Changes in the positions and shapes of X-ray diffraction peaks have been examined after low cycle and high cycle strain-controlled fatigue of normalized and cold-worked AISI 1008 steel. Measurements were made at and below the surface. The domain (mosaic) size is sometimes the major contributor to peak breadth, but sometimes it is controlled by microstrain, or by both quantities. Microstrains are larger after low cycle fatigue than after high cycle fatigue. The surface residual stress is altered by fatigue, and the pattern of change with cycling is similar for low or high strains, and for initially normalized of cold-worked specimens. Near failure in the low cycle fatigue of a cold-worked specimen, the domain size and microstrain approach those for a (cycled) annealed specimen. Dislocation densities are of the order of 10 13–10 14 m −2. Cycling in the initially normalized condition increases both the dislocation density and the dislocation arrangements with low long-range strains. However, with cold-worked AISI 1008 steel the density decreases and, near failure, the dislocation array is nearly random. In all cases the peak breadth versus depth below the surface passes through a minimum. In the low cycle fatigue of the normalized condition the damage is less in the interior than at the surface, but after high cycle fatigue (and after the high or low cycle fatigue of cold-worked samples) the damage is greater in the interior of a specimen. The dislocation arrangement oscillates with depth below the surface, at least for the first few hundred microns.