Abstract
In recent years, huge amounts of antibiotics have been administered to farm animals, and as a result, residues of these antibiotics can accumulate in livestock products and, once consumed, may be transmitted to humans. Farm animals’ antibiotic treatment may therefore present a risk for consumers health, especially for children and adolescents. In children, the immune system is not fully developed, and thus, they are more susceptible than adults to resistant bacteria. A dietary exposure assessment was conducted on veterinary antibiotics found in raw pork meat among children and adolescents in Cyprus, since pork is the most consumed red meat in Cypriot population. The study was based on the results of the occurrence of 45 residual antibiotics in raw pork meat samples in Cyprus between 2012 and 2017 in combination with data on the consumption of pork meat on children and adolescents taken from the latest demographic report in Cyprus. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values of veterinary antibiotics for children aged 6–9 years old, were higher compared to EDI values for adolescents aged 10–17 years old. The percentage ratio of the estimated daily intake to the acceptable daily intake for all the veterinary antibiotic residues was less than 5.6. The results indicate that antibiotic residues in pork meat of inland production are below the acceptable daily intake and are of low risk to human health related to the exposure of antibiotics. Nevertheless, continuous exposure to low levels of antibiotic residues in respect to age vulnerability should be of a great concern.
Highlights
The modern fight against bacterial infections dates back to the antibiotic era in the middle 1900s and to the discovery of the first antibiotics [1]
A total of 1766 samples suspected positive samples were analyzed by means of a tandem LC-MS/MS confirmatory method which was presented in detail in our previously published work [47]
13 veterinary antibiotic residues including one aminoglycoside, one fluoroquinolone, one lincosamide, one macrolide, one β-lactam, three sulfonamides, one dehydroreductase inhibitor, and four tetracyclines were detected in 596 positive samples
Summary
The modern fight against bacterial infections dates back to the antibiotic era in the middle 1900s and to the discovery of the first antibiotics [1]. Antibiotics have constantly been used for the treatment of various infections in humans and in food production [2]. Huge amounts of antibiotics are constantly used as growth promoters or for prophylaxis and the treatment of infections among farm animals [3]. Foods 2020, 9, 1479 products and, once consumed, may be transmitted to humans [4,5]. Exposure in low antibiotics concentrations may cause several adverse effects to human health, including toxicity, hypersensitivity, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disturbances, and multidrug resistance and may increase the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes [6]. Antimicrobial resistance is a complicated phenomenon involving many interconnected factors between humans, animals, and environmental sources [7]
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