Ovarian Remnant Syndrome Research Articles

Unexpected Basal Anti-Müllerian Hormone Concentrations in a 6-Year-Old Bitch Presenting an Ovarian Remnant

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome (ORS) refers to a condition affecting spayed females, characterized by clinical signs typically seen in intact bitches. In this report, Callie, a 6-year-old spayed female German Shepherd, was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the University of Bari for a specialist examination due to serosanguineous discharge from the vulva. All diagnostic tests recommended in the literature were performed to diagnose ORS. Notably, the Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) assay, considered the gold standard for ORS diagnosis, was used, and the dog tested negative based on the established bibliographic cut-off values. However, advanced diagnostic techniques, including CT scans and laparoscopy, were performed, and histological examination ultimately confirmed the presence of ovarian tissue in the dog’s abdominal cavity. This clinical case underscores the importance of combining hormonal tests with advanced imaging and surgical diagnostics to ensure accurate diagnosis. It highlights the limitations of relying solely on AMH values and emphasizes the need for further research into diagnostic tests, their cut-off values, and the role of collateral examinations to achieve definitive diagnoses in cases where hormonal assays yield inconclusive results.

The importance of monitoring neurological manifestations in rehabilitation after radical hysterectomy

Background. Hysterectomy is currently one of the most frequently performed surgical operations in obstetrics and gynecology, second only to cesarean section. However, such intervention is often associated with the risk of complications, including neurological ones. Neurological consequences, due to their characteristics, go beyond physical manifestations and exert psycho-emotional pressure on patients.Objective: to determine the need for monitoring neurological manifestations in women undergoing rehabilitation after hysterectomy.Material and methods. The search and selection of studies in Russian and English languages were conducted according to PRISMA recommendations in scientific databases and electronic libraries: PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, DOAJ, eLibrary, CiberLeninka. In total, 2569 publications were revealed; after subsequent screening 57 articles were selected, which were devoted to the study of neurological adverse effects of hysterectomy and met all the screening criteria.Results. Among all the neurological complications mentioned, the most common is chronic postoperative pain. It is detected in 30% of cases. At the same time, in the vast majority of cases, such pains are rare and are tolerated as mild discomfort. However, there is no unambiguous understanding of the nature of this complication. There is a theory about the essential role of estrogen production and substance P ratio in pain manifestations. Thus, a decrease in estrogen production with unchanged synthesis of substance P significantly reduces the pain threshold in patients, which is the cause of the observed chronic pain. A certain contribution to the formation of this neurological complication is made by residual ovarian syndrome, which is associated with incomplete removal of the ovaries during ovariectomy, traumatic neuroma and mononervopathy. Damage to the nerves or their plexuses in the pelvic area can cause intestinal and urinary disorders, leading to a decrease in the quality of life of patients. Excessive anxiety and depression are additional risk factors for the development of chronic pain after hysterectomy, and the accompanying postoperative changes often have a physical manifestation, for example, in the form of insomnia, restless legs syndrome and sexual dysfunction.Conclusion. Hysterectomy is certainly an effective way to treat a number of gynecological diseases, but it often causes complications that require correction of the rehabilitation program. Neurological negative manifestations need special monitoring, since the depressive state of patients may lead to chronicity of pathological processes.

Investigation of serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels at follicular phase and interestrus period in queens

The objectives of this study were: i) to report overall mean AMH serum concentrations in queens, ii) to determine relationship between serum AMH concentration with estradiol level, iii) to investigate the relationship between serum AMH with follicular phase and interestrus phase of the estrous cycle, iv) to discuss the usability of AMH as a biomarker to diagnosis of ovarian remnant syndrome in breeding season in queens. In the study, 64 healthy queens referred to clinics for routine ovariohysterectomy were used. After anamnesis, vaginal cytology, macroscopic examination of the uterus and ovaries and estradiol measurement, queens were divided into two groups: follicular phase (n: 45) and interestrus (n: 19). Estradiol and AMH levels in serum samples were determined by ELISA. In the evaluation of serum AMH concentrations, a statistical difference was determined between the follicular phase and interestrus (P˂0.05). A negative correlation was found between age and estradiol in both follicular phase (r = -0.171) and interestrus (r = -0.385) groups. A positive correlation was found between age and AMH in the interestrus (P˂0.01, r = 0.696). Serum AMH levels in the interestrus were found to be significantly higher than follicular phase (P˂0.05). It was thought that this increase in serum AMH levels during the interestrus period, which is the stage where oocytes were selected for ovulation, may be an indicator of the role of AMH in oocyte selection in queens, as in many other mammalian species.

Robot-Assisted Vaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery for Frozen Pelvis

To show feasibility and techniques used to perform a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, endometriosis resection, and ovarian reconstruction in a patient with a frozen pelvis secondary to a history of ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess. Narrated step-by-step video demonstration. Single academic institution. In patients with a history of multiple abdominal surgeries, abdominal mesh, or in the case of this patient, a history of a ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess, a vaginal approach may be safer. Immediate access to the uterine pedicles through the vagina bypasses the need for extensive enterolysis and adhesiolysis when compared to an abdominal approach. With the use of indocyanine green injected into bilateral ureters, we highlight the benefits of immediate identification of the ureters allowing for safer and more efficient dissection. We show rotational uterine maneuvers to aid in rectosigmoid-to- posterior-uterus dissection in a limited space due to dense pelvic adhesions. Lastly, we demonstrate ovarian reconstruction and oophoropexy for the purpose of easier ovarian identification in future surgeries to possibly reduce the risks of ovarian remnant syndrome. This video highlights the feasibility and strategies used to perform robot-assisted vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery on a patient with a frozen pelvis.

Half-life of serum anti-Müllerian hormone and changes after gonadectomy in adult female and male dogs with normal and abnormal gonads

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a biomarker for the presence of gonadal tissue. Changes in serum AMH after gonadectomy are not well established, and its serum half-life is unknown in dogs. We measured serum AMH with a validated electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay in adult female (n = 12) and male (n = 7) dogs with normal gonads, as well as in dogs with gonadal pathology (ovarian remnant syndrome, ORS n = 3, testicular tumor [Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, seminoma] n = 3, unilateral abdominal cryptorchid n = 4) on the day of gonadectomy (D0), and on D3, D7, D14 (females and males), and D21, D28 (males only). Males had higher AMH concentrations than females independent of gonadal status (P < 0.001). Dogs with ORS had lower initial AMH (0.45 ± 0.43 ng/ml) than bitches with normal gonads (1.16 ± 0.44 ng/ml; P = 0.027). Cryptorchid dogs had higher initial concentrations (80.57 ± 52.81 ng/ml) than males with normal gonads (7.92 ± 2.45 ng/ml; P = 0.004), and those with testicular tumors (18.63 ± 5.04 ng/ml) were intermediate (P ≥ 0.250). AMH decreased over time (P ≤ 0.012) and was 0.01–0.04 ng/ml by D14 in females and 0.02–0.12 ng/ml by D28 in males. Serum half-life in the whole study population was 2.85 ± 0.51 days and did not differ between groups. In conclusion, serum AMH can differentiate between intact and gonadectomized status of adult dogs by 14 days after ovario(hyster)ectomy in females and by 28 days after surgical castration in males.

Effect of Nursing Educational Program on Sexual Function and Stress Level among Women with Residual Ovarian Syndrome

Effect of Nursing Educational Program on Sexual Function and Stress Level among Women with Residual Ovarian Syndrome

Small Animal Ovariohysterectomy and Avoidance of Associated Complications in Pet Practices Across Pakistan: A Current Perspective

Ovariohysterectomy (OVH) is a routine surgical procedure in small animal practices for sterilization and management of several uterine diseases, namely pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, uterine tumors, rupture, and torsion. Ovariohysterectomy (OVH) offers numerous clinical advantages, but post-operative complications could pose financial challenges for veterinarians due to the inherent risk of malpractice suits and clients owing to the extended recovery period for their pets. The authors reviewed about two dozen peer-reviewed English language articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases to identify risks and avoidance strategies following OVH. These may include the ones arising from celiotomy (infection, incisional hernias, wound dehiscence, inadvertent injury to organs and adhesions) or affections, such as intraoperative hemorrhage, stump pyometra, ovarian remnant syndrome, ureteral ligation, urinary incontinence, granulomas, fistulous tracts, post-surgery weight gain, and eunuchoid syndrome. This review emphasizes prevention and management methods for each of these complications. Effective surgical techniques play a vital role in preventing hemorrhage, while meticulous resection, ligation, and omentalization of uterine stump reduce the risk of stump pyometra. Complete removal of ovarian tissue and systematic exploration prevent ovarian remnant syndrome. The use of advanced imaging methods, such as ultrasound, fluoroscopy, or CT scans, can greatly aid in identifying and preserving ureters during surgical procedures, thus minimizing the risk of ureteral complications. Strategies to address urinary incontinence, granulomas, and post-surgery weight gain might encompass the use of hormonal therapy involving estradiol analogs or the application of precise surgical techniques involving ureteral reimplantation. Innovative strategies such as auto-transplantation of ovaries are suggested for managing eunuchoid syndrome, while inadvertent prostatectomy and bowel obstruction may simply be avoided by better tissue handling and dissection. In summary, optimizing surgical protocols, incorporating CT scans, using appropriate drug therapies, and continuous education within the veterinary community are crucial for reducing complications associated with OVH.

9795 Prevention and Treatment of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome in Individuals with Advanced Endometriosis

9795 Prevention and Treatment of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome in Individuals with Advanced Endometriosis

Endometrial polyp in a spayed female dog

AbstractEndometrial polyps are rare benign uterine masses exclusively reported in geriatric, entire, female dogs or spayed female dogs with ovarian remnant syndrome. A 12‐year‐old, female, ovariohysterectomised cocker spaniel was presented for hyporexia, progressive muco‐haemorrhagic vulval discharge, and an ultrasonographically detected caudal abdominal mass. Thoracic and abdominal computed tomography revealed that the mass originated from the uterine stump, with no evidence of metastasis. Surgical excision of the mass was performed, and histopathology of the mass was consistent with an endometrial polyp. The dog was confirmed to be neutered based on the absence of ovarian remnant found on computed tomography and during surgery, and the negative results of both anti‐Mullerian hormone test and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulated progesterone test. The dog fully recovered with complete resolution of clinical signs at 2‐week, 6‐month and 18‐month rechecks. The presenting case highlights the first reported case of an endometrial polyp in a spayed female dog.

Serum antimüllerian hormone concentrations in female cats. Relation with ovarian remnant syndrome, ovarian cysts and gonadectomy status

The aim of this study was to reveal (1) the determination of the serum antimüllerian hormone concentrations in cats with ovarian remnant syndrome and ovarian cyst, (2) the effectiveness of the serum antimüllerian hormone concentrations in detecting gonadectomy status, and (3) ovarian expression of the antimüllerian hormone in the ovarian cysts and ovarian remnant tissue. For this purpose, a total of 31 domestic cats older than 1 year, including ORS (n = 9), OC (n = 3), spayed (n = 8), and intact (n = 11), were used in the study. Serum and intrafollicular AMH concentrations were determined by the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and expression of the AMH was determined by the immunohistochemical method. The serum AMH concentration in the ORS group was 1.49 ± 1.24 ng/ml (0.10–3.63 ng/ml) whereas it was 1.78 ± 0.92 ng/ml (0.8–2.63 ng/ml) in the OC group. AMH concentration in the intrafollicular fluid was determined as 0.023 ng/ml in a cat with an ovarian cyst. While the serum AMH concentration was below 0.01 ng/ml in spayed cats, it was 5.80 ± 3.30 ng/ml (1.88–11.86 ng/ml) in the intact cats. There was a significant difference between the spayed and intact groups in terms of serum AMH concentration (p < 0.05). Moreover, in cats with ovarian cyst and ovarian remnant syndrome, no difference was found between the groups in terms of serum AMH concentration (p > 0.05). No difference was found between the ovarian remnant syndrome and intact cats in terms of serum AMH concentration (p > 0.05). In immunohistochemical staining, ovarian cysts were found to be negative for AMH while a moderate (+2) AMH positivity was observed in other follicles. Furthermore, in cats with ovarian remnant syndrome, severe (+3) AMH positivity was observed. As a result, it was determined that gonadectomy status can be accurately diagnosed by the AMH measurement. Ovarian remnant syndrome cannot be diagnosed accurately by AMH measurement. In addition, it was found that AMH did not seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of ovarian cysts in cats.

A Rare Case of a Left Ovarian Remnant Syndrome Associated with a Symptomatic Right Ovarian Cyst

Ovarian Remnant syndrome (ORS) is the presence of residual ovarian tissue after an oophorectomy was performed whether associated with a hysterectomy or not. We report the case of a 39-year-old woman with a past surgical history of total abdominal hysterectomy and left salpingo-oophorectomy with an indication of placenta accreta incidentally discovered during a caesarian section. The patient presented with pelvic pain and was diagnosed with ORS. She was successfully managed by laparoscopy with removal of the cyst and the surrounding ovarian tissue, confirmed by histopathological analysis. The post operative period was uneventful, and the patient was discharged after 2 days of good evolution. In our context, surgery remains the main treatment option, however, other treatment options including radiotherapy or medical management need to be considered as either adjunct or main therapy.

Stump pyometra in a spayed female dog secondary to tamoxifen

To describe a complication associated with the long-term use of tamoxifen for the treatment of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog. A 2-year-old female spayed poodle cross was evaluated for a stump pyometra. The dog was diagnosed with sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis a year prior and was treated with tamoxifen, an oestrogen receptor antagonist, for treatment of the disease. The dog developed a swollen vulva with vulvar discharge and a stump pyometra was diagnosed on ultrasound. Hormonal testing was submitted to evaluate for an ovarian remnant and the dog underwent an exploratory laparotomy, where the uterine stump was removed. No ovarian remnant tissue was identified intra-operatively, and hormonal testing (anti-Müllerian hormone, progesterone, oestradiol) and histopathology were consistent with the absence of ovarian tissue. The tamoxifen was discontinued. The dog recovered uneventfully after surgery. This report describes a complication of treatment of a rarely described clinical disease. While most cases of stump pyometra involve ovarian remnant syndrome, this case report describes a stump pyometra in a dog without remnant tissue that was undergoing treatment with tamoxifen. Tamoxifen has been reported to cause pyometra in intact female dogs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report to describe a stump pyometra in a spayed female dog, secondary to the use of tamoxifen.

Ovarian remnant syndrome in small animals: case series

Our objective was to report the utility of various diagnostic tests in identifying ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) in dogs and cats. Medical records from 2 referral teaching hospitals (Health Sciences Centre at the Ontario Veterinary College and Cornell University Hospital for Animals) were examined and 48 animals (31 dogs and 17 cats) were chosen. Data included were based on sufficient clinical or diagnostic evidence of ORS. Histopathology was used as the confirmatory test for ORS. There was no difference between the proportions of dogs versus cats diagnosed with ORS. Similarly, there was no difference in the proportions of ovarian remnants (OR) between large, medium, or small dogs, or the side (right, left, or bilateral) in which OR was diagnosed. Vaginal cytology and transabdominal ultrasonography findings, and serum progesterone concentrations had the highest chance of correctly identifying an OR prior to exploratory surgery. Transabdominal ultrasonography had strong agreement with OR location identified at surgery. Presumptive intraoperative diagnosis of OR was possible in 39/41 cases (95.1%). Auxiliary diagnostic testing should be recommended to confirm functional ovarian tissue before surgery to reduce unnecessary surgery. Additionally, transabdominal ultrasonography examination may reduce surgical time since ovarian remnant location has strong agreement with surgical findings.

Surgical Management of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome

Study Objective To provide a basic overview of the management of ovarian remnant syndrome by discussing evidence from case series and demonstrating advanced dissection techniques commonly required to surgically treat ovarian remnant syndrome. Design Surgical video with highlighted anatomy and narration. Setting Academic Tertiary Care Hospital. Patients or Participants Patients with a history of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy found to have a pelvic mass and premenopausal hormone levels consistent with ovarian remnant syndrome. Interventions In this video, we provide an overview of surgical treatment for ovarian remnant syndrome. Ovarian remnant syndrome occurs when ovarian tissue is inadvertently left behind during salpingo-oophorectomy and can result in pain. We review the diagnostic workup for these patients using information from large case series. We then demonstrate advanced surgical dissection techniques required to successfully remove an ovarian remnant using two surgical cases. These techniques focus on safe ureterolysis, retroperitoneal dissection with identification of avascular spaces and their borders, as well as enterolysis. We highlight relevant anatomy to aid visualization of surgical planes. Measurements and Main Results N/A. Conclusion Ovarian remnant syndrome presents a surgical challenge. In order to successfully remove an ovarian remnant, surgeons must have a good understanding of surgical anatomy and advanced dissection techniques. To provide a basic overview of the management of ovarian remnant syndrome by discussing evidence from case series and demonstrating advanced dissection techniques commonly required to surgically treat ovarian remnant syndrome. Surgical video with highlighted anatomy and narration. Academic Tertiary Care Hospital. Patients with a history of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy found to have a pelvic mass and premenopausal hormone levels consistent with ovarian remnant syndrome. In this video, we provide an overview of surgical treatment for ovarian remnant syndrome. Ovarian remnant syndrome occurs when ovarian tissue is inadvertently left behind during salpingo-oophorectomy and can result in pain. We review the diagnostic workup for these patients using information from large case series. We then demonstrate advanced surgical dissection techniques required to successfully remove an ovarian remnant using two surgical cases. These techniques focus on safe ureterolysis, retroperitoneal dissection with identification of avascular spaces and their borders, as well as enterolysis. We highlight relevant anatomy to aid visualization of surgical planes. N/A. Ovarian remnant syndrome presents a surgical challenge. In order to successfully remove an ovarian remnant, surgeons must have a good understanding of surgical anatomy and advanced dissection techniques.

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome Versus Retroperitonealized Ovary: Preoperative Evaluation and Surgical Management

<h3>Study Objective</h3> Our objectives are to compare the definitions of ovarian remnant syndrome and retroperitonealized ovary, present a patient with each condition, describe the preoperative evaluation, and demonstrate the surgical management. <h3>Design</h3> Perioperative evaluation and laparoscopic excision of ovarian remnant syndrome and retroperitonealized ovary. <h3>Setting</h3> Tertiary care center. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> Reproductive-aged women presenting with pelvic pain and a history of prior pelvic surgery subsequently diagnosed with ovarian remnant syndrome or retroperitonealized ovary. <h3>Interventions</h3> Minimally-invasive retroperitoneal dissection and excision of ovarian remnant or retroperitonealized ovary. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> Ovarian remnant syndrome is the presence of ovarian tissue following an oophorectomy, and retroperitonealized ovary is the presence of ovarian tissue in the retroperitoneum. Patients with a history of pelvic surgery, particularly with extensive retroperitoneal dissection, are at risk for these conditions. Retroperitonealized ovary occurs most frequently following ovarian cystectomy, while ovarian remnant syndrome occurs after oophorectomy. Importantly, ovarian remnant syndrome can usually be anticipated during preoperative evaluation, while retroperitonealized ovary is encountered during the surgery. Patients typically present with chronic pelvic pain. The preoperative workup for patients with suspected retroperitonealized ovary or ovarian remnant syndrome includes a detailed patient history, thorough physical exam, and transvaginal ultrasound evaluation. A follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol level can evaluate for ovarian function, while a clomiphene provocation test can be used if an ovarian mass is not initially visualized on imaging. Surgical excision is the recommended management option for both conditions. It involves dissection and removal of the ovary from the surrounding structures. In patients with endometriosis, the isolation and removal of the ovarian tissue is typically complicated by dense adhesions to the pelvic sidewall, ureter, and bowel. Complete surgical resection of the ovarian tissue is imperative, as patients are at risk for endometriosis and ovarian cancer. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Both ovarian remnant syndrome and retroperitonealized ovary are potential sequelae of prior pelvic surgery and require surgical resection.

7578 Hysterectomy with or without Oophorectomy for Transgender Male Patients: Preoperative and Intraoperative Considerations

<h3>Study Objective</h3> To review the preoperative and intraoperative considerations for gynecologic surgeons when performing hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy for transgender male patients. <h3>Design</h3> Stepwise demonstration of techniques with narrated video footage. <h3>Setting</h3> Approximately 0.3% of hysterectomies performed annually in the U.S. are for transgender male patients, most commonly to alleviate gender dysphoria. A hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy can be offered to patients who have met criteria outlined by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) guidelines. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> Transgender male patients seeking hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy. <h3>Interventions</h3> Important perioperative counseling points for transgender male patients include: •Establishing terminology to minimize gender dysphoria •Discussing options for fertility preservation •Discussing the importance of continuing testosterone therapy post-oophorectomy to reduce the loss of bone density •Reviewing intraoperative and postoperative expectations Important intraoperative considerations for the performance of safe and effective hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy for transgender male patients include: •Maintaining a margin of at least 2 cm between the surgical instrument and the ovary during coagulation and transection of the infundibulopelvic ligament to prevent ovarian remnant syndrome •Performance of a two-layer vaginal cuff closure to reduce the risk of vaginal cuff complications <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> The patients recovered well without any postoperative complications. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In conclusion, it is essential to minimize the patient's experience of gender dysphoria by providing gender-affirming care before, during and after surgery. In particular, the surgeon should take care to perform oophorectomy with an adequate margin to minimize the risk of ovarian remnant syndrome and use a two-layer laparoscopic vaginal cuff closure to decrease the risk of vaginal cuff complications.

A Rare Case of a Left Ovarian Remnant Syndrome Associated with a Symptomatic Right Ovarian Cyst

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome (ORS) results from the presence of residual ovarian tissue after an ovariectomy. We report the case of a 39-year-old woman with a past history of total abdominal hysterectomy and left salpingooophorectomy who presented with pelvic pain and was diagnosed as having ORS. She was successfully operated by laparoscopy with the surgical gesture being the removal of the cyst and the surrounding ovarian tissue with the postoperative course being uneventful.

Ovarian remnant syndrome in feline: Case report

Ovarian remnant syndrome is characterized by the presence of functional ovarian tissue after ovariohysterectomy (OH). In this report, the case of a 2-year-old female cat who started to show estrus behaviors 10 months after OH, correlated with the absence of the tutor. The exams of choice to reach a first diagnosis were vaginal cytology and abdominal ultrasound. The designated treatment, was excision of the ovarian tissue fragment thought exploratory laparotomy. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis.

Anti–Müllerian hormone concentrations in queens throughout the estrous cycle

Studies in cats and dogs have proven the usefulness of anti–Müllerian hormone (AMH) as a diagnostic tool to determine the castration status or to diagnose ovarian remnant syndrome. Yet the secretion pattern of AMH over the estrous cycle in queens has not been investigated so far. Seven healthy sexually intact female cats were examined daily for signs of estrous behavior over a trial period of 4 months. Five queens showed regular estrous behavior, 1 queen was mated in her first heat and 1 queen never showed any signs of heat. To distinguish between inter–estrus and metestrus progesterone levels were determined. Serum samples for AMH and progesterone measurement were collected from the regular cycling queens in late anestrus, at several times during heat, inter-estrus and metestrus, from the mated queen during her first heat and during pregnancy, and in the acycling queen at various times during the trial period. The measured AMH values in anestrus were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in heat (P < 0.001), metestrus (P = 0.12) and inter–estrus (P = 0.449). In anestrus the median AMH levels were 10.26 ng/ml (range 4.96 to 22.90 ng/ml), in heat 5.97 ng/ml (range 3.32– 22.96 ng/ml), in inter–estrus 10.47 (range 3.35–22.96 ng/ml) and in metestrus 6.38 ng/ml (range 4.50–10.75 ng/ml. The pregnant cat showed median AMH concentrations of 6.47 ng/ml (range 5.60–9.80 ng/ml) during her pregnancy. The acycling queen had solely low AMH values with a median concentration of 0.39 ng/ml. In conclusion there were high variations of the AMH levels among and within the individual cats and between heat cycles in the single cat. Remarkable high AMH concentrations were measured in the younger queens of the study in their first estrous cycles and also in anestrus, when less ovarian activity is expected. Further studies are necessary to emphasize the reasons for these high AMH concentrations especially in young queens.

Estudio retrospectivo de hallazgos ultrasonográficos en útero y ovarios de perras no preñadas para determinar la frecuencia de aparición de las principales patologías

In the present retrospective study, we sought to establish the frequency of occurrence in non-pregnant bitches of echographic findings compatible with pathologies of the uterus and ovaries between 2011 and 2017 in the Imaging Service of the Small Animal Hospital of the Facultad de Veterinaria – Universidad de la República, Uruguay. In turn, these data were related to clinical signs, review information and anamnesis of the patients to be able to issue a diagnostic approach. In this way, the casuistry of the different pathologies in this period of time and their relationship was determined with age, weight, and reproductive status. It was determined that out of 6010 bitches taken to the hospital, 2288 had an ultrasound study and 299 had findings compatible with: pyometra, other uterine collections (mucometer, hydrometer, hemometer), cystic endometrial hyperplasia, uterus tumor, pathologies of uterine stump, ovarian cyst / ovarian remnant syndrome or ovarian tumor. The pathology that was most recorded was pyometra with 52.8%, followed by ovarian cysts / ovarian remnant with 26.4% and cystic endometrial hyperplasia with 22.4%, followed in lesser proportion by uterine collection with a 16.7% and uterine mass, pathologies of uterine stump and ovarian mass represented with 2.7% each one. Likewise, a strong relationship between these pathologies was established with reproductive status, finding most of them in not neutered bitches, it was observed that they occurred more frequently in bitches over 5 years old, and an association with weight could not be determined.