Residual Substances Research Articles

Evaluation of Infrared-Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy Measurement and Locally Weighted Partial Least-Squares for Rapid Analysis of Residual Drug Substances in Cleaning Processes

The usefulness of infrared-reflection absorption spectroscopy (IR-RAS) for the rapid measurement of residual drug substances without sampling was evaluated. In order to realize the highly accurate rapid measurement, locally weighted partial least-squares (LW-PLS) with a new weighting technique was developed. LW-PLS is an adaptive method that builds a calibration model on demand by using a database whenever prediction is required. By adding more weight to samples closer to a query, LW-PLS can achieve higher prediction accuracy than PLS. In this study, a new weighting technique is proposed to further improve the prediction accuracy of LW-PLS. The root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) of the IR-RAS spectra analyzed by LW-PLS with the new weighting technique was compared with that analyzed by PLS and locally weighted regression (LWR). The RMSEP of LW-PLS with the proposed weighting technique was about 36% and 14% smaller than that of PLS and LWR, respectively, when ibuprofen was a residual drug substance. Similarly, LW-PLS with the weighting technique was about 39% and 24% better than PLS and LWR in RMSEP, respectively, when magnesium stearate was a residual excipient. The combination of IR-RAS and LW-PLS with the proposed weighting technique is a very useful rapid measurement technique of the residual drug substances.

Residual substance P levels after capsaicin treatment correlate with tendon repair

The aim of the study was to assess healing after capsaicin-induced substance P (SP) depletion during rat Achilles tendon repair by biomechanical testing. Capsaicin treatment reduced the concentrations of SP by ∼60% and calcitonin gene-related peptide by ∼40% as compared with the control group, as assessed by radioimmunoassay in the dorsal root ganglia, at 1 and 4 weeks post-tendon rupture. Also, the peripheral neuronal presence of SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, was lower at both weeks 1 and 4. The decreased peripheral neuronal presence of SP at week 1 correlated with the corresponding levels in the dorsal root ganglia (r = 0.54, p = 0.018). The reduced presence of SP/calcitonin gene-related peptide after capsaicin treatment was verified by a decreased sensitivity to painful mechanical and thermal stimuli (p < 0.05). Correlation analyses between individual residual SP levels and biomechanical tissue properties were performed because of differences in failure mode between the groups and high individual variations in the SP levels after capsaicin treatment. Thus, the residual SP levels in the dorsal root ganglia correlated with transverse area, ultimate tensile strength, and stress at failure (r = 0.39, p = 0.036; r = 0.53, p = 0.005; and r = 0.43, p = 0.023, respectively). Furthermore, individual pain sensitivity at week 2 correlated with peripheral occurrence of SP and was correlated with tensile strength and stress at failure (r = 0.89, p = 0.006 and r = 0.78, p = 0.015) at week 4. In conclusion, rats with higher residual SP levels after capsaicin-induced neuropathy develop improved tensile strength and stress at failure in the healing of Achilles tendon.

Effect of Natural Ageing of Basmati Paddy on Physico-chemicaland Textural Properties of Cooked Rice

Ageing of paddy (c.v. Basmati-386) was done for five months through storage in gunny bags (polyethylene lining), high density polyethylene (HDPE, 100 micron) and low density polyethylene (LDPE, 100 micron) bags to study rice quality. Aroma (volatile residual substance value), cooking coefficient, elongation ratio and water absorption increased markedly whereas amylose content, cooking time and solid loss in gruel decreased with the ageing of paddy. Textural properties of cooked rice like hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness increased with ageing. All the textural properties had significant positive correlation with each other and had negative correlation with optimum cooking time. The physico-chemical properties of rice correlated well with their cooking and textural properties.

On the mechanism of the synergistic effect of PTFE and copper in a lithium grease lubricant

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to find a reason of a very high lubrication effectivity of a lithium grease filled with PTFE and copper powders when used as a lubricant between contacting steel surfaces under mixed friction conditions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents the results of the differential thermal analysis (DTA) of a lithium grease lubricant filled with 6 wt% PTFE and 6 wt% Cu and of a 1:1 mass mixture of PTFE and copper powders alone. The chemical composition analysis of post‐DTA residual substances was carried out using the x‐ray microanalysis. The same method was employed for the examination of the chemical composition of the post‐test friction area in the balls of a four‐ball apparatus. The balls were lubricated with three greases: without any fillers (the base 1S lithium grease), with one filler (6 wt% Cu), and with two fillers (6 wt% PTFE and 6 wt% Cu). For the latter compound, the load was 500 daN, for the remaining compositions, the load was 126 daN.FindingsThe results of the analyses done confirmed a thesis that the synergism of PTFE and Cu in the tested grease under mixed friction conditions is possible due to the thermal decomposition of PTFE and creation – as a result of a reaction of this decomposition products with an earlier formed platering layer – of new layers that are (to a high probability) complexes containing copper, fluorine, and sulphur.Practical implicationsPTFE and copper powders when used as fillers for a lithium grease form a very effective lubrication compound for steel sliding pairs. The application of this compound results in an overall reduction of friction and wear that is greater than a simple summation of gains obtained when using these two additives separately.Originality/valueIt was proved that a dominant factor contributing to the synergistic effect of PTFE and copper in a lithium grease when used for the lubrication of steel surfaces is the fluorine that originate from the thermal disintegration of PTFE and not sulphur from the base grease.

P16 INK4A and Ki-67 immunostaining on cell blocks from residual ThinPrep material is helpful in identifying significant preneoplastic cervical lesions

Cell blocks can be prepared from residual ThinPrep material, and immunohistochemical staining can be used. The objectives of the current study were (1) to investigate the role of cell block preparation in identifying significant preneoplastic cervical lesions; and (2) to assess the diagnostic value of p16 INK4A and Ki-67 immunostaining on cell blocks to identify significant preneoplastic cervical lesions. Samples from residual substances of ThinPrep from 79 patients were collected for cell block preparations. Cell block sections and histological sections of the same patients were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and were immunostained with antibodies against p16 INK4A and Ki-67 antigen. The sensitivity and specificity for p16 INK4A and Ki-67 immunostaining to detect high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia were 95.12% and 73.68%, respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 79.59% and 93.33%, respectively. Immunostaining of cell blocks for p16 INK4A and Ki-67 exhibited a statistically significant association with the presence of significant lesions on cell blocks ( P < 0.05). p16 INK4A and Ki-67 immunostaining on cell blocks from residual ThinPrep material is helpful in identifying significant preneoplastic cervical lesions.

Ultrastructure of extrusomes in hypotrichous ciliate Pseudourostyla nova

The ultrastructure of extrusomes of the hypotrichous ciliate Pseudourostyla nova was observed in scanning and transmission electron microscopy and enzyme-cytochemistry. The results show that the distribution, morphological characteristics, morphogenesis process, and extrusive process of the extrusomes in P. nova are different from the trichocysts in Paramecium, suggesting that the extrusomes of P. nova can respond to environmental stimuli, play an important role in the defense of this species, and cannot be regarded as “trichocysts”. The results also suggest that the extrusomes might be originated from the Golgi apparatus and mature in the cytoplasm; after the extrusion of mature extrusomes, the residual substance might be reabsorbed and reused by the ciliate cell via food vacuoles, and take part in material recycling of the cell.

Residuos de fármacos anabolizantes en carnes destinadas al consumo humano

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;The production of meat for human consumption is one of the important items in the economy of a country. This activity has great socio economic importance as it serves as a basis for development, employment generation and sustainability of a country. The demand for animal protein is one of the most precious and necessary factors to maintain a proper biological development of human beings in active growth as well as being a source of growth and tissue regeneration. Consumption has increased because populations continue to grow and there is continuous migration to the cities, which makes the offer insufficient, and therefore it is necessary to accelerate, introduce technology and improve the meat production process. Industry also seeks a reduction in production costs by producers in this sector of the economy, leading to the use and incorporation of technology and cutting-edge knowledge to improve yield production of meat. Such knowledge comprises the scientific basis of the use of growth hormones and promoters (anabolic steroids and others) to accelerate and increase the production of meat. Although there has been an increase in production, residual substances can remain in the meat intended for human consumption which can lead to changes in the health of consumers.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key words&lt;/strong&gt;: growth promoter, meat, animal production&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

Evaluation of steroid hormones anabolic use in cattle in Croatia

Natural sex hormones are part of the endocrine system and are found in animal biological material. On analysis of residual substances with anabolic effect and detection of their abuse, it is necessary to know the physiological levels of these hormones to be able to differentiate physiological concentrations from the illegal use of anabolics. The hormone concentrations exceeding the physiological ones, found on monitoring for illegal substance use, would point to the abuse of these substances for anabolic purpose. In the present study, concentrations of the natural hormones 17?-estradiol, progesterone and testosterone were determined in bovine plasma according to animal age and sex. Natural hormone concentrations were determined using quantitative validated ELISA methods in plasma samples from cattle of different breed composition collected at several farms in Croatia during the 2006-2009 period. Methods validation showed good mean recovery and repeatability (approx. 75-87%), demonstrating the methods efficiency in determination of 17?-estradiol, progesterone and testosterone level in cattle plasma, respectively. The level of sex hormones was statistically significantly higher in yearling plasma as compared with calf plasma (P&lt;0.05). The highest levels of 17?-estradiol (0.03?0.01 ng/mL) and progesterone (4.87?1.63 ng/mL) were recorded in female yearlings, and of testosterone (9.44?5.47 ng/mL) in male yearlings. Results showed the steroid hormone levels to vary with animal age and sex, indicated that illegal use of anabolic substances could not be suspected in none of the study animals.

Nitrification of industrial and domestic saline wastewaters in moving bed biofilm reactor and sequencing batch reactor

Nitrification of saline wastewaters was investigated in bench-scale moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBR). Wastewater from a chemical industry and domestic sewage, both treated by the activated sludge process, were fed to moving-bed reactors. The industrial wastewater contained 8000 mg Cl −/L and the salinity of the treated sewage was gradually increased until that level. Residual substances present in the treated industrial wastewater had a strong inhibitory effect on the nitrification process. Assays to determine inhibitory effects were performed with the industrial wastewater, which was submitted to ozonation and carbon adsorption pretreatments. The latter treatment was effective for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal and improved nitrification efficiency. Nitrification percentage of the treated domestic sewage was higher than 90% for all tested chloride concentrations up to 8000 mg/L. Results obtained in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were consistent with those attained in the MBBR systems, allowing tertiary nitrification and providing adequate conditions for adaptation of nitrifying microorganisms even under stressing and inhibitory conditions.

Biogeochemical Proxies of Anthropic Impact in Mediterranean Forest Soils

AbstractQuantitative changes in soil organic matter (SOM) from undisturbed Mediterranean forests and neighbouring deforested sites were assessed by analysing soil lipids and humic acids (HAs), in total studying 80 variables. Changes in the composition of free lipids reflected vegetation types, whereas HAs analysed by visible and 13C NMR spectroscopy, sodium perborate degradation and Curie‐point pyrolysis indicated the extent of structural alteration of lignin in soil. The molecular fractions released by degradation techniques applied to HAs showed that demethoxylation and oxidation were associated with the removal of forest vegetation, and the aromatic compounds consisted mainly of methoxyphenols and benzenecarboxylic acids. Decreased concentration of alkanes and increased amounts of alcohols were observed after removal of forests. The chain lengths of alkyl compounds also tended to decrease. In forest soil, there was a series of diterpene resin acids, whereas in pasture soil steroids from animal origin and a root‐derived triterpenoids with friedelan structure were found. In relation to the total quantity and quality of soil C, the overall chemical descriptors indicated that clearing and cultivation (semiarid cereal fields) lead to intense mineralization of SOM (mainly particulate, free organic matter) but the residual humic substances have enhanced maturity in terms of structural condensation and potential resilience. Conversely, the cleared forest soil under pasture had a comparatively higher potential for C sequestration, but the HA characteristics suggested selective preservation of plant biomacromolecules directly incorporated as underground biomass.

Investigation on the effect of cellulosic nanoparticles’ morphology on the properties of natural rubber based nanocomposites

Cellulose whiskers and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were extracted from the rachis of date palm tree and characterized. These cellulosic nanoparticles were used as reinforcing phase to prepare nanocomposite films using latex of natural rubber as matrix. These films were obtained by the casting/evaporation method. The properties of the ensuing nanocomposite films were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, toluene and water uptake experiments, dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests. The stiffness of the natural rubber was significantly increased above its glass–rubber transition temperature upon nanoparticles addition. The reinforcing effect was shown to be higher for nanocomposites with MFC compared to whiskers. It was ascribed to the higher aspect ratio and possibility of entanglements of the former. The presence of residual lignin, extractive substances and fatty acids at the surface of MFC was also suggested to promote higher adhesion level with the polymeric matrix.

The relative factors analysis and management for high intraoc- ular pressure following phacoemulsification.

Objective To probe into the reasons of postoperative high intraoeular pressure following phaeoemulsification and analyze to different treatment methods that summarizes. Methods 1094 eases （ 1482 eyes） who had undergone phaeoemulsification and intraoeular lens implantations in our hospital from January of 2003 to December of 21）07 were observed. The eyes following high intraocular pressure in early days were classified according to different reasons atnd divided into a medication group and decompression of anterior chamber group according to the treatment method. Restilts 39 eyes in our eases took place the high intraoeular pressure in early days after operations, incidence was 2.63%. The range of high intraoeular pressure was 21 - 60 mmHg （ 1 mmHg = 0. 133 kPa）. All of eyes with high intraocular pressure presented residual viscoelastic substance and postoperative severe reaction in anterior chamber. In decompression of anterior chamber group, the intraocular pressure was controlled at normal level by one time decompressing procesure in 22 eyes （78.57%） and in one postoperative day in all of 28 eyes. In medication group, intraocular pressure in 11 eyes dropped gradually and returned to normal in postoperative 3 days. Conclusion Residual viscoelastic substance and postoperative severe reaction in anterior chamber were responsible for causing postoperative transient intraocular pressure elevated following phaeoemulsification. It is a simple, safe, effective therapeutic method to decompress anterior chamber by aside incision. Key words: cataract ; phaeoemulsification ; intraocular pressure ; management

Usefulness of Bowel Preparation Using Polyethylene Glycol Electrolyte Lavage Solution Three Hours Before Capsule Endoscopy

Background: In some cases observation of target sites is very poor because of residual substances, and so on, at the time of capsule endoscopy(CE). However, the usefulness of a bowel preparation method has not been established to date. Herein, we examined the usefulness of a preparation comprised of polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEG) at the time of CE. Patients: The subjects were 40 patients (25 men and 15 women, ranging in age from 17 - 84 years), in whom CE was performed during the period from September 2005 to September 2007 at our institution. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized and controlled study. CE was performed following a 12-hour fast. The patients were randomized into two groups. The first 20 patients (Group A) received no preparation and the other 20 patients (Group B) received 1L of PEG with 200 mg of dimethylpolysiloxane three hours before CE. Four investigators, blinded as to which group received the preparation, independently evaluated the CE images. As the method of evaluation, the small intestine observation time was divided into two parts: the first half and the second half. Next, a four-step evaluation (4: Excellent to 1: Poor) was performed for items pertaining to residual substances and air bubbles in the first and second observation periods. Moreover, this four-step evaluation procedure was also performed for the overall effect of the preparation. The usefulness of the preparation was compared between the two groups to detect any statistically significant differences. Results: There were no significant differences in patient background factors between the two groups. The results for the first half of the observation period were as follows: residual substances (Group A; median 3.13 [IQR 0.88] vs Group B; 3.50 [0.50]; (P=0.14)) and air bubbles (Group A; 3.25 [1.25] vs Group B; 3.75 [0.50]; (P=0.0038)). In the second half of the observation period, the following results were obtained: residual substances (Group A; 2.38 [1.25] vs Group B; 3.00 [0.75]; (P=0.0087)) and air bubbles (Group A; 2.88 [0.88] vs Group B; 3.50 [0.75]; (P=0.0011)). The overall effects of the preparation showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (Group A; 2.50 [1.00] vs Group B; 3.50 [0.63]; (P=0.0003)). Conclusions: Bowel preparation using 1L of PEG with 200 mg of dimethylpolysiloxane three hours before CE significantly improved residual substances and air bubbles, and can therefore be regarded as useful.

P106 農業残渣である麦糠からのエタノール製造に関する研究(ポスター発表)

P106 農業残渣である麦糠からのエタノール製造に関する研究(ポスター発表)

Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Nafion in Water/Ethanol for Preparing Transparent Conducting Films

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) dispersed by Nafion in water/ethanol with different ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) were used to prepare transparent conducting SWCNT films both on glass and on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates by filtration method. SWCNT-SDS films were also made to compare with different SWCNT-Nafion films, and the factors influencing the electrical conductivity of SWCNT films were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that SWCNT-Nafion-water/ethanol (50:50) films exhibited the best performance with the sheet resistance of 500−600 Ω/sq at transmittance of 85% and the best thermal stability at 60 °C with change of sheet resistance less than 2% in 200 h. The best performance of SWCNT-Nafion-water/ethanol (50:50) films was attributed to the following: (1) the bundle size of SWCNTs dispersed by Nafion was small, (2) the residual substance Nafion in the network of SWCNTs was more conductive than insulating SDS, (3) SWCNTs were p-doped by Nafion, and (4) the thermal stability of Nafion was good.

Alcohol consumption and blood lipids in elderly coronary patients

Alcohol may have a beneficial effect on coronary heart disease (CHD) that could be mediated by elevation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC). Data on alcohol consumption and blood lipids in coronary patients are scarce. We studied whether total ethanol intake and consumption of specific types of beverages are associated with blood lipids in older subjects with CHD. Blood lipids were measured in 1052 myocardial infarction patients aged 60 to 80 years (78% male). Intake of alcoholic beverages, total ethanol, and macronutrients was assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Seventy percent of the subjects used lipid-lowering medication. Total cholesterol was on average 5.14 mmol/L, and HDLC was on average 1.28 mmol/L. Among men, total ethanol intake was positively associated with HDLC (difference of 0.094 mmol/L for ≥15 g/d vs 0 g/d, P = .024), whereas the association with HDLC among women was not significant (difference of 0.060 mmol/L for ≥5 g/d vs 0 g/d, P = .560) after adjustment for dietary, lifestyle, and CHD risk factors. Liquor consumption was weakly positively associated with HDLC in men ( P = .045). Beer consumption in men and wine consumption in women were also positively associated with HDLC, but were not significant in the fully adjusted model. In conclusion, moderate alcohol consumption may elevate HDLC in treated post–myocardial infarction patients. This may be due to ethanol and not to other beneficial substances in alcoholic beverages. Based on this finding, further research needs to be done to examine the effects of the residual substances from different types of alcoholic beverages on HDLC.

Carbonaceous substance of the Sukhoi Log gold deposit ( East Siberia)

Insoluble carbonaceous substance (ICS) at the Sukhoi Log gold deposit has been studied following the scheme: source shales — concentrates — residual substance of rocks. Examination by electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy with electron microdiffraction, thermography, and mass spectrometry revealed several morphogenetic ICS varieties: dot-drop-like, honeycomb, single graphite crystals, and spherical graphite crystals. Study of source shales and concentrates has shown their similar carbon isotope compositions (δ 13C av = 18.03–17.54‰). Residual carbonaceous substance is characterized by a heavy carbon isotope composition (δ 13C av = 10‰). Its enrichment with heavy carbon isotope, as compared with the source rocks, calls for special geochemical studies. The ICS heterogeneity in the Sukhoi Log shales points to variations in the physicochemical settings of ore formation at the deposit.

The Effects of Preserved Red Blood Cells on the Severe Adverse Events Observed in Patients Infused with Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers

The severe adverse events observed in patients who received hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) were associated with the Ringer's D.L lactate resuscitative solution administered and to the excipient used in the HBOCs containing Ringer's D,L lactate and the length of storage of the preserved RBC administered to the patient at the time that the HBOCs were infused. This paper reports the quality of the red blood cells preserved in the liquid state at 4 degrees C and that of previously frozen RBCs stored at 4 degrees C with regard to their survival, function and safety. Severe adverse events have been observed related to the length of storage of the liquid preserved RBC stored at 4 degrees C prior to transfusion. The current methods to preserve RBC in the liquid state in additive solutions at 4 degrees C maintain their survival and function for only 2 weeks. The freezing of red blood cells with 40% W/V glycerol and storage at -80 degrees C allows for storage at -80 degrees C for 10 years and following thawing, deglycerolization and storage at 4 degrees C in the additive solution (AS-3, Nutricel) for 2 weeks with acceptable 24 hour posttransfusion survival, less than 1% hemolysis, and moderately impaired oxygen transport function with no associated adverse events. Frozen deglycerolized RBCs are leukoreduced and contain less than 5% of residual plasma and non-plasma substances. Frozen deglycerolized RBCs are the ideal RBC product to transfuse patients receiving HBOCs.

Nonthermal plasma reactors and plasma chemistry

The main goal of this paper is focused in reviewing the last 22 years of the use of nonthermal plasma reactors as alternative technologies for the treatment of residual fluid substances, regarding the destruction of hazardous compounds or the synthesis of other valuable compounds. The electrical discharge processing has emerged as alternative plasma-based technologies. Electrical discharges can be produced in different forms, depending on the geometry of the reactor and the electrical power supply. The nonthermal plasma reactors were classified into: pulsed or DC corona discharge; silent discharge or dielectric barrier discharge; surface discharge; electrified packed-bed.

しょう油かすメタン発酵残さから製造した炭化物の工場排液脱色への適用

Energy collection by the methane fermentation residue attracts attention as utilization of soy sauce lees discharges one million tons a year in Japan. We prepared the activated carbon by carbonization-activation of methane fermentation residual substance after utilization of soy sauce lees. We found that the prepared activated carbon had well-developed mesoporous structure and had better adsorption performance than commercial activated carbon for the wastewater from dye house.