Residues In Meat Research Articles

Ensuring Public Health: Monitoring of Hormone Residues in Poultry Meat

The study’s main purpose of addressing the problem of hormone content in poultry meat is to analyze the literature and such an official approach as state monitoring for 2017-2020. Research has shown that hormones have not been used in poultry farming for more than 50 years in the EU, the USA, Canada and other countries. In addition, there are strict international laws, including in Ukraine, on the control of the use of hormones in poultry to ensure public health. The urgency of solving the scientific problem is that despite the above, in the literature for the last decades there are reports based on consumer surveys (from 40 to 60%) on the negative impact of poultry meat on the content of hormones on their health. This negatively affects the consumption and image of poultry producers. Such trends are observed, including in Ukraine. This encourages the provision of scientifically sound information on this issue. The study of the content of hormones in poultry meat in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: the analysis of international scientific literature on the content of hormones in poultry meat, as well as data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on the trend of poultry consumption and increased demand among consumers for this type of meat. In addition, the article analyzes the official data of state monitoring of residual hormones in poultry meat. The following methods became the methodological tools of the conducted research: analysis of literature sources for 10 years, the period of research of the state monitoring is chosen 2017-2020. The object of the study was the biased attitude of some consumers to the safety of poultry meat in terms of hormones, which arose as a result of the spread of the myth of the use of hormones in poultry. The subject of the research was the analysis of current literature data and the results of official national monitoring of the content of hormones in poultry meat. Research shows that as a result of constant strict official controls on the use of hormones in poultry and the inefficiency of their use for poultry producers, the latter amount of hormones is at a minimum physiological level that does not harm public health. Our state monitoring studies show proper state control and provide guarantees to consumers in the consumption of safe poultry meat. The results of this study can be useful for consumers, scientists, and students in the field of food safety and our country as a whole to disseminate scientifically sound information in the field of state control over food safety.

Assessment of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in various meats samples of maharashtra-india using gas chromatography

Chronic pesticide toxicity, recognized as a major health hazard in human food chain, comprises of foods from animal source. Devising analytical methods for estimating pesticide residues will help to monitor the status of these contaminants in animal source foods. In this study, two pesticide groups viz., organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) compounds were selected to detect pollutants in various meat samples. To detect these pesticides gas chromatography (GC) method was used, standardized and validated. Validation studies on meat samples included accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection and quantification. A total of 240 numbers of meat samples of chicken, buffalo, sheep/goat and pig were collected from three different regions of Maharashtra and used in validation studies. The mean concentration of DDT residues in the chicken, buffalo, sheep/goat and pig meat was found to be 27.34, 10.67, 76.33 and 44.12 pg/kg, respectively. Mean concentration of HCH residues in chicken and pig meat was found to be 7.50 and 112.20 pg/kg, and was not detected in buffalo and sheep/goat meat. Mean concentration of Endosulfan and Aldrin residues in chicken, buffalo and sheep/goat meat were found to be 51.09, 23.18, 211.37 pg/kg and 111.48, 81.85, 54.79 pg/kg, respectively. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in any of the meat samples collected. However, the values of pesticide residue concentration in all the 240 nos. of meat samples were found to be below the MRLs values set by Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 149/2008. Therefore, it is concluded that the standardized GC method can be used for the detection of pesticides in different matrices.

Ochratoxin A: Carryover from animal feed into livestock and the mitigation strategies.

This review aims to highlight the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) in the feed of meat-producing animals. The accumulation of OTA in feed and its distribution in various farm animals were compared and evaluated. Primarily, the oral administration of OTA-contaminated feed and the predisposition in an animal's vital organ were critically examined in this work. The collated reports show that OTA directly associated with endemic nephropathy and its high concentration leads to degeneration of liver cells, and necrosis of intestinal and lymphoid tissues. At present, limited reports are available in the recent literature on the problems and consequences of OTA in feed. Therefore, this review focused on the OTA carryover from feed to farm animals and the interaction of its secondary metabolites on their biochemical parameters. Hence, this report provides greater insights into animal health related to OTA residues in meat and meat products. This article also explores mitigation strategies that can be used to prevent the carryover effects of OTA in livestock feeds and the effects in the food chain.

Validation of TLC-contact bioautography and TLC-densitometry methods for simultaneous limit test of streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate residues in fresh fish meat

A simple, sensitive, and accurate TLC method was combined and validated for a simultaneous limit test of streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate residues in fresh fish meat. The optimum mobile phase was 10% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. TLC-contact bioautography used Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737 as a test organism. For TLC-densitometry, analyte spots were detected using 1% w/v ninhydrin in ethanol and maximum absorbance at 400 nm. TLC-contact bioautography and TLC-densitometry methods were validated according to USP guidelines for the limit test with respect to selectivity and limit of detection (LOD) added with the accuracy of a recovery test of streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate in fresh fish samples was developed and validated. The result of LOD from the TLC-contact bioautography method for streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate were obtained 0.7028 μg and 0.8032 μg, respectively. Meanwhile, LOD of the TLC-densitometry method for streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate were obtained 0.0631 μg and 0.0685 μg, respectively. In this study, TLC-contact bioautography method showed better results than TLC-densitometry. TLC-contact bioautography appears a good choice for the simultaneous limit test of streptomycin sulfate and kanamycin sulfate residues in fresh fish samples.

The growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) fed on diets containing RE3™ probiotics

The increasing abuse of antibiotics in production of food animals has led to development of resistant strains of bacteria (and other microbiota) which are responsible for several infectious diseases in animals and in humans. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of RE3TM, a third-generation probiotic used in place of a conventional antibiotics (to minimise incidence of antimicrobial resistance in livestock and human consumers), on growth performance and some carcass characteristics of guinea fowls. One hundred and twenty guinea fowl keets of mixed sexes with an average weight of 28.3±0.364g were used for the study conducted in a Completely Randomised Design. There were 4 treatments in which RE3TMwas incorporated at; 0.0ml/kg feed (Diet 1; Control), 1.0ml/kg feed (Diet 2) ,1.5ml/kg feed (Diet 3) and 2.0ml/kg feed (Diet 4); each treatment had 30birds. The feeding trial covered the entire meat production phase (starter, grower and finisher) which lasted for 84 days. Feed and water were given ad libitum.At maturity (12 weeks old), a total of thirty-six (36) birds (9 from each treatment, comprising 5 males and 4 females across the treatments) were selected, weighed and slaughtered.Carcass and viscera weights were taken, carcasses were then sectioned into primal cuts after 24-hour chilling at 4°C. Breast muscles from sampled carcasses were grilled for sensory evaluation by a trained panel, whilst the thigh muscles were subjected to proximate analyses. Data obtained were analysed for statistical significance using the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test, of the GenStat Statistical Package (Discovery Edition,VSN, 2012). Results obtained showed higher (p<0.05) growth rates and lower feed conversion ratio for birds on the diets with 1.0 ml of RE3TM per Kg feed. The carcass and body parts characteristics assessed however, showed no significant differences (p>0.05), except for the thighs which were heavier (p<0.05) in birds on the RE3TM supplemented diets, compared with those on the control diets.The use of RE3™ probiotics, up to 2.0ml/kg feed for guinea fowls, had no adverse effects on the growth of the birds, but it reduced the cost of providing medication for the birds. Fat content in the meat reduced, as inclusions of RE3TMincreased in the diets. It is recommended that relevant Government authorities and other stakeholders should aid in promoting the use of probiotics, instead of antibiotics in livestock production to minimise possible antibiotic residue in meat.

Interaction effects of dietary ginger Zingiber officinale and yeast Sacharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on performance, carcass yield and gut micro flora of broiler chickens

Consumer concern for drug residues in meat and eggs as well as ban imposed on the use of antibiotics in animal feed as growth promoter call for alternative search. A 56days feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of ginger inclusion with and without yeast supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, gut micro flora of broiler chickens. A total of One hundred and eighty day, one old Arbor acre broiler chicks wereallotted on weight equalization basis to 6 dietary treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangements (3 levels of ginger (0%, 4% and 5%) with and without yeast (0%, 1% levels). The treatments were replicated thrice with ten birds per replicate. Feed and water were provided ad- libtum. Performance showed that birds on combination (5% ginger and 1% yeast) recorded highest weight (1527g) with better feed conversion while least weight (1202g) and least feed conversion were recorded with birds on ginger only. Highest eviscerated weight (1362.50g) and dressing percentage (72.79%) were recorded in broiler chicks on 1%Yeast + 5% Ginger while least values (1087.50g, 62.39%) were recorded with birds on yeast only. Total bacteria count increased from 1.20 x106cfu/ml (control) to 1.70 x106cfu/ml in diets supplemented 1% yeast and 5% ginger as well as Lactobacillus count increased with supplementation level Total anaerobic count decreased from1.10 x106cfu/ml in control diet to 0.68 x106cfu/ml in birds fed1% yeast and 5% ginger likewise coliform, clostridium and bacillus counts decreased with the additives (yeast and ginger) inclusion. It can be concluded that inclusion of ginger and yeast at 5% and 1% respectively in the diets improved performance and reduced pathogenic biota without detrimental effects in broiler chickens and might therefore serve as a natural substitute for synthetic growth promoters.

Ractopamine residue in meat might protect people from Parkinson disease

There is still no curative treatment for the exasperating Parkinson disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Intracytoplasmic Lewy body composing of phosphorylated α-synuclein in dopaminergic neuronal cells has been recognized as the characteristic pathologic change and believed to be the cause of neuronal cell loss in Parkinson disease. Recently, β-adrenoreceptor antagonist was found to be correlated with an increasing incidence of Parkinson disease and β-adrenoreceptor agonist, capable of inhibiting gene expression of α-synuclein, was associated with a reduced incidence of it. Therefore, a hypothesis is raised that ractopamine, a β-adrenoreceptor agonist used as feed additive for increasing leanness of finishing cattle and swine, might provide protective effects for Parkinson disease and lower its incidence in the population consuming meat containing ractopamine residue.

A holistic strategy for discovering structural analogues of drug residues in meat using characteristic structural fragments filtering by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT A holistic strategy for discovering structural analogs was established using characteristic structural fragments filtering by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry and successfully employed for discovering potential hazards in meat. The mass spectrometry fragmentation mechanisms of 113 compounds (including sulphonamides, tetracyclines, benzimidazoles, steroid hormones, cephalosporins, β-blockers) were investigated and a new strategy for screening of characteristic fragment ions was proposed. To process the data acquired by two scan modes, firstly an integrated filtering strategy was conducted to facilitate the characterisation of multi-class drugs. The integrated filtering strategy was applied to reduce interference in the raw data, which could help extracting the MS1 characteristics of the homolog-type chemical substances and expand the screening of the compounds as effectively as possible. This strategy was based on a combination of nitrogen rule, neutral loss and multiple characteristic fragment ions filtering. The method was validated by rapid screening and identification of targeted compounds in spiked samples. Particularly, the successful detection of several new compounds indicated that this strategy had significant advantages over individual filtration methods and could be a promising method for screening and identifying newly homolog-type drug residues in complex samples.

Evaluation of the effect of neutral electrolyzed water and peroxyacetic acid alone and in combination on microbiological, chemical, and sensory characteristics of poultry meat during refrigeration storage.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of near-neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) (100 and 200 µg/ml), peroxyacetic acid (PAA) (200 and 400 µg/ml), and their combination (NEW 100 µg/ml + PAA 200 µg/ml) on microbial quality, pH, TBARS value, and sensory quality of fresh chicken breast meat dipped into the solutions for 10 min at room temperature. Meat samples were tested immediately after treatments and on days 2, 4, and 6 of storage at 4℃. All treatments were effective in reducing microbial populations throughout the storage (P < 0.05), with combined treatment showing the strongest antimicrobial activity. On the sixth day of storage, the aerobic plate counts, psychrophilic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, and Pseudomonas counts in the NEW 100 µg/ml + PAA 200 µg/ml group were 1.33, 1.40, 1.45, 1.01, and 1.45 log CFU/g, respectively, which was lower than the control group (P < 0.05). In all treatments, the pH value of meat samples increased with storage time. During 6 days of storage, PAA400 group had the lowest increase in pH value (P < 0.05). On day 6, the combined treatment and PAA 400 µg/ml had the lowest lipid oxidation (P < 0.05). On day 6, the NEW100 + PAA200 group obtained the highest score in sensory attributes compared to other treatment groups (P < 0.05). According to the microbial and chemical analysis, the combined treatment of NEW and PAA can be a promising method to extend the shelf life of chicken by about 2 days at 4℃. Also, these compounds do not contain any harmful residues in chicken breast meat and their use is recommended in decontamination of poultry meat.

Changes in antimicrobial activity and resistance of antibiotics in meat patties during in vitro human digestion

We aimed to determine changes in the antimicrobial activity of penicillin, cephalosporin, tetracycline, and ofloxacin present in patties cooked at 150, 200, or 250 °C, at different stages of in vitro human digestion, over Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Results revealed that the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics were the same regardless of meat types and cooking temperatures. However, after small intestine digestion, some differences were observed, especially in tetracycline and ofloxacin activities. The antimicrobial activity of tetracycline was slightly higher over S. aureus than over MRSA. Besides, the activity of ofloxacin was relatively maintained, compared to the rest of the antibiotics, showing antimicrobial activity against S. aureus regardless of in vitro digestion. These results may provide an insight on antimicrobial activity changes of antibiotics under various condition. Notably, they suggest that ofloxacin residues in meat may have a higher activity than other antibiotics.

Ethnoveterinary medicine for responsible dairying

India is the largest milk producer in the world with 22 percent of the global share and engages around 6.3 crore rural households. The cost and availability of animal health services for small dairy holders in a country like India has always been a cause of concern. There is a growing apprehension about the presence of drug residues in milk and milk products as well emergence of drug resistant bacteria and its associated health risks due to indiscriminate use of these products. The cost of therapeutic medicines, antimicrobial resistance and the residues in milk, meat and other animal products have forced the animal health sector to look for alternate forms of therapy to overcome these deficiencies. The new alternatives should be affordable, farmer friendly and lead to minimal or no residues in milk and other products. Practice of Ethno-Veterinary Medicine (EVM) is an approach that fulfils the above criteria. However, animal health service providers have very limited knowledge about EVM which in India is largely based on Veterinary Ayurveda. EVM has been used throughout the world by traditional animal rearing communities. EVM has been used for most common ailments in almost all domestic animal species. While there are efforts to document these practices, such documents are not widely available. Only recently, scientific scrutiny of these treatments for efficacy, mode of action and active ingredients has been initiated. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) along with Sabarkantha District Cooperative Milk Producers Union, Sabarkantha, Gujarat and Trans-Disciplinary University, Bengaluru, evaluated the use of EVM initially for management of bovine mastitis and subsequently for management of other common ailments of dairy animals. It was observed that EVM was helpful in successfully managing mastitis (85%), diarrhoea (86%), fever (85%), indigestion (87%), anoestrus (77%), worm infestation (89%), wound healing (79%) and ecto-parasite infestation (87%) with high clinical cure rate. It was economical compared to conventional allopathic treatment. A reduction in residues of common antibiotics (quinolones, tetracycline, sulphonamide, s-lactam) in milk was observed in the area of operation. Drug resistant bacteria ( S. aureus including methicillin resistant S. aureus – MRSA; and E. coli including Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing – E. coli - ESBL), were isolated from the milk of bovines suffering from mastitis. EVM was able to cure even these animals. However, awareness about EVM is limited among animal health service providers and other stakeholders. EVM needs to be given adequate focus and mainstreamed. This would entail concerted efforts and initiatives in policy, research and development and infrastructure.

Detection of Bacterial Pathogens and Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat: A Review.

Detection of pathogenic microbes as well as antibiotic residues in food animals, especially in chicken, has become a matter of food security worldwide. The association of various pathogenic bacteria in different diseases and selective pressure induced by accumulated antibiotic residue to develop antibiotic resistance is also emerging as the threat to human health. These challenges have made the containment of pathogenic bacteria and early detection of antibiotic residue highly crucial for robust and precise detection. However, the traditional culture-based approaches are well-comprehended for identifying microbes. Nevertheless, because they are inadequate, time-consuming and laborious, these conventional methods are not predominantly used. Therefore, it has become essential to explore alternatives for the easy and robust detection of pathogenic microbes and antibiotic residue in the food source. Presently, different monitoring, as well as detection techniques like PCR-based, assay (nucleic acid)-based, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)-based, aptamer-based, biosensor-based, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry-based and electronic nose-based methods, have been developed for detecting the presence of bacterial contaminants and antibiotic residues. The current review intends to summarize the different techniques and underline the potential of every method used for the detection of bacterial pathogens and antibiotic residue in chicken meat.

Dietary Exposure Assessment of Veterinary Antibiotics in Pork Meat on Children and Adolescents in Cyprus.

In recent years, huge amounts of antibiotics have been administered to farm animals, and as a result, residues of these antibiotics can accumulate in livestock products and, once consumed, may be transmitted to humans. Farm animals’ antibiotic treatment may therefore present a risk for consumers health, especially for children and adolescents. In children, the immune system is not fully developed, and thus, they are more susceptible than adults to resistant bacteria. A dietary exposure assessment was conducted on veterinary antibiotics found in raw pork meat among children and adolescents in Cyprus, since pork is the most consumed red meat in Cypriot population. The study was based on the results of the occurrence of 45 residual antibiotics in raw pork meat samples in Cyprus between 2012 and 2017 in combination with data on the consumption of pork meat on children and adolescents taken from the latest demographic report in Cyprus. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values of veterinary antibiotics for children aged 6–9 years old, were higher compared to EDI values for adolescents aged 10–17 years old. The percentage ratio of the estimated daily intake to the acceptable daily intake for all the veterinary antibiotic residues was less than 5.6. The results indicate that antibiotic residues in pork meat of inland production are below the acceptable daily intake and are of low risk to human health related to the exposure of antibiotics. Nevertheless, continuous exposure to low levels of antibiotic residues in respect to age vulnerability should be of a great concern.

Classification and detection of testosterone propionate and nandrolone residues in duck meat using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis

There is a critical need for a rapid and simple method of qualitative and quantitative analysis of testosterone propionate (TP) and nandrolone (NT) residues in duck meat. In this study, we applied surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled multivariate analysis for the classification and detection of TP and NT residues in duck meat. A total of 294 duck meat extract samples were obtained from duck breast meats based on a LC-MS/MS sample preparation method with slight modification including 102 duck meat extract samples without TP and NT, 43 duck meat samples containing TP, 47 duck meat extract samples containing NT, and 102 duck meat extract samples containing TP and NT. Raw Raman spectra were pretreated by using adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares (airPLS), normalization and first derivative, and then the score values of first 10 principal components were selected as the inputs of the developed models. A particle swarm optimization–support vector classification (PSO-SVC) model was created to classify all the duck meat samples into the 4 groups (i.e., control group, TP group, NT group, and TP combined with NT group) with the classification accuracies of 99.49 and 100% for training set and test set, respectively. Furthermore, 2 least squares support vector regression (LS-SVR) models were developed to predict the TP values in samples with a determination coefficient (R2) value of 0.9316, root mean square error (RMSE) value of 2.1739, and ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) value of 3.2189 for the test set, and NT values in samples with an R2 value of 0.9038, RMSE value of 2.2914, and RPD value of 2.9701 for the test set. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technology, in combination with multivariate analysis, has the potential to become the qualitative and quantitative analysis tool for TP and NT residues in duck meat extract.

On the Road to End Pig Pain: Knowledge and Attitudes of Brazilian Citizens Regarding Castration.

Simple SummaryWe conducted two surveys to explore the attitudes of Brazilians (n = 1209) towards different piglet castration methods (surgical castration without or with pain control and immunocastration) and the production of entire males. Qualitative analyses indicated that moral objection towards inflicting pain and suffering to pigs was the main reason for the greater support for all the alternatives compared to surgical castration without pain control. Yet, support for all alternatives was somewhat limited by concerns with reduced meat quality, which some participants associated with boar taint or other residues in meat. Moving away from surgical castration without pain control is a necessary step for the pig industry to retain its’ social license.We explored the attitudes of Brazilians towards different methods to deal with boar taint in pork (surgical castration without pain control, SC; surgical castration with pain control, SC+PC; immunocastration, IC; raising entire males, EM). Two surveys (Sv1, n = 441 and Sv2, n = 768) containing closed and open questions were conducted. Nearly 70% of Sv1 and Sv2 participants were unaware that meat of entire males may have boar taint and that SC is widely used in pig production in Brazil. In Sv1, acceptability of SC+PC (63%) and IC (53%) was greater than of SC (15%). In Sv2, acceptability of IC (55%) and EM (52%) was greater than of SC (18%). Open-ended responses indicated that participants objected to inflicting pain to pigs to attain a production goal, and were concerned with organoleptic traits and risks of exogenous residues in pork. Participants’ views regarding the potential increases in the cost of meat due to adoption of alternative methods varied; some argued that avoiding pain justifies an increase in the price of pork and others that this would impact especially lower income citizens. Our findings indicate that participants opposed surgical castration without pain control, and supported alternative methods. However, the concern with potential risks of presence of residues in meat, expressed by a few participants, may need to be addressed among consumers.

Monitoring of Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat, Cow and Buffalo Milk Samples in Nepal

In animal products, antibiotic residue is a serious concern for public health in the Himalayan nation, Nepal. A cross-sectional study on antibiotic residues in chicken meat, milk samples of cows, and buffaloes was conducted in selected districts of different provinces of Nepal. Altogether 126 chicken meat samples, 42 each from Kailali (Farwestern Province), Kaski (Gandaki Province), and Nuwakot (Bagmati Province) districts were tested for tetracycline, sulphonamides, penicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin residues by the ELISA method. At Kaski district approximately 57 % (24/42), 50 % (21/42) and 83% (35/42) of meat samples were tested positive for gentamicin (mean-ppb:11.5 μg/Kg/L), tetracycline (mean-ppb:1.44 μg/Kg/L), and fluoroquinolones (mean-ppb: 11.46 μg/ Kg/L) residues respectively. In Kailali and Nuwakot district, 48% (20/42) and 50 % (21/ 42) of meat samples deemed positive for sulphonamides (mean-ppb:15.9 μg/ Kg/L) and penicillin (mean-ppb: 0.39 μg/ Kg/L) residues, respectively. Of the total 168 tests performed in milk samples from Kavre district, 55% (93/168) of the milk samples were tested positive to antibiotic residues for gentamicin, streptomycin, and sulphonamides. The chicken meat samples had antibiotic residues within the national maximum residue limit (MRL); however, milk samples exceeded the national MRL for sulphonamides residues (mean-ppb: 26.44 μg/ Kg/L). The effective surveillance for antibiotic residues in animal products should be implemented strictly in Nepal.&#x0D; Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(3): 355-362

Screening of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Residues in Chicken Meat by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics are widely used in chicken production for prophylaxis and therapeutics purposes. Existence of these antibiotic residues in chicken meat can pose hazards to human health. The present study was aimed to assess the residue level of these antibiotics in chicken meat. Chicken meat samples (including muscle, liver, kidney and fat) from poultry farms and retail market were collected. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used for screening of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in chicken meat samples. The analysis revealed that 43.58% meat samples were positive for enrofloxacin and 38.71% for ciprofloxacin residues. Out of it, 45.17% samples were having concentration above the MRL for enrofloxacin and 50.28% for ciprofloxacin. So it can be concluded that the usage of these antimicrobial in chicken lead contamination of meat and it may cause resistance in consumers and seems to be a public health threat.

PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS CHICKEN DUE TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF RAW PROPOLIS

The use of antibiotics as an Antimicrobial Growth Promoter (AGP) for livestock has been banned because antibiotic residues in livestock meat can trigger antibiotic resistance in consumers. Propolis is a natural source that has benefits like antioxidants, antiviral, antifungal, and antibiotic. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the addition of feed from the optimal composition of raw propolis to increasing broiler chickens' body weight of broiler chickens. This study used broiler chickens as experimental animals. The chicken were grouped into six groups consisting of two control groups and four treatment groups with different level concentrations of propolis (2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg feed). After treatment for four weeks, supplementation of raw propolis in the feed had not been able to provide a positive effect on growth performance and protein levels that were not significantly different from controls. Group chickens with propolis additions 6 g/kg feed showed the best results compared to other treatment groups. The group had final weight values, food conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass weight in 1970.67 gram, 1.52, and 1349.83 gram, respectively. The highest percentage of the carcass was shown by group chicken with propolis additions 2 g/kg feed, which is equal to 74.46%. Raw propolis can reduce feed consumption but increase feed conversion ratio.

Studies on Analytical Methods of Robenidine Residues in Chicken Meat and Viscera

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of robenidine residues in chicken meat and viscera has been developed.Samples were extracted with ethylacetate,cleaned up with Alumina B SEP PAK and C18 SEP PAK cartridges, and finally determined by HPLC. Recovery studies were performed using chicken meat, liver, gizzard and skin samples each fortified with robenidine at 0.05,0.25 and 0.5ppm separately.The recovery data were varied from 80.0-92.3% with coefficients of variation which ranged from 0.5-7.0%. The detection limit for the fortified samples was found to be 0.025 ppm. Twenty-five samples of chicken meat, liver, gizzards and skin taken from the market were analyzed. It was found that no robenidine residue was detected in these samples.

Effect of microwave and roast treatment on the degradation of sulfamethazine residue in Tilapia meat

Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) was force-fed sulfamethazine (SMA) and residue of this antibiotic remained in the meat. We measured the change of residual SMA after microwave and roast treatment on Tilapia by different levels. The content of SMA in Tilapia increased slowly 6 hrs after feeding, had a sharp climb in 6-12 hrs and decreased gradually in 12-24 hrs. Taking the Tilapia after feeding in 1, 6, 12 and 24 hrs, we measured SMA amount in fish meat is 0.3, 0,45, 1.60 and 1.2 ppm respectively. Microwaving the fish meat after feeding in 6, 12, 24 hrs, we found SMA levels in fish degraded rapidly. SMA in fish had the fastest degradation rate in the first two mins and declined moderately in 2-5 mins, It made no difference in residual SMA among testing groups with different feeding times. Fish was soaked in 5% salt water for 30 mins and SMA in which was also decreased by microwave treatment. However, the degradation of SMA in the salt soaked sample was lower than that of the unsoaked one. The lower SMA content in fish soaked in salt, the less percentage of SMA residual remains. By roast treatment at 120°C or 200°C, SMA in the fish meat degraded with time in both cases no matter how much SMA the Tilapia first contained. The residual level of SMA was less in 200°C case, Furthermore, the lower SMA content in fish at first, the less residual level was left after heating.