Pentachlorophenol Residues Research Articles

Critical body residues (CBRS): Applications in the assessment of pentachlorophenol toxicity to Eisenia fetida in artificial soil

Acute lethality tests were conducted using Eisenia fetida exposed to pentachlorophenol (PCP) in artificial soil. Mortalities were monitored intensively over the first 24 h, followed by observations every 48 h for the duration of the 28-day test. Toxicity curves were fitted to data using a one-compartment first-order kinetics model (1CFOK) to determine incipient lethal levels (ILLs). PCP residues were determined by gas chromatography after cryoextraction. The 1CFOK model provided a good fit to the observed data. Critical body residues (CBRs) ranged from 0.33 to 2.65 mmol PCP kg −1 wet wt, even though soil concentrations of PCP ranged over three orders of magnitude. The consistency of CBRs regardless of soil concentrations suggests that they may be a useful tool in assessing the toxicity of soil contaminants to earthworms.

Effects of a chromated-copper-arsenate wood preservative on the growth of a pentachlorophenol degrading bacterium

A chromated-copper-arsenate (CCA) wood preservative was tested for toxic effects on the growth of a bacterial culture (Flavobactenum sp. ATCC 53874) capable of biodegrading pentachlorophenol, another wood preservation chemical. Both a commercially available CCA preparation and a laboratory-prepared CCA solution were tested. Each had an inhibitory effect on the growth of Flavobacterium at diluted CCA levels as low as 1.0×10−4 to 1.0×10−5% wt vol−1. The commercial formulation was generally more toxic. EC50 values calculated after 96 hr of incubation were 1.2 ×10−4% wt vol−1 for the commercial material (containing 0.15/0.097/0.14 μg mL−1 of Cr/Cu/As, respectively) and 3.8×10−4% for the laboratory solution (containing 0.51/0.31/0.49 μg mL−1 of Cr/Cu/As, respectively). CCA toxicity increased during the first 7 to 8 days and then slowly decreased for the balance of the 21 day incubation period. Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol residues in contaminated soil will be negatively affected by the presence of CCA as a co-contaminant.

Determination of pentachlorophenol residues in wine and corks by solvent extraction methodology and specific gas chromatography detection

A gas chromatographic methodology with selective detection is presented for the analysis in wines and corks of pentachlorophenol residues, which are suspected to be the most likely precursors of some off-flavours described in several wine samples. After derivatisation, pentachlorophenol acetate residues were monitored by electrolytic conductivity detection and/or mass spectrometric detection in the selective ion mode at m/z 264 and 266. Recoveries varied from 80 to 96% for wine samples fortified with 5 to 100 μg l−1 and from 83 to 91% for corks (fortified at 25 to 100 μg kg−1). The proposed methodology allowed for a determination limit of μg l−1 for wine and 10 μg kg−1 for corks.

Residues of pentachlorophenol and other chlorinated contaminants in human tissues: Analysis by electron capture gas chromatography and electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry

Samples of human tissues including testes, kidneys, prostate glands, livers, and adipose tissues removed at autopsy were analyzed for pentachlorophenol (PCP) and nonachloro-2-phenoxyphenol (NCPP); the fat samples were also analyzed for other chlorinated contaminants. Electron capture gas chromatography was used to quantitate the residues after isolation and cleanup. Identity of the residues was confirmed by electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry. All tissues analyzed for PCP tested positive with a range from 0.007 ppm (microgram/g) in subcutaneous fat to 4.14 ppm in testis. Residues of NCPP were much lower, ranging from levels below the detection limit to 0.59 ppm in testis. The highest average residues, based on the lipid content of the tissue, of PCP (1.09 ppm) and of NCPP (0.19 ppm) were found in testis followed by kidney (0.95 ppm PCP), prostate (0.84 ppm PCP), and liver (0.59 ppm PCP). Residues of these chemicals in the adipose tissues were on the average about 40 times lower than the residues in the non-fatty tissues. Other chlorinated contaminants found in the subcutaneous fat included hexa-, hepta-, and octa-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins at sub-ppb levels and DDE averaging 2.47 ppm.

Effect of total body lipid on the toxicity and toxicokinetics of pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Juvenile rainbow trout were fed high fat (21%) or low fat (13%) practical diets for 11 wk in order to establish a significant difference in total body lipid; a difference of 3% was obtained. An acute lethality test (144 h) was performed on the two diet groups using pentachlorophenol (PCP). Elimination rate constants ( k 2) and acute lethality thresholds were estimated by fitting a one-compartment, first-order bioconcentration model to both the LC50/time data, and the time-to-death/water-concentration data. Estimates using these two methods were, respectively, 2.32 and 2.29 d −1 for the high fat treatment, and 2.84 and 2.66 d −1 for the low fat treatment. There was no significant difference in the resistance of fish to PCP due to lipid or weight as determined by a regression of time-to-death on these variables. Whole-body PCP levels, were measured in individual fish that died during the bioassay. Mean lethal body residues were found to range from 0.08 to 0.15 mmol PCP kg −1 and significant differences were found between both diet treatments and exposure concentrations. Analysis of covariance on the lethal residue data showed that lipid levels interacted significantly with exposure concentration, suggesting that the fish do not act as an ideal single compartment. Correction of PCP residues for fish lipid content showed that some of the variation in lethal body burdens could be accounted for by lipid content. In fish which survived the lethality bioassay at 91 μg 1 −1, lipid levels were significantly decreased compared to initial levels. At the 91 1 −1 μg exposure concentration PCP residues were not correlated with the body lipid content.

Pentachlorophenol Residues in Porcine Tissue Following Preslaughter Exposure to Treated Wood Shavings

Sixty market hogs originating from one producer and finished in a concrete and steel facility were divided into two groups of 30 and housed for approximately 60 h on either straw (control group) or pentachlorophenol (PCP) treated wood shavings (test group). Feed, straw, and shavings were analyzed for PCP residues. Both feed and straw yielded nondetectable levels of PCP residues, while shavings ranged from 0.03 to 12.0 ppm.The hogs were shipped to slaughter without bedding, and liver, fat and muscle (muscle from the test group only) samples were collected postmortem. The mean level of PCP residue in control (straw) hog livers was 0.037 ppm, while that of livers of hogs bedded with contaminated shavings was 0.342 ppm, a highly significant difference. The t-value using Welch's approximation equalled 9.77 using 28.5 degrees of freedom, indicating the mean PCP residue level was higher for the treated than the control group at a 0.01% level of significance.

The interrelationship between biological effects and the persistence of pentachlorophenol and HgCl2in various soils

Biodegradation and the effects on soil microflora were investigated for pentachlorophenol (PCP) and HgCl2 in the laboratory for 90 days and 3 different soils. For both biocides, total residues decreased during the experimental time. The time‐course of damage to the soil microflora did not follow the time‐course of dissipation of the residues. The damages caused in soils with low content of organic matter were larger than in soils with high content of organic matter. Application of different initial concentrations of the biocides shows a significant positive correlation between initial concentrations and biological effects. Soil containing bound residues of PCP, when amended with fresh soil, showed only a significant decrease in ATP content at the highest concentration level; soil respiration, heat output and FDA hydrolysis were not significantly affected.

Determination of Pentachlorophenol Residues in Tallow by Quantitative TLC

Abstract A TLC method is described for screening and quantification of PCP in tallow. PCP is extracted and cleaned up by alumina column chromatography, and is determined by preadsorbent silica gel TLC with silver nitrate detection and densitometric scanning. The detection limit of the analysis was 0.50 ppm in tallow. Recoveries varied from 97.9 to 103% over the fortification range of 1 to 20 ppm. The CV of the analysis was 6.2% .

Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Animal Tissues: A Canadian Perspective

Analytical methods for pentachlorophenol (PCP) residues in edible animal tissue have been reviewed, with particular reference to gas chromatographic methods of analysis. Results of analyses demonstrate that significant residues of PCP can persist for several weeks in animals exposed to contaminated bedding. National surveys in Canada have found that the incidence of PCP residues in pork in excess of 0.1 ppm was reduced from 32% of survey samples in 1981-1982 to 6.6% of samples tested in 1987-1988. An interlaboratory sample exchange among Canadian laboratories demonstrated that the PCP analytical method currently used by Agriculture Canada could be successfully transferred to other laboratories. An exchange of samples between regulatory laboratories of Agriculture Canada and the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) demonstrated equivalency of results for the 2 methods currently used in the respective laboratories, with relative standard deviations for analytical results ranging from 4.4 to 22.2%.

Comparison of Leeches and Mussels as Biomonitors for Chlorophenol Pollution

Leeches were previously shown to have unusually high bioaccumulation capacities for chlorophenols (CPs) and have, therefore, been recommended as biomonitors for CP pollution. To determine whether leeches could survive on-site exposures in cages and to compare leeches and mussels as biomonitors for CPs, two field studies were conducted. CP residues in leeches ( Nephelopsis obscura) exposed for 3 weeks above and below a pulp mill complex on the Rainy River, Ontario, were compared with concentrations in resident mussels, while leeches and mussels ( Elliptio complanata) were directly compared to exposing them simultaneously in cages near a wood preserving plant on Thunder Bay Harbour. Survival of caged leeches in the Rainy River was excellent (77–87%), provided conductivity/alkalinity was within the tolerance range of the species. Leeches as far as 100 km downstream of the mills accumulated elevated levels of CPs (21–121 ng/g vs. 4–5 ng/g pre-exposure), with proportions of the various congeners reflecting those in mill effluent. Concentrations of CPs in mussels (<0.5–3.5 ng/g) were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than in leeches. Leeches in Thunder Bay Harbour accumulated four CPs, with concentrations of the dominant pentachlorophenol (PCP) ranging from 817–5,300 ng/g near the plant to 275–375 ng/g at 100 m, 55–85 ng/g at 300 m, and < 50 ng/g at 600 m beyond the discharges. In contrast, CPs were never detected in mussels from any site. Bioassays conducted on harbor sediment using fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas), burrowing mayflies ( Hexagenia limbata), and leeches demonstrated that uptake and toxicity decreased with increasing distance from the plant. At all sites, PCP residues were similar in field-and lab-exposed leeches. This study demonstrated that leeches are far superior to mussels as biomonitors for CPs, and that leeches can be successfully caged and used in routine monitoring where CP pollution is suspected.

Pentachlorophenol: health and environmental effects profile.

Pentachlorophenol is used as an industrial wood preservative for utility poles, crossarms, fence posts, and other purposes (79%);for NaPCP (12%); and miscellaneous, including mill uses, consumer wood preserving formulations and herbicide intermediate (9%) (CMR, 1980). As a wood preservative, pentachlorophenol acts as both a fungicide and insecticide (Freiter, 1978). The miscellaneous mill uses primarily involve the application of pentachlorophenol as a slime reducer in paper and pulp milling and may constitute ∼6% of the total annual consumption of pentachlorophenol (Crosby et al., 1981). Sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP) is also used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent (Freiter, 1978). Pentachlorophenol also is used as a general herbicide (Martin and Worthing, 1977).Photolysis and microbial degradation are the important chemical removal mechanisms for pentachlorophenol in water. In surface waters, pentachlorophenol photolyzes rapidly (ECETOC, 1984; Wong and Crosby. 1981; Zepp et al., 1984); however,...

Observations and assessment relating to incineration of chlorinated chemical wastes

Tests have been carried out on the chemical waste incinerator operated by Re-Chem International at Bonnybridge, Scotland, to determine whether any emissions of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) or polychlorodibenzofurans (PODF) occurred during incineration under typical conditions of certain organo-chlorine feedstocks. No detectable emissions of PCDDs or PCDFs were found during the incineration of 2,4,5-I esters, pentachlorophenol residues or PCB in liquid form. A just measurable amount of 2,3,7,8 TCDF was detected during the incineration of large intact capacitors and prior shredding, or puncturing, is preferred. The measured levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in soils collected in the vicinity of the Bonnybridge plant were found to be comparable to or less than those reported in urban or rural environments elsewhere. The reported detection of these compounds in a soil sample collected in 1877 suggests that they may be ubiquitous. It is demonstrated that cows grazing close to the Bonnybridge incinerator are unlikely to have suffered ill-effects from these emissions.

Analysis for nonextractable (bound) residues of pentachlorophenol in plant cells using a cell wall fractionation procedure

When plant cell cultures or aseptically grown wheat plants were treated with [ 14C]-pentachlorophenol (PCP) a major part of the label was found in a nonextractable or “bound” residue fraction. Soluble polar conjugates participated in the formation of these residues which were mainly located in the plant cell walls. By a sequential fractionation procedure using enzymatic and chemical methods, 90 to 95% of the bound radioactivity could be attributed to individual cell wall components. The 14C label from PCP was found mainly in hemicellulose, lignin, and protein fractions. Associations of hemicellulose with PCP derivatives with molecular weights up to 500,000 were purified to constant specific radioactivity. Hydrolysis of this fraction released 32% PCP and other unidentified products.

Gas chromatographic determination of pentachlorophenol in human blood and urine

The extraction, identification and quantification of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in human blood and urine are of great importance for monitoring human exposure to this environmental chemical. Although reports abound in the literature on PCP residues, toxicity and environmental fate, there is hardly any information on its existence in the developing tropical countries, particularly in Nigeria. There is therefore the need to survey the status of PCP in Nigerian environment with a view to establishing the potential health hazards resulting from its bioaccumulation. This paper reports a preliminary survey of the residue levels of PCP in human blood and urine of the general population in Bendel State of Nigeria.

Capillary Gas Chromatographic Determination of Pentachlorophenol Residues in Tallow Following Automated Gel Permeation Cleanup

Abstract A gas chromatographic method for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in tallow is described. Samples are melted and mixed with the solvent used for automated gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) cleanup. The methyl ether derivative of PCP is prepared by treating the appropriate GPC fraction with an ethereal solution of diazomethane. The extract is further cleaned up on Florisil, and the PCP methyl ether is easily identified and quantified by capillary column gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector. The detection limit was 0.001 ppm in tallow. Recoveries varied from 80 to 107% over the fortification range of 0.005–0.05 ppm. Capillary GC-high resolution mass spectrometry is used to confirm PCP methyl ether in the sample extract.

Detection and occurrence of pentachlorophenol residues in chicken liver and fat.

A method for the detection of pentachlorophenol (PCP) residues in chicken liver and fat is presented. A detection limit of 0.002 mg/kg was achieved. Recoveries from liver and fat were in the range 82-88% and 95-97%, respectively. Low level residues of PCP were found in all 1072 liver and 723 fat samples. These levels were less than 0.010 mg/kg in 92.7% of the fat and 75.6% of the livers. Only 0.75% of the liver samples had PCP levels greater than 0.1 mg/kg. None of the more toxic impurities of PCP were detected in the chicken tissues.

Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Pentachlorophenol in Broiler Chickens

Hubbard-Hubbard broiler chickens were fed graded levels (0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm) of pentachlorophenol (PCP) containing less than .0023% octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) for 8 weeks. Tissue samples for PCP, OCDD, and pentachloroanisole (PCA) were cleaned up via gel permeation chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography employing electron capture detection.Kidney weights were significantly increased by the 100 ppm and 1000 ppm PCP diet. Weights of all other organs including the body weights were significantly lowered by the 1000 ppm PCP diet. Except for the control group, histopathologic examination of the liver revealed bile duct proliferation and some fatty changes in all of the 6-week-old birds. Examination of the brain, liver, gizzard, pancreas, intestine, proventriculus, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart revealed no histopathological lesions in the treated or control birds.Significant linear relationships were found between PCP accumulation in tissues and the concentration of dietary PCP. Accumulation of PCP was greatest in the kidney followed by liver, heart, leg, breast, gizzard, and fat. The high residue levels in the kidney and liver may reflect principal routes of elimination and metabolism.Following a 5 week withdrawal of PCP from the diet, PCP residues were still present in the adipose tissue of all treated birds. Residue levels in the kidney and liver were reduced at the first and third week of withdrawal, but a continuous decline was interrupted by a slight elevation in residue level at the fifth week of withdrawal from the chemical.

Extraction of Pentachlorophenol and Tetrachlorophenol Residues from Field-Contaminated Carrots and Potatoes: Comparison of Several Methods

A number of solvent extraction systems were investigated for their efficiency in removing residues of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and tetrachlorophenol (TCP) from field-contaminated carrots and potatoes. Greatest numerical yields of PCP and TCP, for both carrots (9 and 5 ng/g, respectively) and potatoes (147 and 11 ng/g, respectively), were obtained by Soxhlet extraction with acidified acetone for 44 hr. Within the limits of experimental error, equivalent results could be obtained by using a 20 hr Soxhlet extraction with acidified acetone for carrots, and a 5 min blending with acidified acetone for potatoes. Extracts were reacted with diazoethane to form the ethyl ethers of PCP and TCP, followed by cleanup on a Florisil column. A gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with a 63Ni linearized electron capture detector was used for identification and quantitation.

Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and pentachlorophenol residues in milk and blood of cows fed technical pentachlorophenol.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and pentachlorophenol residues in milk and blood of cows fed technical pentachlorophenolDavid Firestone, Marion Clower Jr., Arnold P. Borsetti, Richard H. Teske, and Patricia E. LongCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1979, 27, 6, 1171–1177Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1979https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60226a075RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views126Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (777 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Studies on the uptake, metabolism, and disposition of pentachlorophenol and pentachloroanisole in rainbow trout

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and pentachloroanisole (PCA) were rapidly taken up by rainbow trout exposed to these compounds at 0.025 mg/liter in water. After exposure of trout to PCP for 24 hr, the liver, blood, fat, and muscle contained 16, 6.5, 6.0, and 1.0 μ g/g, respectively. The concentrations of PCA in the same tissues after an exposure to [ 14 C]PCA were of the same order of magnitude as was found with PCP except that fat contained as much as 80 μ g/g. Elimination rates for 14 C from the blood, muscle, fat, and liver after a similar exposure were different for PCA and PCP. The half-lives for PCP residues in the blood, liver, fat, and muscle were 6.2, 9.8, 23 and 6.9 hr, respectively, while PCA was more persistent having half-lives in these same tissues of 6.3, 6.9, 23, and 6.3 days. Thin-layer chromatographic and GC-MS analyses of the tissues of the PCP-exposed trout indicated that there was no methylation of PCP in any of the tissues studied. Bile from PCP-exposed trout contained high concentrations (250 μ g/g) of PCP, mostly as the glucuronide conjugate, but no other metabolites were detected. However, bile from PCA-exposed trout contained PCP glucuronide (10 μ g/g) as well as PCA, indicating demethylation of this compound in vivo by rainbow trout. Inclusion of 1 mg/liter of piperonyl butoxide in the PCA exposure system decreased the formation of PCP from PCA.