Residential Wastewater Research Articles

Valorization of Fish Processing by-Products: Biological and Functional Properties of Bioactive Peptides

Abstract Purpose of Review This review explores the potential of fish by-products as a source of bioactive peptides for the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Focusing on their diverse bioactive and functional properties, it offers insights into their industrial utilization, contributing to a better understanding of their applications. Recent Findings Fish processing by-products, including wastewater and solid residues, serve as valuable sources of bioactive peptides exhibiting a remarkable range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive properties. These peptides exhibit a wide range of functional properties, such as solubility, water holding, fat binding, foaming, and emulsifying capacities. Moreover, they show significant potential for various industrial applications. Summary Bioactive peptides derived from fish by-products are attracting interest in multiple industries due to their diverse biological activities and functional properties. These peptides have emerged as a valuable and largely untapped resource, as they can be extracted from underutilized, or waste materials generated during fish processing operations. Graphical Abstract

Residential Wastewater as a Major Source of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Municipal Wastewater

Residential Wastewater as a Major Source of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Municipal Wastewater

Rapid and simultaneous determination of ultratrace pefloxacin and fleroxacin residues in wastewater by Al3+ sensitized first derivative synchronous fluorescence spectrometry

In this study, a new first derivative synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (SFS) for the accurate and sensitive determination of pefloxacin (PFX) and fleroxacin (FLX) in wastewater was established. PFX and FLX were complexed with Al3+ to significantly enhance their fluorescence intensity. Because the conventional fluorescence spectra of PFX-Al3+ and FLX-Al3+ overlap significantly, the wavelength difference (Δλ = 155 nm) was chosen for SFS scanning to narrow spectral band. And the narrowed synchronous fluorescence spectra was subjected to first derivative processing. Finally, the zero intersections of the first derivative synchronous fluorescence spectra at 281.6 nm and 273.6 nm were chosen for the determination of PFX and FLX, cleverly used of spectral parameters to eliminate the serious interference between PFX-Al3+ and FLX-Al3+ and the interference of wastewater background. The limits of detection of PFX and FLX were 0.0086 ng·mL−1 and 0.0068 ng·mL−1 with linear ranges from 0.1–40 ng·mL−1 and 0.2–80 ng·mL−1, respectively. Recoveries of PFX and FLX in wastewater were 88.60 %–98.60 % and 90.00 %–95.60 %. The first derivative SFS established in this study used spectral separation instead of chromatographic separation, so that sample pretreatment was simple and the detection speed was fast. Compared the conventional method of HPLC, the test results of above two methods were close. And the new method had been successfully used for the determination of PFX and FLX residues in wastewater with good results. Therefore, the new first derivative SFS was expected to become a routine detection technology for PFX and FLX residues in wastewater and widely used.

Natural biocide-assisted ultrasonic disinfection of wastewater effluent following a response surface methodology approach

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in wastewater poses a significant threat to public health and the environment, necessitating more effective and sustainable disinfection methods. Ozonation and chlorination frequently fall short of eliminating these bacteria and can create toxic byproducts. This study introduces a novel disinfection strategy that combines ultrasonication with tea tree oil to target MDR bacteria in residential wastewater treatment systems, aiming to provide an eco-friendly, efficient, and scalable solution. The method harnesses tea tree oil's natural biocidal properties alongside the physical effects of ultrasonication, particularly acoustic cavitation, to enhance bacterial inactivation. Temperature, biocide dosage, and ultrasonication power were the three main factors that were optimized using response surface methodology. The system achieved a 2.2–2.4 log CFU/mL reduction of total bacteria in secondary effluent within 30 min and complete disinfection of modified effluent inoculated with high-strength MDR bacteria (6-log CFU/mL) in 50 min. Optimal conditions were 698.4 Watt power, 1.234 µl/mL tea tree oil, and 20.64 °C. Nucleic acid release and respiratory chain dehydrogenase inhibition indicated bacterial cell membrane rupture. Regrowth tests showed long-term effectiveness, with no bacterial colonies after three days. Using a natural biocide, the hybrid technique reduces operational costs and time, thus having commercial and environmental benefits. The capacity to remove MDR bacteria makes it an attractive contender for large-scale wastewater treatment.

Food Additives Derived from Fruits and Vegetables for Sustainable Animal Production and Their Impact in Latin America: An Alternative to the Use of Antibiotics.

The production of healthy animal-derived food entails the effective control of foodborne pathogens and strategies to mitigate microbial threats during rearing. Antibiotics have been traditionally employed in animal farming to manage bacterial infections. However, the prohibition of antibiotic growth promoters in livestock farming has brought significant changes in animal production practices. Although antibiotics are now restricted to treating and preventing bacterial infections, their overuse has caused serious public health issues, including antibiotic resistance and the presence of antibiotic residues in food and wastewater. Therefore, sustainable animal production is crucial in reducing the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Annually, 40-50% of fruit and vegetable production is discarded worldwide. These discards present significant potential for extracting value-added ingredients, which can reduce costs, decrease waste, and enhance the food economy. This review highlights the negative impacts of antibiotic use in livestock farming and stresses the importance of analyzing the challenges and safety concerns of extracting value-added ingredients from fruit and vegetable co-products at an industrial scale. It also explores the current trends in reducing antibiotic use in livestock, with a focus on Latin American contexts. Finally, the suitability of using value-added ingredients derived from fruit and vegetable co-products for animal feeds is also discussed.

Advanced activation of peroxymonosulfate by NiFe-LDH/CeO2 heterostructure photocatalysts toward medical wastewater remediation

The great harm of antibiotic residues in medical wastewater to the ecological environment and human health has become the focus of social attention. Herein, we designed a new peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation system by in-situ anchoring NiFe-LDH nanosheets into CeO2 (NFC) as a heterogeneous photocatalyst to degrade pollutants. The NFC/PMS/Vis system showed excellent and rapid degradation effect on tetracycline (TC) under the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and PMS activation, and the removal rate of TC was about 98.8 % within 40 min. The chemical compositions, microstructures, and optical properties of synthesized photocatalysts were studied by a series of characterization methods such as XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM and UV-DRS. The effects of various reaction systems and operating parameters such as initial concentration, catalyst dosage, and PMS concentration on the degradation efficiency of TC over optimized NFC-4 composite were investigated. The active species in the reaction system and the dominant SO4− were confirmed by quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements, and a plausible photocatalytic mechanism for PMS activation and pollutant remediation was further proposed.

Co-bioaugmentation with microalgae and probiotic bacteria: Sustainable solutions for upcycling of aquaculture wastewater and agricultural residues into microbial-rice bran complexes

Aquaculture farming generates a significant amount of wastewater, which has prompted the development of creative bioprocesses to improve wastewater treatment and bioresource recovery. One promising method of achieving these aims is to directly recycle pollutants into microbe-rice bran complexes, which is an economical and efficient technique for wastewater treatment that uses synergetic interactions between algae and bacteria. This study explores novel bioaugmentation as a promising strategy for efficiently forming microbial-rice bran complexes in unsterilized aquaculture wastewater enriched with agricultural residues (molasses and rice bran). Results found that rice bran serves a dual role, acting as both an alternative nutrient source and a biomass support for microalgae and bacteria. Co-bioaugmentation, involving the addition of probiotic bacteria (Bacillus syntrophic consortia) and microalgae consortiums (Tetradesmus dimorphus and Chlorella sp.) to an existing microbial community, led to a remarkable 5-fold increase in microbial-rice bran complex yields compared to the non-bioaugmentation approach. This method provided the most compact biofloc structure (0.50 g/L) and a large particle diameter (404 μm). Co-bioaugmentation significantly boosts the synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances, comprising proteins at 6.5 g/L and polysaccharides at 0.28 g/L. Chlorophyta, comprising 80% of the total algal phylum, and Proteobacteria, comprising 51% of the total bacterial phylum, are emerging as dominant species. These microorganisms play a crucial role in waste and wastewater treatment, as well as in the formation of microbial-rice bran complexes that could serve as an alternative aquaculture feed. This approach prompted changes in both microbial community structure and nutrient cycling processes, as well as water quality. These findings provide valuable insights into the transformative effects of bioaugmentation on the development of microbial-rice bran complexes, offering potential applications in bioprocesses for waste and wastewater management.

Paraben residues in wastewater and surface water: a case study of KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng provinces (South Africa) during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in environmental matrices is considered one of the major scientific concerns. Most of these substances are disposed of unchanged through wastewater treatment plants and sewage systems. Consequently, they are continuously introduced into the water systems and progressively contaminate surface, ground and drinking water. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of emerging contaminants including parabens were released to the environment through various routes. In this study, the occurrence of parabens (methylparaben (MePB), ethylparaben (EtPB), propylparaben (PrPB), and butylparaben (BuPB) was investigated in wastewater samples from various wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the receiving surface waters in KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng Provinces (South Africa).Methods: The samples were collected between October 2020 and December 2021, covering the 2nd, 3rd and 4th waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. A solid phase extraction protocol with high-performance liquid chromatography was used to extract and enrich parabens before analysis.Results and Discussion: Methylparaben (2.02–84.7 μg/L), EtPB (<0.24–24.8 μg/L), PrPB (<0.26–55.1 μg/L), and BuPB (<0.27–17.3 μg/L) were quantified in wastewater influent collected WWTPs of KwaZulu Natal Province. While <0.19–5.43 μg/L, <0.16–5.63 μg/L, <0.17–6.89 μg/L, and <0.19–5.32 μg/L for MePB, EtPB, PrPB, and BuPB, respectively, were quantified in effluent wastewater from the same province. The concentrations of MePB, EtPB, PrPB, and BuPB in influent wastewater from Gauteng Province were 2.58–123 μg/L, <0.24–33.6 μg/L, 3.77–73.4 μg/L and <0.27–85.8 μg/L, respectively. In effluent wastewater, concentrations ranging from 0.24–17.76 μg/L (MePB), <0.16–4.88 μg/L (EtPB), 0.69-12.5 μg/L (PrPB), and <0.19–4.726 μg/L (BuPB) were quantified. During the 4th wave, the concentrations of parabens in surface water were lower compared to the second and third waves of the pandemic. In general, the paraben residues in the surface of KwaZulu Natal Province (<0.08–16.4 μg/L) were higher than those in Gauteng Province (0.08-3.14 µg/L). Methylparaben and propylparaben were dominant in all investigated samples (wastewater and surface water), followed by ethylparaben. The ecotoxicological risk assessment was carried out for aquatic biota, which was estimated in terms of risk quotients (RQs). RQs for the target compounds in river water indicated that MePB and EtPB pose low risk, whereas PrPB and BuPB pose low to medium risk to aquatic organisms.

Review of Disposal Methods and Directions for the Use and Processing of Sewage Sediments

International expertise in the neutralization, recycling and use of municipal wastewater sedimentation is reviewed. Information is provided on the main areas of neutralization and disposal of wastewater residues used in Asian and European countries. Thermal disinfection of non-flammable components, foreign, harmful and dangerous substances of sewage sediment is proposed, during which the biocoke is formed. The possibility of using the biocoke as a safe organic fertilizer was noted.

A pioneering electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of nitrofurantoin and furazolidone residues in food and municipal wastewater samples

In this study, a pioneering electrochemical sensor was developed for simultaneously determining nitrofurantoin (NFT) and furazolidone (FZD) residues in food and municipal wastewater samples. The sensor was prepared by integrating gold‑silver-alloy nanocoral clusters (Au-Ag-ANCCs) with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), carbon paste electrode (CPE) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanocomposites. The surface morphology and elemental compositions of Au-Ag-ANCCs/ZnO-NPs-CPE/PEO were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, EIS, and CV. The sensor showed exceptional performance over a wide linear range, from 1.0 pM to 250 μM for NFT and 0.9 nM to 360 μM for FZD. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 0.26 pM and 0.88 pM for NFT and 0.023 pM and 0.076 pM for FZD, respectively. In addition, the sensor exhibited excellent repeatability, reproducibility, selectivity, and long-lasting stability. When applied to the detection of AZM and ENF residues in poultry, fish, honey, dairy products and municipal wastewater, it exhibited excellent recoveries of 96.3–102.8% and relative standard deviations between 1.87% and 1.53%. In general, the developed sensor represents a significant advance in the fight against antibiotic residue pollution.

Direct Upcycling of Degraded LiCoO2 Material Toward High‐Performance Single‐Crystal NCM Cathode

AbstractThe growing volume of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with degraded LiCoO2 (D‐LCO) cathodes is arising as an environmental concern as well as a waste of strategic resources. Current recycling strategies for D‐LCO materials primarily focus on metal extractions (Li and Co), which produce large quantities of wastewater and waste residues and consume substantial amounts of energy. Inspiringly, the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles has catalyzed the ever‐increasing production of LIBs with ternary layered oxides as the prevalent cathode materials. Herein, this work reports a simple, green, and economic upcycling strategy for direct transformation of D‐LCO into high‐performance single‐crystal LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM111) cathode materials. By simultaneous lithium replenishment, particle size reduction, and chemical composition engineering in the upcycling process, the NCM111 product delivers a high specific capacity (159.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C) and an excellent cycling stability (82.1% retention after 200 cycles at 1 C), outperforming those of commercial materials. This work highlights the immense potential of upcycling strategies in mitigating the environmental ramifications of spent LIBs and paves the way for the sustainable development of LIBs industry.

Towards Evidence-Based Food Safety Governance with Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) Technology in China.

Pesticide residues in food pose significant risks to public health and have long been a major concern in Chinese cities. The management of these risks is influenced by various factors, including the characteristics of responsible officials. This study tests the relationship between the levels of pesticide residues and the responsible officials' interdisciplinary backgrounds and their tenure cycles, which is crucial for improving food safety governance in Chinese cities. Based on wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and data from 32 Chinese cities, it was found that the interdisciplinary backgrounds of officials had a significant negative relationship with urban pesticide residues in wastewater, indicating that the interdisciplinary knowledge background or working experience of officials in food safety-related agencies was associated with the supervision and control of urban pesticide residues. This study also generated evidence-based knowledge on how to improve food safety through assigning younger and interdisciplinary officials to the responsible governmental agencies, where WBE is more likely to be adopted.

ANALISIS PERCEPATAN DEGRADASI POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) MENGGUNAKAN NITROGEN DAN PHOSPATE DENGAN INTERVAL WAKTU 10 DAN 20 HARI

Indonesia is one of the palm oil producing countries, The waste produced by palm oil is Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). POME is the residual waste water from palm oil waste in the form of a brownish viscous liquid containing water (95-96%), oil (0.6-0.7) and 4-5% total solids. Each production of 1 ton of TBS be formed. about 0.6 to 1 m3 POME. The purpose of this study was to measure the acceleration of POME biodegradation after the administration of various doses of Phosphate and Sampling technique using "times series Nitrogen by measuring the COD value against the length of incubation time. Sampling technique using "times series’. There was a decrease in the accelerated biodegradation of COD content at the highest dose ratio at N5:P3 with a value of 33.60%:19.20% after the addition of various nitrogen and phosphate dosage variants to the blank for 10 days. There was a decrease in the accelerated biodegradation of COD content at the highest dose ratio in N2:P4 with a value of 33.60%: 28.80% after the addition of various nitrogen and phosphate doses to the blank for 20 days. For other researchers, they can add various dose comparisons to continue the research that has been done previously to make it even better.

Development of a new synchronous fluorescence spectrometry combined with Al3+ sensitized for simultaneous and rapid determination of trace flumequine, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline hydrochloride residues in wastewater

Antibiotics are a new type of environmental pollutants. Due to its wide application in many fields, antibiotic residues are ubiquitous in the wastewater environments. Given their potential threat on water ecosystem functioning and public health, the detection of antibiotic residues in wastewater environments has become very necessary. Based on the complexation of Al3+ with flumequine (FLU), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX), their molecular conjugated area were increased and fluorescence intensity were enhanced, combined with synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (SFS) had good selectivity and high sensitivity, a novel method of Al3+ sensitized synchronous fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of FLU, CIP and DOX residues in wastewater was established. When the wavelength difference (Δλ) was selected 115.0 nm, synchronous fluorescence spectra of the three antibiotics could be well separated and the interference of wastewater matrix were eliminated primely. The new SFS made good use of spectral separation instead of conventional chemical separation, and the actual wastewater sample could be directly determined after simple filtration. The experiment results showed that the concentrations of FLU, CIP and DOX in the range of 0.5000–800.0 ng·mL-1, 0.5000–640.0 ng·mL-1 and 10.00–3500 ng·mL-1 had a good linear relationship with fluorescence intensity. The detection limits of three antibiotics were 0.02054 ng·mL-1, 0.03956 ng·mL-1 and 0.8524 ng·mL-1, respectively. Recovery rates of three antibiotics in wastewater samples were 90.72%-98.23%, 88.68%-95.08% and 85.94%-96.70%. The new SFS established in this experiment had the advantages of simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate and good selectivity. Simultaneous and rapid detection of FLU, CIP and DOX residues in wastewater was successfully realized. It had good application prospects in real-time water quality monitoring.

Quenching and enhancement mechanisms of a novel Cd-based coordination polymer as a multiresponsive fluorescent sensor for nitrobenzene and aniline

BackgroundNitroaromatic compounds are inherently hazardous and explosive, so convenient and rapid detection strategies are needed for the sake of human health and the environment. There is an urgent demand for chemical sensing materials that offer high sensitivity, operational simplicity, and recognizability to effectively monitor nitroaromatic residues in industrial wastewater. Despite its importance, the mechanisms underlying fluorescence quenching or enhancement in fluorescent sensing materials have not been extensively researched. The design and synthesis of multiresponsive fluorescent sensing materials have been a great challenge until now. ResultsIn this study, a one-dimensional Cd-based fluorescent porous coordination polymer (Cd–CIP-1) was synthesized using 5-(4-cyanobenzyl)isophthalic acid (5-H2CIP) and 4,4′-bis(1-imidazolyl)biphenyl (4,4′-bimp) and used for the selective detection of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution by fluorescence quenching, with a limit of detection of 1.38 × 10−8 mol L−1. The presence of aniline in the Cd–CIP-1 solution leads to the enhancement of fluorescence property. Density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory calculations were carried out to elucidate the mechanisms of the fluorescence changes. This study revealed that the specific pore size of Cd–CIP-1 facilitates analyte screening and enhances host-guest electron coupling. Furthermore, π–π interactions and hydrogen bond between Cd–CIP-1 and the analytes result in intermolecular orbital overlap and thereby boosting electron transfer efficiency. The different electron flow directions in NB@Cd–CIP-1 and ANI@Cd–CIP-1 lead to fluorescence quenching and enhancement. Significance and noveltyThe multiresponsive coordination polymer (Cd–CIP-1) can selectively detect nitrobenzene and recognize aniline in aqueous solutions. The mechanism of fluorescence quenching and enhancement has been thoroughly elucidated through a combination of density functional theory and experimental approaches. This study presents a promising strategy for the practical implementation of a multiresponsive fluorescent chemical sensor.

Sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an arid, urban, wastewater-dominated watershed

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) enter surface waters from various sources such as wastewater treatment plants, fire-fighting sites, and PFAS-producing and PFAS-using industries. The Las Vegas Wash in Southern Nevada of the United States (U.S.) conveys wastewater effluent from the Las Vegas metropolitan area to Lake Mead, a drinking water source for millions of people in the U.S. Southwest. PFAS have previously been detected in the Las Vegas Wash, but PFAS sources were not identified. In this study, upstream wash tributaries, wastewater treatment effluents, and shallow groundwater wells were sampled in multiple campaigns during dry-weather conditions to investigate possible PFAS sources. Out of 19 PFAS, two short-chain PFAS—perfluoropentanoic acid (48 % of the total molar concentration) and perfluorohexanoic acid (32 %)—comprised the majority of PFAS loading measured in the Las Vegas Wash, followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (9 %). On a mass loading basis, the majority of total measured PFAS (approximately 90 %) and at least 48 % of each specific PFAS in the Las Vegas Wash likely entered via municipal wastewater effluents, of which the main source was likely residential wastewater. One of the drainage areas with a major civilian airport was identified as a potential source of relatively enriched perfluorosulfonic acids to a small wash tributary and shallow groundwater samples. Nonetheless, that tributary contributed at most 15 % of any specific PFAS to the mainstem of the Las Vegas Wash. Total PFAS concentrations were relatively low for the small tributary associated with an urban smaller airport and the lack of flow in the tributary channel immediately downgradient of an Air Force base indicates the smaller airport and base were unlikely significant PFAS sources to the Las Vegas Wash. Overall, this study demonstrated effective PFAS source investigation methodology and the importance of wastewater effluent as a PFAS environmental pathway.

Perovskite-type strontium ferrite-based catalyst: Characterization and antibiotic degradation approach

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a commonly found pharmaceutical in industrial and residential wastewater. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize a catalyst based on strontium ferrite of the perovskite-type (SrFeO3) to reduce CIP. The sol-gel method was employed to synthesize SrFeO3, resulting in a material with dense characteristics and uniform distribution of metallic species on the surface. Various approaches to pollutant removal were examined, including catalysis in the dark (PerCIP1), photocatalysis (PerCIP2), and a combination of darkness and light (PerCIP3). The optimized conditions for CIP treatment were a pH of 6, a pollutant concentration of 10 ppm, and a reaction time of 6 hours. Under these conditions, PerCIP1, PerCIP2, and PerCIP3 achieved removal efficiencies of 53%, 80%, and 75%, respectively. Analysis of the CIP degradation mechanism suggested a sequence involving an adsorption step, followed by the generation of reactive species and, ultimately, CIP oxidation. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited excellent stability, maintaining its catalytic activity even after four reuse cycles without requiring a regeneration step. Phytotoxicity experiments indicated a reduced toxicity in the treated solution compared to the initial contaminant solution. In conclusion, the synthesized catalyst demonstrated promising characteristics for the aqueous treatment of CIP.

Adsorption of the Antibiotic Roxithromycin on Low-Cost Food Waste Materials: Batch and Column Studies

Antibiotics are widely utilized for a variety of medical conditions. Antibiotic residues in wastewater are dangerous to all living beings. Antibiotics remain in the wastewater environment when general treatment plant technologies are employed. The literature has numerous techniques for getting rid of antibiotics. Compared to other techniques for removing contaminants in the solution environment, the adsorption method is preferred due to its benefits, such as ease of use, high efficiency, and low cost. The study investigated using the green walnut shell (GWS), a natural sorbent, as an adsorbent to discharge roxithromycin (ROX) antibiotics from the solution medium. Adsorption conditions were studied in batch and continuous systems. pH, adsorbent amount, interaction time, sorbate concentration, and salt effect parameters were investigated in the batch system. The data obtained were calculated with kinetic and isotherm models. The adsorption process has been based on the so-called pseudo-second-order kinetic model. GWS was characterized using SEM and FTIR techniques. The amount of absorbent, flow rate, and breakdown in the continuous system were explored. In the batch system, the adsorption equilibrium was set up at the solution's original pH with 0.1 g of adsorbent in 40 minutes, and 79% ROX removal was achieved. The optimum flow rate and adsorbent amount in the continuous system were determined as 0.1 mL/min and 0.3 g, respectively.

Study on the applicability of free water surface wetland (fws) scale of wastewater treatment laboratory for green rest stops

The Free Water Surface wetland (FWS) has emerged as a promising technological solution for wastewater treatment in natural environments. The study aimed at investigating the performance of a laboratory-scale Free Water Surface wetland (FWS) unit designed to treat domestic wastewater with a daily capacity of 20 liters. This model can be applied at some rest stops towards creating "Green Rest Stops" on highways. The laboratory experiments on bronze banana plants have shown that the model operates effectively under specific settings and with the characteristics of residential wastewater from public toilets, which has undergone pretreatment through septic tanks. These conditions are conducive to promoting healthy growth in the plants. The FWS model for cultivating canna hybrid plants (Canna generalis) has a total surface area of 0.26 square meters and operates based on the principles of free wastewater flow. The model has a water retention duration of 70 hours, approximately three days. The treatment efficiency for TSS, BOD5, NH4+ - N, and Coliform is 37-53%, 73-77%, 41-46%, and 37-54%, respectively. The treated wastewater complies with the National technical regulations on water quality, QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT (B) standards

HPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOME ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN DIFFERENT HOSPITALS WASTEWATER IN BAGHDAD CITY, IRAQ

Antibiotics present the greatest threat to soil and aquatic ecosystems among the different therapeutic groups of medicines (which include prescription drugs and treatments for cancer). The strongest drugs, antibiotics, have been utilized to stop the growth of microorganisms or eradicate them. Using high-performance liquid chromatography technology with fluorescence detection, the amounts of levofloxacin and tetracycline in the wastewater from three hospitals (Medical City, Al-Kindi, and Al-Yarmouk) were determined. Levofloxacin and tetracycline were chosen in this study because they are the most important water pollutants. These antibiotic residues were separated and measured using a gradient elution technique on a reverse-phase C18 column. A combination of methanol and deionized water made up the mobile phase system. For a 20-minute analysis period, the detector's excitation and emission wavelengths were set to 310 and 420 nm, respectively. Cleaning the SPE cartridge came after the extraction using pH 4 citrate buffer. Excellent linear ties (R2 > 0.9998) were seen in the calibration curves for levofloxacin and tetracycline at concentrations between 10 and 40 µg/ml. The limits of detection and quantification for levofloxacin and tetracycline were determined to be 0.61 µg/ml, 2.04 µg/ml, and 0.46 µg/ml and 1.54 µg/ml, respectively. The analysis of residues of antibiotics in various wastewater samples was successfully applied using the suggested methodology. The findings demonstrate the presence of tetracycline and levofloxacin in all wastewater samples. However, Al-Kindi had greater concentrations of them than Medical City and Al-Yarmouk. The proposed technique can be applied to a range of medical products in different wastewater sources, such as hospitals and industrial settings. For citation: Ala’a Abdullwahid Jasim, Wasan Abdulwahid Jasim, Jasim M. S. Jamur HPLC method for the determination of some antibiotic residues in different hospitals wastewater in Baghdad city, Iraq. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 6. P. 21-28. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246706.7035.