Gasification Of Residues Research Articles

Corrosion behavior of co-gasification slag of furfural residue and coal on alumina-silica refractories

Gasification of furfural residue with coal can realize its efficient and clean utilization. But the high alkali metal content in furfural slag is easy to cause the corrosion of gasifier refractory. Two gasification coals with different silica alumina ratio and a furfural residue were selected in the study. The effects of furfural residue additions on corrosion of silica brick, corundum brick, high alumina brick and mullite brick were investigated by using XRD, SEM-EDS and Factsage Software, and the corrosion mechanism was analyzed. With increasing furfural residue addition, the permeability of the slags to high-aluminium-bearing refractories first decreases and then increases, while the permeability on silica brick shows a slight decrease trend. Leucite (KAlSi2O6) with high-melting temperature is generated from the reaction of K2O and SiO2 in slag with Al2O3 in refractories after furfural residue is added, which hinders the infiltration of slag in refractories. Kaliophilite (KAlSiO4) of low-melting point is formed when K2O content increases, and this contributes to the infiltration of slag in refractories. The acid-base reaction between slag and silica brick is distinctly occurred, more slag reacts with SiO2 in the silicon brick, resulting in a decrease in the amount of slag infiltrating into the silicon brick as furfural residue is added. The corrosion of silica brick is mainly caused by the acid-base reaction, while the corrosion of three alumina based refractory bricks of corundum, mullite and high alumina brick is determined by slag infiltration. A linear correlation between the percolation rate and slag viscosity is established, the slag permeability increases with decreasing viscosity, resulting in stronger permeability for the high Si/Al ratio slag with lower viscosity.

Study of potassium deactivation rule in supercritical water gasification of coal with K2CO3 as catalyst

K2CO3 has a good catalytic effect in supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of coal. However, researchers have mainly focused on the effects of coal gasification, while the potassium mass transfer process has rarely been studied. Herein, the distribution pattern of potassium during the SCWG of coal and the factors influencing potassium deactivation were experimentally obtained. Through the detection and analysis of the residues after the SCWG of coal, it is found that potassium only exists in the forms of liquid and solid and the potassium in the residue exists in the form of insoluble potassium silica alumina, which does not have a catalytic effect. At a high reaction temperature, the reaction time is longer, and when the silica–aluminum content in coal is higher, the potassium deactivate rate is also higher. The molar contents of potassium and aluminum in the coal gasification residue are linearly correlated, with a ratio of approximately 1:1. Reducing the aluminum content in coal can effectively reduce potassium deactivation. In the SCWG of the Hebi coal, the deactivation rate of potassium reduced from 80.88 % to 17.75 % after acid washing. In the SCWG of the ash-free coal, the carbon gasification efficiency (CE) and potassium content in the liquid were above 95 % after each experiment, there was no deactivation of potassium, and the residual potassium solution remained catalytically effective after the SCWG of the ash-free coal.

Solid residues after gasification of agricultural residues as scalable and economical CO2 adsorption materials

Economical CO2 adsorbents are gaining significant attention as viable solutions to combat climate change. This research assessed the CO2 adsorption potential of solid residues following the gasification of bagasse (SR-Bagasse), bamboo (SR-Bamboo), and rice husk (SR-Rice husk) in various systems in Vietnam and Cambodia. Among these residues, SR-Bagasse showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity, followed by SR-Bamboo, while SR-Rice husk exhibited moderate performance. The CO2 adsorption capacity at 25 °C with 100 % CO2 flow varied from 6 % to 9.5 % of the adsorbent's weight. Under flue gas conditions (15 % CO2 and 85 % N2), the adsorption capacity ranged from 2 % to 5 %. Additionally, these chars demonstrated significant recyclability with 90 % of initial adsorption capacity retained after 30 cycles, making them comparable to several advanced CO2 adsorbents studied previously. The highest performance of SR-Bagasse could be attributed to its substantial microporous and ultra-microporous volumes, with micropores serving as both CO2 adsorption sites and conduits to ultra-micropores. This study's findings emphasize the potential for integrating energy production with the development of economical and scalable CO2 adsorbents for industrial use.

In-situ biomethanation of high CO content syngas in agricultural biogas digesters

To meet global energy demands, syngas with high CO content (>50 %) generated from hydrothermal gasification of agricultural residues or wood, could be utilized as a co-substrate in anaerobic digestion (AD) processes for conversion into CH4. This study investigated in-situ biomethanation using synthetic gas (55 % CO, 35 % H2, and 15 % CO2), mimicking wood gasification syngas, during AD of cow manure, the most abundant agricultural waste. A continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) served as a control and was fed only cow manure, while the other two reactors were fed syngas with or without gas recirculation at different gas loading rates (GLRs).In-situ syngas injection in AD of cow manure at GLRs ≤0.3 L LRV−1 d−1 improved overall CH4 productivity compared to the control (0.35 ± 0.1 vs. 0.29 ± 0.1 L LRV−1 d−1), though the CH4 content (45 ± 5 %) was lower than the control reactor (62 ± 3 %), indicating a need for biogas upgrading. Gas recirculation enabled higher CO and H2 conversion efficiencies of 99–100 % but considerably decreased CH4 productivity from cow manure. In-situ biomethanation enhanced the relative abundance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, highlighting their role in syngas conversion to CH4.

Development of nickel-based bimetallic catalysts for production of hydrogen-rich syngas via supercritical water gasification of liquid residue from hydrothermal pretreatment of food waste

Hydrothermal carbonization has become increasingly prevalent in the pretreatment of food waste, leading to the generation of substantial volumes of liquid effluent. This hydrothermal liquid effluent from food waste (HLF) contains high content of organic compounds, making it challenging to treat using conventional methods. In this regard, the HLF was considered a potential source for energy production via supercritical water gasification (SCWG). This study aimed to develop effective bimetallic catalysts based on Ni/Al2O3 with four different promoters (Cu, Co, La, and Ce), and investigated their performance in the catalytic SCWG for the treatment of HLF and hydrogen production. Among the tested promoters, the Ce-Ni catalyst was considered the most suitable in terms of its highest H2 yield and H2 selectivity. The optimal Ce content was found to be 5 wt%, with a catalyst dosage of 5 % by weight of HLF. These conditions resulted in the highest H2 selectivity of 1.61 and a relatively high H2 yield of 749.60 mmol/L under SCWG operating conditions of 480 °C and 30 min. Excessive catalyst dosages increased total syngas yield but reduced H2 selectivity. The stability test demonstrated that the Ce promoter contributed to enhancing the catalyst resistance to deactivation by coke deposition. The hydrogen production of 5Ce-Ni decreased by 13.8 % after three reuses, whereas a larger decrease of 26.0 % was observed with Ni/Al2O3. These findings indicate that Ce-Ni catalyst show promise for enhancing H2-rich syngas production in the SCWG of hydrothermal liquid effluent from food waste.

Properties, structure and mechanism of high-temperature modified steel slag based on solid waste

In this study, a composite modifier (CMCDL) containing coal gasification residue, dicyandiamide waste slag, and lake sediments was used to modify steel slag at high-temperature. Five kind of raw materials was analyzed in physicochemical properties, mineral composition and microstructure, cementitious properties and soundness, and particle size analysis, the same to steel slag after high-temperature modification (SHTM). The new mineral phases were found that tricalcium aluminate (C3A), gehlenite (C2AS), magnetite (Fe3O4), spinels (MgFe2O4), quartz (SiO2), celite (C6AF2) and diopside (CMS2) formed in the SHTM when the mass fraction increase from 10% to 30% in CMCDL. The HTM with CMCDL increases the glass phase and hydrated mineral (C3A, C3S, C2S) and in raw steel slag, promoting the disassembled of RO phase, turning the phase from FeO into MgFe2O4 and Fe3O4. MgFe2O4 and Fe3O4 have similar crystal structures, and they form mixed spinels. When the content of CMCCL (coal gasification residue: dicyandiamide waste slag: lake sediments =7:9:4) is 20%, the temperature is 1250 °C, result showed that the mass fraction of f-CaO in SHTM using CMCCL decreases from 4.81% to 1.86%, with a decrease of 61.3%, the 28-day activity index of SHTM increases up to 17.6% compared with raw steel slag, reaching 86.2%. Therefore, the CMCDL-blended SHTM can be applied harmlessly in cement and concrete, enabling low-energy fine grinding of steel slag.

Combustion Diagnosis in a Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Syngas at Different CO/H2 and Diluent Ratios

The gasification of residues into syngas offers a versatile gaseous fuel that can be used to produce heat and power in various applications. However, the application of syngas in engines presents several challenges due to the changes in its composition. Such variations can significantly alter the optimal operational conditions of the engines that are fueled with syngas, resulting in combustion instability, high engine variability, and misfires. In this context, this work presents an experimental investigation conducted on a port-fuel injection spark-ignition optical research engine using three different syngas mixtures, with a particular focus on the effects of CO/H2 and diluent ratios. A comparative analysis is made against methane, considered as the baseline fuel. The in-cylinder pressure and related parameters are examined as indicators of combustion behavior. Additionally, 2D cycle-resolved digital visualization is employed to trace flame front propagation. Custom image processing techniques are applied to estimate flame speed, displacement, and morphological parameters. The engine runs at a constant speed (900 rpm) and with full throttle like stationary engine applications. The excess air–fuel ratios vary from 1.0 to 1.4 by adjusting the injection time and the spark timing according to the maximum brake torque of the baseline fuel. A thermodynamic analysis revealed notable trends in in-cylinder pressure traces, indicative of differences in combustion evolution and peak pressures among the syngas mixtures and methane. Moreover, the study quantified parameters such as the mass fraction burned, combustion stability (COVIMEP), and fuel conversion efficiency. The analysis provided insights into flame morphology, propagation speed, and distortion under varying conditions, shedding light on the influence of fuel composition and air dilution. Overall, the results contribute to advancing the understanding of syngas combustion behavior in SI engines and hold implications for optimizing engine performance and developing numerical models.

Characteristics of hydrogen energy yield in steam gasification of coffee residues.

Coffee residues (CRs) were gasified using a laboratory-scale fluidized bed gasifier with an air/steam mixture as the carrier gas. The gasification was conducted at an equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.3, and different operation temperatures (700, 800, and 900 °C) and steam-to-biomass (S/B) ratios (0, 0.75, and 1.5) were applied. Increasing temperature without steam boosted H2 and CO concentrations in producer gas, raising lower heating value (LHV) and cold gas efficiency (CGE) through endothermic reactions like Boudouard, tar cracking, and water-gas formation. At 900 °C, gas had LHV of 3.76 MJ/Nm3 and CGE of 22.47%. It was elevating temperature from 700 to 900 °C and S/B ratio to 1.5 raised H2 and CO concentrations from 2.04 to 8.60% and from 9.56 to 11.8%, respectively. This also increased LHV from 2.23 to 3.89 MJ/Nm3 and CGE from 11.28 to 25.08%. The steam gasification reaction was found to increase the H2 concentration and was thus considered effective in converting CRs to syngas and increasing energy production. Overall, the study successfully demonstrated the feasibility of steam gasification as a means of converting coffee residues to syngas and increasing energy production. The results also highlighted the importance of operating temperature and S/B ratio in improving the gasification process.

Direct Liquefaction of South African Vitrinite- and Inertinite-Rich Coal Fines.

In this investigation, coal fines enriched with inertinite were used for direct liquefaction experiments. For comparison, a vitrinite-rich coal typically utilized in coal-to-liquid processes was also employed. To assess the impact of mineral matter content, demineralization was used to remove most of the inorganic constituents. The findings revealed that the inertinite-rich coal exhibited lower liquefaction conversions due to a reduced proportion of reactive macerals and elevated levels of inorganic mineral matter. These conversion values exhibited a strong correlation with the quantity of reactive macerals present in the parent coals. For the inertinite-rich coal, the presence of inorganic mineral matter impeded the liquefaction process but facilitated the CO2 gasification reactions of the derived chars. To evaluate their potential in gasification processes, CO2 gasification experiments were conducted and the reactivities and apparent gasification activation energies of both coal chars, liquefaction residue chars, and preasphaltene and asphaltene (PAA) chars were calculated. These calculations were carried out using the random pore model (RPM) and volumetric reaction model (VRM). The chemistry, reactivity, and kinetics of residue gasification conversion are not thoroughly understood, yet they hold significant importance in optimizing syngas production within gasification processes. The findings from this work highlight significant differences in liquefaction conversion values, product distribution, and composition. These differences are influenced by factors such as maceral composition, inorganic mineral matter content, hydrogen-donor capabilities of the solvent, and liquefaction reaction temperatures. Additionally, these variables affect the CO2 gasification reactivity of liquefaction solid residue chars.

Resources recovery from coal gasification residue by combined hydrocyclone and vibrating screen and characterization of separated products

Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a solid waste rich in residual carbon and various inorganic elements produced in the process of coal gasification, and components separation is a prerequisite for its resourceful utilization and harmless disposal. In this paper, a CGFS sample was separated by a combined process of hydrocyclone and high-frequency vibrating screen (HFVS), and three products were obtained by optimizing separation parameters. The properties of each product were analyzed by XRD, XRF, SEM, BET, and TG-DSC. The results showed that the effective separation of residual carbon and ash in CGFS could be achieved at the hydrocyclone feeding pressure of 0.04 MPa and the HFVS aperture size of 0.074 mm, and LOI of the obtained concentrate, middling, and tailing products were 78.57%, 38.17%, and 20.42%, respectively, with a total recovery of residual carbon in concentrate and middling reaching 88.19%. Concentrate particles are mainly irregular or flocculent carbon with well-developed and comprehensive types of pores, as well as high calorific value and good combustion characteristics, which can be used to prepare porous adsorbent materials or as high-quality fuel. Middling is rich in aluminum and silicon elements, and it contains certain mesoporosity, calorific value and moderate combustibility, which suitable for preparing carbon-silicon composites or firing porous ceramics. Tailings have little residual carbon content but mainly consist of tiny spherical particles rich in inorganic element species and content, and it have fewer internal pores and low calorific value, which are suitable for the preparation of building materials, aluminum/silicon-based materials, or ecological restoration materials. This study provides important guidance for resource recovery and utilization of CGFS.

Synthesis of N/Fe/S-Codoped Cathode Catalysts on Gasification Residue Carbon for Zinc–Air Batteries

Synthesis of N/Fe/S-Codoped Cathode Catalysts on Gasification Residue Carbon for Zinc–Air Batteries

Co-gasification characteristics of Ca-rich sludge and Fe-rich sludge under CO2 atmosphere, and potential utilization of gasification residues as renewable catalyst in biomass pyrolysis

The co-gasification behaviors and performances of Ca-rich sludge (CS) and Fe-rich sludge (FS) were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer. The results showed that the comprehensive gasification index was highest at 40% CS ratio, which was 9.7 × 10−8 %2/(min2·°C3). The co-gasification resulted in more solid products generation due to that ash hindered contacts of gasifying agent and organics. By the sliding resistance furnace (SRF), in 80%CO2/20%N2, the evolution of gas compositions during the gasification process and impacts of different temperatures and blending ratios on co-gasification were evaluated. The evolution of gas compositions showed that the gas yields from CS gasification were higher than those from FS, and the interactions and ash catalytic effect during the co-gasification made the peak times earlier. The reaction temperatures and blending ratios had certain effects on the co-gasification process, affecting the mineral compositions and pores structures of sludge residues. Finally, considering the attributes of rich pores structure and Ca/Fe elements, the gasification residues can be used as ex-situ catalyst in the modification of biomass pyrolytic volatiles. Conducting the pyrolysis experiments by the SRF under N2 atmosphere, with adding gasification residues of sludge, the CO yield from biomass pyrolysis grew, but the yields of CO2, H2 and C2Hm reduced.

Emerging Sustainability in Carbon Capture and Use Strategies for V4 Countries via Biochemical Pathways: A Review

The world is moving towards decarbonization policies in the energy and industrial sectors to bring down carbon dioxide release and reach net zero emissions. Technologies to capture CO2 and use it as a feedstock to produce CO2-based chemicals and biofuels via chemical or biochemical conversion pathways can potentially reduce the amount of CO2 released. The paper serves the innovative scientific knowledge for CO2 transformation via a biochemical pathway to microalgal biomass with its subsequent treatment to biofuels and bioproducts assuming milder climatic conditions (Central or Eastern Europe, Visegrad countries or climatically related world regions). The recent trends were critically reviewed for microalgal biorefinery to reach the sustainability of microalgal-based chemicals with added value, digestion, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification of microalgal residues. Knowledge-based chemical process engineering analysis, systematic data synthesis, and critical technical evaluation of available life cycle assessment studies evaluated the sustainability of microalgal biorefinery pathways. The research showed that biological CO2 fixation using water, seawater or wastewater to produce third-generation biomass is a promising alternative for bioethanol production via pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, digestion, and distillation, and can be realized on a large scale in an economically viable and environmentally sound manner. Its best economically promising and sustainable pathway is perceived in producing microalgal-based nutraceuticals, bioactive medical products, and food products such as proteins, pigments, and vitamins. Machine learning methods for data mining, process control, process optimization, and geometrical configuration of reactors and bioreactors are the crucial research needs and challenges to implementing microalgal biorefinery in an operational environment.

Integrated Gasification of Biomass Residues (IBGCC)

A comprehensive outline of a new approach in integrated gasification of biomass residues including the material flow management in urban areas being targeted on the generation of electricity and district heating is presented. The feedstock is derived from civilian material by fully automated collection, sorting and separation. Thereby an outward transfer of inerts is executed, such as minerals, metals, glass and electronic scrap as well as sorted plastics being object to recycling. Finally a ligno cellulosic and a non-lignocellulosic fraction are gained. The for mer one is suitable for thermochemical conversion, the latter one for biological conversion into fuel gases which subsequently are oxidised completely at low air excess in a horizontally arranged cyclone combustion chamber. The heat recovered from the flue gases in the utility boiler is used to generate steam scooping in the supply of electricity and district heating. The basic design is scaled to an overall thermal capacity of 2-5 MW. This type is most capable of utilising renewable energy by converting the organic fractions of civilian material flows. The power plant is based on a reliable technology representing an on-site integrated biomass gasification combined cycle system including peripheral units specified for the treatment of complementary materials.

Effect of particle size on the properties of biomass gasification residue pellets used as a metallurgical-grade silicon reducing agent

Due to the greenhouse effect and fossil fuel shortages, biochar became a research priority to replace charcoal for metallurgical-grade silicon reductants, but it has an uneven particle size and insufficient strength. In this study, biochar was pelletized and compared with charcoal, and the relationship between the biochar particle size and pellet strength, porosity, and reactivity was determined. The results showed that the performance of biochar pellets was better than that of charcoal. In addition, upon decreasing the biochar particle size, the pellet strength increased, the porosity decreased, and the reactivity increased. When biochar with a particle size of <100 μm was used, the strength of the pellets was 3184.63 N, the porosity was 47.85%, and the reactivity was 82.15%, which meets the requirements of metallurgical-grade silicon reducing agents. This study provides a reference for the production of biochar pellets suitable for smelting to reduce the production of greenhouse gases.

Thermodynamic and kinetic modeling and experiment on plasma ignition of pulverized high-ash coal

Solid fuels are relatively inexpensive and widely available, making them an attractive option for energy producers. However, they are currently inefficient in converting heat energy into electricity, and new technological advances are needed to make them more efficient. Plasma ignition and stabilization of pulverized coal flame provides a cost-effective and sustainable approach to boiler start-up and combustion stabilization, avoiding the traditionally used fuel oil or gas. This technology consists of heating the air-coal mixture with electric arc plasma to the temperature of coal devolatilization and partial gasification of the coke residue. Thus, a highly reactive two-component fuel, consisting of combustible gas and coke residue, is obtained from the original coal. In this paper, a comprehensive thermodynamic and kinetic analysis was carried out. A thermodynamic analysis was carried out to study the optimal parameters of plasma ignition and stabilization of combustion of a pulverized fuel flame. Kinetic modeling of the process of plasma ignition and stabilization of combustion of pulverized fuel made it possible to obtain changes in temperatures, velocities and concentrations of high-temperature two-component fuel components along the length of the plasma-fuel system. In experiments on plasma ignition of thermal coal, a stable coal-dust flame was obtained, and its temperature, composition and degree of carbon gasification were determined. Comparison of experimental and calculated data showed satisfactory agreement.

Higher heating value prediction of high ash gasification-residues: Comparison of white, grey, and black box models

The measurement of the higher heating value (HHV) in high-ash solid waste poses persistent challenges due to the inherent limitations of using an oxygen bomb calorimeter. HHV predictive models based on the components analysis were proved to be useful methods. To improve the accuracy and applicability of HHV models, this work selected 100 actual measured data of high ash gasification residues, and compared three types of predictive models from white, grey, and black box by the following procedures: Modeling, External-validation, and Extending study. In the Modeling and External-validation processes, eight models from linear regression, grey model, and machine learning models, were proposed with R2 > 0.95 and MAPE<8.42 %. Compared to existing research, the models proposed in this study provide appealing accuracies. In the Extending study for applicability evaluation, the UA-based models UOGM (1, 5) (R2 = 0.86 and MAPE = 12.96 %) and RL-Ult (R2 = 0.89 and MAPE = 11.52 %) outperformed the other six models by using the eight-expanding data of different solid wastes that collected from the literature. Based on these results, the above two models were applied to predict the HHV of remaining 53 gasifier residues, showing reliable predicting results. This work shows that the developed models have high accuracy for the HHV prediction of high-ash solid wastes.

Multi-level framework for optimal operation of gasifier system utilising crop residues from small and medium-scale farms

Lack of techno-economic framework for optimal gasification and the identification of critical parameters for optimal operations is one of the major challenges restricting the gasification of crop residues. This study aims to develop an optimal techno-economic framework for the gasification of crop residues from clustered small/medium-scale farms. The developed model was applied to a case study in Adiembra, a farming community for a 10-kW gasifier engine system. Eight scenarios of individual feedstock and their blends were considered. The results revealed specific fuel consumption ranging from 1.79 – 3.53 kg/kWh. The economic analysis showed marginal profitability except for rice husk and straw which are not profitable. At the current grid electricity price, the minimum level of subsidies required to ensure the financial viability of the feedstocks is within the range of 30 – 70 % of the investment cost based on the various feedstock scenarios considered. The study revealed individual feedstocks with the best technical and economic prospects for optimal gasification to be cocoa pod husk, maize stalk and husk, maize cobs, rice straw and rice husk in the order of best to worst. The use of feedstock blends generally improved the overall syngas characteristics and financial viability. A total number of farms ranging between 107 – 532 are required to be clustered within a radius of 0.74 – 2.12 km with a cluster radius greater than 3.91 km not being financially viable. The fraction of each feedstock type in the blends were optimised with corresponding increase in syngas generation within the range of 9 – 35 % and decrease in the required number of farms within the range of 30 – 57 %. The outcome of the study demonstrates that sustainable gasification of crop residues for minigrid electricity generation requires co-gasification of various residue types, valorisation of by-products and increase in the current feed-in-tariff rate in Ghana.

Hydrogen production from supercritical water gasification of canola residues

Canola hull, meal and straw are abundantly available as low-value agricultural residues in Canada. These lignocellulosic feedstocks have the potential for the generation of biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. Supercritical water gasification is an emerging hydrothermal process for the conversion of recalcitrant biomasses into value-added hydrogen with the application of water beyond its critical temperature and pressure. This study focuses on the comparative investigation of supercritical water gasification of canola residues for H2 production through optimization of process temperature (350–500 °C), reaction time (20–80 min) and feedstock concentration (10–25 wt%) at a constant pressure of 23–25 MPa. Supercritical water gasification of canola straw resulted in a high H2 yield of 7.1 mmol/g to 6.2 mmol/g of H2 from canola hull and 5.5 mmol/g of H2 from canola meal at a temperature, reaction time and feedstock concentration of 500 °C, 40 min and 20 wt%, respectively. Furthermore, H2 yield and total gas yield from canola straw were maximized to 8.1 mmol/g and 29.7 mmol/g at the optimized supercritical water gasification conditions of 500 °C, 60 min and 10 wt%. Hydrochar obtained at high gasification temperatures also revealed aromatic carbon structures and thermal stability due to dehydrogenation, decarboxylation, deamination and aromatization. The overall results demonstrated the potential of supercritical water gasification as an evolving hydrothermal process to convert lignocellulosic biomass into high-value H2-rich gas.

Fate of ilmenite as oxygen carrier during 1 MWth chemical looping gasification of biogenic residues

Chemical looping gasification (CLG) is a novel gasification technology, allowing for the efficient conversion of different solid feedstocks (e.g. biogenic residues) into a high-calorific syngas. As in any chemical looping technology, the oxygen carrier (OC), transporting heat and oxygen from the air to the fuel reactor, is crucial in attaining high process efficiencies. To investigate the fate of the OC during CLG in an industrial environment, ilmenite samples, collected during >400 hours of chemical operation in 1 MWth scale using three different biomass feedstocks, were analyzed using different lab techniques. In doing so, changes in OC particle morphology and composition induced by CLG operation were determined. Moreover, the most important physical and chemical characteristics of the utilized OC were measured. The ensuing dataset allowed for an in-depth evaluation of the CLG technology in semi-industrial scale in terms of OC lifetime and durability. It was found that in the absence of agglomeration, the cycled OC exhibits an oxygen transport capacity of 2.6 wt.-%, a particle density of 3400 kg/m3 and particle diameters between 60 and 250 µm in steady-state conditions. Moreover, it was found that OC loss via particle attrition determines the lifetime of the OC inside the 1 MWth CLG system. On the other hand, feedstock-related agglomeration, observed during CLG operation with wheat straw, was shown to impede OC circulation between AR and FR and thus prevent efficient CLG operation. In summary, the present study thus not only highlights that generally long-term CLG operation in industry-like conditions is feasible, but also provides important insights into measures to improve OC lifetime and durability inside an industrial chemical looping system, such as an optimization of cyclone efficiency or tailored pre-treatment of the utilized feedstock.