life and rutting performance, the resistance to fatigue cracking and premature failure of cement-NRL stabilized RCA were improved.

Using Cyclic CBR Method to Determine Resilient Modulus of Hydraulic Binder Stabilised Road Pavement Base Layers

The mechanistic-empirical (E-M) design of pavement structures requires knowledge of the elastic modulus of the layers comprising the structure. The necessary cyclic (dynamic) triaxial testing is expensive and cumbersome for low-volume forest and agricultural roads. Opiyo (1995) developed a method called cyclic CBR (cCBR) to determine the resilient modulus (Mr) of granular road construction materials using CBR testing equipment. The present study tested the cCBR method on silty, fine sand stabilised with lime and a lime-cement mixture. For the test, 24 test specimens were prepared by adding 3, 5 and 7% pure lime and a 70–30 lime-cement mixture at the targeted 8–23% water content. Three metrics were used to express the bearing capacity of the specimens: (1) the commonly used CBR% value, (2) the Mr value calculated as a function of load force and elastic deformation determined as a result of the cCBR test, and (3) the resilient modulus calculated from the CBR value. The experimental results showed that the initial water content had a greater effect on the bearing capacity than the binder dosage. The present study found the cCBR procedure to be feasible. The test results were converted to a resilient modulus value using the formula developed by Opiyo and Molenaar, respectively. The calculated resilient modulus values from the CBR value exhibited a wide variation. Uzan's formula provided similar results to those calculated by Molenaar's formula. A 250 m long experimental road section was also constructed to verify the laboratory data. Based on the laboratory tests, five different 50 m long stabilisation layers were built. The bearing capacity data measured with the handheld BC-1 LFWD and KUAB-FWD equipment verified Molenaar's formula.

Engineering properties-based parameters used for moisture damage evaluation of asphalt mixtures: a review

Moisture-induced damage has been known as a major premature distresses in asphalt pavement. Numerous review papers have been made to provide the progression in study on moisture damage of asphalt pavement. However, mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures used as a parameter for moisture susceptibility evaluation were not reviewed in detail. To make the review of moisture-induced damage in asphalt pavement more comprehensive, this paper reviews research studies on moisture damage of asphalt pavement in view of mechanical properties as a parameter during the past 50 years. These parameters include tensile strength ratio (TSR), cohesion ratio (CR), dynamic modulus ratio (DMR), resilient modulus ratio (RMR), and shear strength ratio (SSR). TSR and CR are only relevant at bottom of asphalt concrete (AC), while SSR can be used to describe moisture damage at different AC depths. DMR and RMR are concentrated on the impact of moisture damage via performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures.

Characterization of Recycled Aggregates in Existing Pavement Base Layers

ABSTRACT The use of recycled pavement materials in transportation infrastructure projects has contributed positively to maintaining a sustainable flow of construction materials and sources. Geotechnical properties of recycled pavement materials play a major role in the suitability of such materials for use in civil infrastructure. This study aimed at evaluating the properties of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) used as base layer materials in existing hot mix asphalt pavements (with service life of more than 8 years) and comparing them with virgin crushed aggregate (CA) base materials of similar service life. Coring of flexible pavement surface layers at 18 pavement sites was performed to expose the base course layer materials for sampling and testing. Then, the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) test was conducted in which the cone penetrated through base layers to the subgrade when possible. Thereafter, base materials were retrieved from the pavement sites for laboratory testing and evaluation. Laboratory tests consisted of particle size analysis, specific gravity and absorption, and Micro-Deval abrasion. Analysis of the particle size distribution showed the presence of high sand size fractions in both RCA and RAP base materials compared with virgin CA base materials. This indicated the recycled materials were crushed/milled to smaller size fractions or degraded under freeze-thaw cycles and traffic loads during the pavement’s service life, or both. The RCA base materials exhibited the highest absorption and mass loss in the Micro-Deval test. The DCP test results were used to predict California bearing ratio (CBR) and resilient modulus (Mr) of base materials. The predicted CBR and resilient modulus of the recycled base materials showed that RCA, RAP, and CA all had comparable strength and modulus values that were high. The investigated recycled RCA and RAP aggregates possessed properties that are comparable with the properties of the virgin CA.

Mechanical properties of unbound limestone aggregates replaced by recycled glass aggregate for pavement in Canada/Quebec

This study investigated the use of recycled glass aggregate (RG) as unbound base/subbase material. The experimental tests included compaction, Los Angeles, Micro-Deval, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests. In this regard, a fine proportion of course limestone aggregate (MG20) was replaced by RG with size ranging from 0 to 5 mm based on the volumetric method. Adding RG to the coarse aggregate improved durability in wet conditions, which is more representative of the field condition of Canada/Quebec, but decreased in dry conditions. CBR values decreased with increasing RG inclusion, but all blends with 0%–100% RG in the fine fraction of MG20 met minimum requirements for unbound granular layers in Quebec. A simple model predicting the resilient modulus values of these materials based on CBR values at different stress levels was suggested. This equation estimates Mr values of various aggregate-RG blends under a wide range of mean stresses based on their CBR values.

Laboratory Evaluation of Porous Asphalt Mixtures with Cellulose Ash or Combustion Soot as a Filler Replacement

Porous asphalt (PA) mixtures have become a common and very useful pavement technology for preventing dangerous driving conditions in wet weather and as a permeable surface in permeable pavement systems due to their capacity to filter water. The increased social awareness of sustainability matters has expanded the interest in reducing the impact of construction materials on the environment, mainly by using recycled materials in their composition and, hence, reducing the depletion of raw materials. In this research, two innovative recycled filler materials, namely, cellulose ash (CA) and combustion soot (CS), have been used as a total filler replacement in PA mixtures to look for improved mechanical strengths and characteristics. Four different filler dosages were assessed for each filler material, and the produced PA mixtures were tested for their particle loss, water sensitivity, freeze–thaw durability, Marshall stability, resilient modulus and permeability in order to obtain a full picture of their performance. The obtained results showed that both filler materials, adequately dosed, can generate PA mixtures that significantly overcome reference mechanical values for PA mixtures that maintain adequate infiltration capacities to satisfy the main international standards, proving to be suitable replacements for conventional filler materials commonly used in asphalt mixture production.

Discrete element modelling of the effects of particle angularity on the deformation and degradation behaviour of railway ballast

Railroad ballast exhibits distinct morphological characteristics represented by shape irregularity, corner angularity, and surface texture. Upon repeated train loading, the morphology of ballast undergoes inevitable degradation, particularly in terms of its corner sharpness, which can affect track performance and even pose a substantial threat to operational safety. These aspects have rarely been captured insightfully in most DEM studies on ballast. In contrast, this study examines the influence of particle angularity on the deformation and degradation behaviour of railway ballast upon repeated loading using the discrete element method (DEM). The angularity of ballast particles is captured and quantified using the CT scanning technology in conjunction with an image-based processing strategy, after which the irregularly shaped particles are reconstructed in the DEM. In this numerical procedure, aggregates with varying angularities are created by incorporating a particle degradation subroutine to capture corner abrasion and surface attrition of ballast to mimick real-life field processes. The macro-response of a typical ballasted track subjected to cyclic rail loading is investigated, and the results show that as the angularity increases, the permanent deformation of the track corresponds to a lower permanent strain rate and a higher resilient modulus. However, the opposite behaviour is observed if excessive breakage of the aggregates occurs that reduces the angularity of the individual particles. In this study, detailed microscopic analysis based on DEM in terms of interparticle interaction and associated vibration velocity has also been performed. The results offer distinct clarity to the essential micro-mechanisms embracing particle angularity, and the accompanying influence on the deformation and degradation characteristics of ballast is elucidated with greater insight.

Utilization of Micronized Polyethylene Terephthalate (MPET) as a Filler in Asphalt Pavement

Nowadays, plastic pollution is one of the most critical issues related to sustainability development that need to be solved. Studies indicated that addition of certain amount of recycled plastic from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in asphalt mixture has improved the engineering properties such as marshall stability, moisture resistance, rutting and fatigue resistance. However,the main challenge of direct incorporation of recycled plastic in binder is the thermal incompatibility of two phases which are glass transition and melting temperature.Previous research findings indicated that reduction in particles diameter to micro scale would decrease the PET melting point. Hence, this study investigates the potential of micronized PET from recycled plastic bottle as filler in asphalt pavement. Micronization process at laboratory was carried out to determine the appropriate method prior incorporating it into asphalt mixture. The micronized size of PET incorporated at 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% by weight of filler is then evaluated for its volumetric properties,mechanical, and adhesion properties. The results showed that the volumetric properties of the asphalt were affected by the presence of micronized PET. The mechanical properties in terms of Resilient Modulus and Indirect Tensile Strength showed increment with addition of micronized PET. Similar trend also observed on adhesion properties. Hence, the findings indicated the potential of utilizing the recycled MPET for local road construction.

Monotonic and cyclic triaxial testing of untreated and polyurethane-treated soil and soil–rubber mixtures

The present research focuses on developing alternate sustainable base materials for a high-speed slab track. In this study, a series of monotonic triaxial, cyclic triaxial and permeability tests were conducted on four types of materials, viz. mix-A (gravel soil), mix-B (soil mixed with rubber), mix-C (polyurethane foam adhesive (PFA)-treated soil), and mix-D (PFA-treated soil–rubber mixture). The influence of cyclic loading frequency, effective confining pressure, drainage condition and relative density on the deformation, excess pore water pressure, resilient modulus and damping ratio of these different mixes is evaluated. The monotonic triaxial test results indicate that the PFA treatment of mix-A and mix-B increased their shear strength and critical state strength. In contrast, incorporating rubber into mix-A and mix-C helped enhance their ductility. The cyclic triaxial test results show that the PFA treatment of mix-A and mix-B significantly reduced the magnitude of deformation and generation of excess pore water pressure, which caused these untreated mixes to fail prematurely under lower confinement to which a typical base layer is subjected. The influence of cyclic loading frequency and effective confining pressure on the material's response differed for untreated and treated soil. The permeability test results indicate good drainage for mix-D comparable to mix-A.

Research on Resilient Modulus Prediction Model and Equivalence Analysis for Polymer Reinforced Subgrade Soil under Dry-Wet Cycle.

The subgrade soil of asphalt pavement is significantly susceptible to changes in moisture content, and therefore many projects introduce polymer-based reinforcement to ensure soil performance. This paper aims to incorporate a variable representing the dry-wet cycle into the prediction model of resilient modulus of polymer reinforced soil. The polymer adopted is a self-developed subgrade soil solidification material consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyvinyl oxide. The current resilient modulus prediction model is improved, notably involving the effects of the dry-wet cycle. Combined with finite element method (FEM) analysis, the actual stress state of pavement and the coupling effect of dry-wet cycle and vehicle load on the resilient modulus are studied. The deterioration in resilient modulus with the variation in seasonal climate and load response is also investigated. Results show that the deviator stress is negatively correlated with the resilient modulus while the bulk stress has a linearly positive relation. The decreasing rate at low deviator stress is larger than that at the high level. Moreover, the dry-wet cycle can reduce the resilient modulus and the reducing amplitude is the largest at the first dry-wet cycle. FEM analysis shows that the middle position of the subgrade slope has the largest initial resilient modulus with decreasing amplitude in the first year of dry-wet cycles, while the upper position shows a smaller change. The variation in resilient modulus is closely related to the changes in cumulative volumetric water content. Considering that different positions of subgrade bear the external vehicle load, the equivalent resilient modulus is more realistic for guiding the subgrade design.

Effects of asphalt binder type, aggregate type, and gradation characteristics on fracture properties and performance of asphalt mixtures at intermediate temperatures

This study aimed to design and evaluate asphalt mixtures by considering various factors including different binders, aggregate types, and gradation characteristics of the fine portion of mixtures, referred to as the interstitial component (IC). The mixtures were compacted to 93% of maximum theoretical density to prepare specimens for Superpave IDT tests, which included resilient modulus, creep compliance, and fracture tests. Parameters such as failure limit (fracture energy), damage rate (dissipated creep strain energy per cycle), and the relative cracking performance indicator (number of cycles to failure) were assessed for test specimens subjected to the long-term oven aging and the cyclic pore pressure conditioning. The results showed that mixtures with styrene–butadiene–styrene modified binders exhibited slightly higher failure limits but significantly lower damage rates compared to mixtures with unmodified binders, indicating improved cracking performance. Similarly, the limestone mixtures demonstrated equivalent failure limit but much lower damage rate to the granite mixtures, attributed to the porous surface morphology and inherent weakness of limestone aggregates. Notably, even small changes in the IC characteristics of the mixtures yielded substantial differences in fracture properties and performance, a phenomenon believed to be linked to the distribution of asphalt binder and the structure of air voids within the mixture. In conclusion, a thorough examination confirmed the impact of polymer modification and aggregate type on fracture properties and, notably, highlighted the pivotal role of the fine portion's characteristics in determining mixture cracking performance.

Mechanical behavior of construction and demolition waste as pavement materials: Influence of mix composition and compaction conditions

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is heterogeneous and construction aspects affect their performance. Aiming at better understanding CDW and providing data for rational pavement design, this study examines factors influencing CDW mechanical behavior for base and sub-base layers. CDW materials from three sources were evaluated using shear strength and resilient modulus tests. Results indicate that CDW composition affects the mechanical behavior, especially ceramic particles, which easily break and increases deformability. Proper construction (wetting process, compaction method, relative compaction), and composition selection (chemical stabilization and increased concrete particles content) enhance CDW performance. These factors collectively affect CDW behavior and must be considered in pavement design.

Reinforcement of Silty Soil via Regenerated Fiber Polymer: A Study on Microscopic Mechanisms.

Utilizing regenerated polyester fibers (RPFs) for the reinforcement of silty road bases not only enhances the soil's engineering performance but also offers a sustainable method for repurposing waste polyester bottles. To investigate the engineering properties and microscopic behaviors of this reinforced silty soil, a series of extensive physico-mechanical tests were conducted, supplemented by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. These evaluations focused on the influence of variables such as fiber content, fiber length, moisture content, and curing duration on the modified soil's performance. The fiber content of the test was 0-1%, and the fiber length was 6-17 mm. The results indicate that curing age had a less significant impact on liquid and plastic limits than the addition of fiber, along with a marginal decline in the plasticity index over time. The rate of shrinkage in the unmodified soil was between 1.04 and 1.45 times higher than that in the fiber-reinforced soil, indicating effective shrinkage control by the fibers. However, variations in maximum dry density (ρdmax) were insignificant across different fiber contents, while a slight increase was observed in the optimum moisture content (OMC) as fiber dosage increased. After a 28-day curing period, the resilient modulus and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) met highway road base design standards. A decline in unconfined compressive strength was noted when the fiber dosage exceeded 0.2%. The addition of fibers mitigated diagonal cracking and shifted the failure pattern towards a more ductile mode. This research contributes scientific insights for the broader application and promotion of silty road base improvement techniques using RPFs.

Resilient response and strength of highly expansive clay subgrade stabilized with recycled concrete aggregate and granulated blast furnace slag

In urban areas, due to urban development and lack of space, roads may be built on the expansive clay subgrade. Expansive clay soils increase in volume when in contact with water and shrink by losing water. Recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) are one of the components of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes that can be used instead of natural resources in road construction projects. In this research, a combined method of mechanical and chemical stabilization was used to evaluate the use of RCA as a mechanical stabilizer and granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) as a chemical stabilizer to improve the strength and resilience characteristics of expansive clay subgrade. Laboratory results showed that adding RCA wastes to expansive clay subgrade reduced atterberg limits (LL, PL, and PI) and optimum water content (OWC) and increased the maximum dry density (MDD), California bearing ratio (CBR), and uniaxial compression strength (UCS). Expansive clay subgrade with 20 % RCA was treated with GBS chemical stabilizer in order to achieve a minimum 7 days target strength of 1.7 MPa for subbase application. A series of repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests were performed according to the AASHTO T307 procedure and resilient modulus (Mr) values of the stabilized clay subgrade specimen were evaluated at different curing times under cyclic loading. Also, the proposed Mechanistic-Empirical pavement design Guide (MEPDG) model was used to predict Mr values in different confining and deviator stresses which showed a good correlation with the measured Mr values. Finally, the improvement of the clay subgrade stabilized with RCA and GBS was also supported by SEM analysis. The results obtained from this research showed that the use of RCA, in addition to reducing disposed waste and environmental pollution, can improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of expansive clay Subgrade layers.

Impact of cementitious materials on the resilient modulus and damping ratio of weak subgrade

Pavement structures are constantly subjected to cyclic loadings. The resilient modulus and damping ratio are frequently used to evaluate the stress–strain relationships and energy dissipation for pavement subbase and subgrade. This paper presents an experimental study on the resilient modulus characterization, and damping ratio calculation for hydraulic road binder (HRB) treated weak subgrade soils. Results indicated that similar to General Use (GU) cement, HRB significantly enhanced the soil’s resilient modulus by increasing internal structural stability in cementitious treated soils. Using current stress-dominated constitutive models, a fair prediction can be achieved for GU- and HRB-treated soils, especially for lower MR values (<500 MPa). In addition, there is a concave downwards relationship between the damping ratio, total axial stress, and resilient modulus, respectively. Under repeated loading, higher energy dissipation for treated soils is anticipated within a certain range of axial stress levels.Furthermore, the mean resilient modulus of GU- and HRB-treated soils highly correlated with moisture content and with the actual content of cementitious materials: cement clinker and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) in the treated soils. Their contributions could be further quantified by efficiency factors. Overall, the outcomes of this study could be a reference for the future investigation and development of hydraulic road binders and contribute to the future substitute of conventional Portland cement in pavement engineering.