Preservation Of Residual Kidney Function Research Articles

Quel pourrait être le futur de la prise en charge de la maladie rénale chronique en nutrition ?

The nutrition care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a central question which is permanently studied. The benefits of a dietary protein restriction are once again enlightened, either by reducing the urea found to be hyperglycemic, thus improving the peripheric insulin sensitivity, or by decreasing phosphorus and FGF23 hormone, whose reductions are respectively associated with nephroprotection and diminution of cardiovascular events. The numerous researches conducted on the gut microbiota also open promising avenues to better understand the role of this ecosystem in CKD. Finally, the interest in incremental haemodialysis is revived, results show it may be associated with less loss of proteins and preservation of residual kidney function. The development of a nutritional score, informative of survival prediction, also offers the possibility to ensure a better follow-up of patients.

Rationale and design of BISTRO: a randomized controlled trial to determine whether bioimpedance spectroscopy-guided fluid management maintains residual kidney function in incident haemodialysis patients

BackgroundPreserved residual kidney function (RKF) and normal fluid status are associated with better patient outcomes in incident haemodialysis patients. The objective of this trial is to determine whether using bioimpedance technology in prescribing the optimal post-dialysis weight can reduce the rate of decline of RKF and potentially improve patient outcomes.Methods/Design516 pateints commencing haemodialysis, aged >18 with RKF of > 3 ml/min/1.73 m2 or a urine volume >500 ml per day or per the shorter inter-dialytic period will be consented and enrolled into a pragmatic, open-label, randomized controlled trial. The intervention is incorporation of bioimpedance spectroscopy (BI) determination of normally hydrated weight to set a post-dialysis target weight that limits volume depletion, compared to current standard practice. Clinicians and participants will be blinded to BI measures in the control group and a standardized record capturing management of fluid status will be used in all participants. Primary outcome is preservation of residual kidney function assessed as time to anuria (≤100 ml/day or ≤200 ml urine volume in the short inter-dialytic period). A sample size of 516 was based upon a cumulative incidence of 30% anuria in the control group and 20% in the treatment group and 11% competing risks (death, transplantation) over 10 months, with up to 2 years follow-up.Secondary outcomes include rate of decline in small solute clearance, significant adverse events, hospitalization, loss of vascular access, cardiovascular events and interventions, dialysis efficacy and safety, dialysis-related symptoms and quality of life. Economic evaluation will be carried out to determine the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Analyses will be adjusted for patient characteristics and dialysis unit practice patterns relevant to fluid management.DiscussionThis trial will establish the added value of undertaking BI measures to support clinical management of fluid status and establish the relationship between fluid status and preservation of residual kidney function in incident haemodialysis patients.Trial registrationISCCTN Number: 11342007, completed 26/04/2016; NIHR Portfolio number: CPMS31766; Sponsor: Keele University

Incremental Hemodialysis: The University of California Irvine Experience.

Incremental hemodialysis has been examined as a viable hemodialysis regimen for selected end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Preservation of residual kidney function (RKF) has been the driving impetus for this approach given its benefits upon the survival and quality of life of dialysis patients. While clinical practice guidelines recommend an incremental start of dialysis in peritoneal dialysis patients with substantial RKF, there remains little guidance with respect to incremental hemodialysis as an initial renal replacement therapy regimen. Indeed, several large population-based studies suggest that incremental twice-weekly vs. conventional thrice-weekly hemodialysis has favorable impact upon RKF trajectory and survival among patients with adequate renal urea clearance and/or urine output. In this report, we describe a case series of 13 ambulatory incident ESRD patients enrolled in a university-based center's Incremental Hemodialysis Program over the period of January 2015 to August 2016 and followed through December 2016. Among five patients who maintained a twice-weekly hemodialysis schedule vs. eight patients who transitioned to thrice-weekly hemodialysis, we describe and compare patients' longitudinal case-mix, laboratory, and dialysis treatment characteristics over time. The University of California Irvine Experience is the first systemically examined twice-weekly hemodialysis practice in North America. While future studies are needed to refine the optimal approaches and the ideal patient population for implementation of incremental hemodialysis, our case-series serves as a first report of this innovative management strategy among incident ESRD patients with substantial RKF, and a template for implementation of this regimen.

"Biocompatible" Neutral pH Low-GDP Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions: Much Ado About Nothing?

Adverse outcomes in peritoneal dialysis (PD), including PD related infections, the loss of residual kidney function (RKF), and longitudinal, deleterious changes in peritoneal membrane function continue to limit the long-term success of PD therapy. The observation that these deleterious changes occur upon exposure to conventional glucose-based PD solutions fuels the search for a more biocompatible PD solution. The development of a novel PD solution with a neutral pH, and lower in glucose degradation products (GDPs) compared to its conventional predecessors has been labeled a "biocompatible" solution. While considerable evidence in support of these novel solutions' biocompatibility has emerged from cell culture and animal studies, the clinical benefits as compared to conventional PD solutions are less clear. Neutral pH low GDP (NpHLGDP) PD solutions appear to be effective in reducing infusion pain, but their effects on other clinical endpoints including peritoneal membrane function, preservation of RKF, PD-related infections, and technique and patient survival are less clear. The literature is limited by studies characterized by relatively few patients, short follow-up time, heterogeneity with regards to the novel PD solution type under study, and the different patient populations under study. Nonetheless, the search for a more biocompatible PD solution continues with emerging data on promising non glucose-based solutions.

Incremental and infrequent hemodialysis: a new paradigm for both dialysis initiation and conservative management.

Registry or national dialysis data show that a sizeable proportion of contemporary dialysis patients have substantial levels of residual kidney function especially upon transitioning to dialysis therapy. However, among incident hemodialysis patients, the prevailing paradigm has been to initiate "full-dose" triweekly treatment schedules irrespective of native kidney function in most developed countries. Recognizing the benefits of residual kidney function upon the health and survival of dialysis patients, there has been growing interest in incremental hemodialysis, in which dialysis frequency and dose are tailored according to the degree of patients' residual kidney function. Infrequent hemodialysis can also be used for those who prefer a more conservative approach in managing uremia. Clinical practice guidelines support the use of twice-weekly hemodialysis among patients with adequate residual kidney function (renal urea clearance >3 mL/min/1.73 m2), and a growing body of evidence indicates that incremental hemodialysis is associated with better preservation of residual kidney function without adversely impacting survival. Nonetheless, incremental hemodialysis remains an underutilized approach in this population. In this review, we will discuss the history of the twice- versus triweekly hemodialysis schedules; current clinical practice guidelines regarding infrequent hemodialysis; emerging data on incremental treatment regimens and outcomes; and guidelines for the practical implementation of incremental and infrequent hemodialysis in the clinical setting.

Aplicación de una pauta de hemodiálisis incremental, basada en la función renal residual, al inicio del tratamiento renal sustitutivo

IntroductionThe interest in the preservation of residual kidney function on starting renal replacement therapy (RRT) is very common in techniques such as peritoneal dialysis but less so in haemodialysis (HD). In our centre the pattern of incremental dialysis (2 HD/week) has been an option for a group of patients. Here we share our experience with this regimen from March 2008. Material and methodsWe included incident patients with residual diuresis >1,000ml/24h, clinical stability, absence of oedema, absence of hyperkalaemia >6.5 mEq/l and phosphoremia >6mg/dl, with acceptable comprehension of dietetic care. Exclusion criteria were: Clinical instability, no dietary or medical compliance and the afore mentioned laboratory abnormalities. ResultsA total of 24patients were included in incremental technique. The mean age at start of RRT was 60 (15 years. The average time on incremental technique was 19 (18 months (range: 7-80), with a mean time on dialysis of 31 (23 months (range: 12-86). The reasons for transfer to thrice-weekly HD were: in 6patients due to laboratory tests, in 2patients for heart failure events, one for poor compliance and 3for receiving a kidney graft. The residual diuresis decreased in the first year from 2,106 (606ml/day to 1,545 (558 (P=.17) with the urea clearance and calculated residual renal function, basal 5.7 (1.5vs. 3.8 (1.9ml/min per year (P=.01) and basal 8.9 (2.4vs. 6.9 (4.3 per year (P=.28), respectively. ConclusionsIncremental HD treatment, with twice-weekly HD, may be an alternative in selected patients. This approach can largely preserve residual renal function at least for the first year. Although this pattern probably is not applicable to all patients starting RRT, it can and should be an initial alternative to consider.

Application of model of incremental haemodialysis, based on residual renal function, at the initiation of renal replacement therapy

IntroductionThe interest in the preservation of residual kidney function on starting renal replacement therapy (RRT) is very common in techniques such as peritoneal dialysis but less so in haemodialysis (HD). In our center the pattern of incremental dialysis (2HD/week) has been an option for a group of patients. Here we share our experience with this regimen from March 2008. Material and methodsWe included incident patients with residual diuresis >1000ml/24h, clinical stability, absence of edema, absence of hyperkalaemia >6.5mEq/l and phosphoremia >6mg/dl, with acceptable comprehension of dietetic care. Exclusion criteria were: clinical instability, no dietary or medical compliance and the afore mentioned laboratory abnormalities. ResultsA total of 24 patients were included in incremental technique. The mean age at start of RRT was 60±15 years. The average time on incremental technique was 19±18 months (range: 7–80), with a mean time on dialysis of 31±23 months (range: 12–86). The reasons for transfer to thrice-weekly HD were: in 6 patients due to laboratory tests, in 2 patients for heart failure events, one for poor compliance and 3 for receiving a kidney graft. The residual diuresis decreased in the first year from 2106±606ml/day to 1545±558 (p=.17) with the urea clearance and calculated residual renal function, basal 5.7±1.5 vs 3.8±1.9ml/min per year (p=.01) and basal 8.9±2.4 vs 6.9±4.3 per year (p=.28), respectively. ConclusionsIncremental HD treatment, with twice-weekly HD, may be an alternative in selected patients. This approach can largely preserve residual renal function at least for the first year. Although this pattern probably is not applicable to all patients starting RRT, it can and should be an initial alternative to consider.

Clinical benefits of phosphate control in progression of end stage renal disease.

It is largely agreed that preservation of residual kidney function (RKF) has a directly proportional affect on general, and in particular cardiovascular, mortality. During evaluation of patients on infrequent hemodialysis (ID) as both as once-weekly or twice-weekly hemodialysis it has been frequently underestimated the importance of phosphaturia, Indeed, the native kidney preserves the ability to eliminate not only toxic molecules but also a significative output of phosphate despite of a severe decrease of RKF. This task the modern membranes are as yet not very efficient of reproducing. The hemodialysis patients on ID who adhere accurately to a low protein diet of 0.6-0.8 g/kg/day could reach a draw in the balance of phosphates. In view of the significant impact produced by poor phosphate control on both RKF and the frequency of even severe cardiovascular effects, infrequent dialysis with its negative or neutral weekly phosphate balance, may constitute a valid "bridging" treatment even in the long-term, thus explaining the improved survival rates compared to patients receiving conventional triweekly hemodialysis.

Changes in urine volume and serum albumin in incident hemodialysis patients.

Hypoalbuminemia is a predictor of poor outcomes in dialysis patients. Among hemodialysis patients, there has not been prior study of whether residual kidney function or decline over time impacts serum albumin levels. We hypothesized that a decline in residual kidney function is associated with an increase in serum albumin levels among incident hemodialysis patients. In a large national cohort of 38,504 patients who initiated hemodialysis during 1/2007-12/2011, we examined the association of residual kidney function, ascertained by urine volume and renal urea clearance, with changes in serum albumin over five years across strata of baseline residual kidney function, race, and diabetes using case-mix adjusted linear mixed effects models. Serum albumin levels increased over time. At baseline, patients with greater urine volume had higher serum albumin levels: 3.44 ± 0.48, 3.50 ± 0.46, 3.57 ± 0.44, 3.59 ± 0.45, and 3.65 ± 0.46 g/dL for urine volume groups of <300, 300-<600, 600-<900, 900-<1,200, and ≥1,200 mL/day, respectively (Ptrend < 0.001). Over time, urine volume and renal urea clearance declined and serum albumin levels rose, while the baseline differences in serum albumin persisted across groups of urinary volume. In addition, the rate of decline in residual kidney function was not associated with the rate of change in albumin. Hypoalbuminemia in hemodialysis patients is associated with lower residual kidney function. Among incident hemodialysis patients, there is a gradual rise in serum albumin that is independent of the rate of decline in residual kidney function, suggesting that preservation of residual kidney function does not have a deleterious impact on serum albumin levels.

Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients with Heart and Kidney Failure.

The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is high as CKD and CHF share underlying risk factors such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Cardiac failure leads to renal hypoperfusion and dysfunction and then fluid overload and need for aggressive diuretic therapy. However, development of diuretic resistance represents a significant problem in the management of these patients. The role of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) is important for patients who do not response to conservative management of fluid overload facilitating the failing heart to restore function. According to the guidelines, venovenous isolated Ultrafiltration (UF) is indicated for patients with refractory congestion not responding to medical therapy with loop diuretics and infusion of dopamine. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effect of UF vs. IV furosemide for decompensated heart failure showed a benefit of UF on total body weight loss and on readmissions due to heart failure in patients with decompensated heart failure and CKD. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) can provide efficient ultrafiltration and sodium extraction in volume overloaded patients followed by decline of hospitalization days, decrease of body weight and improvement of LVEF in patients with refractory heart failure. The continuous draw of ultrafiltrate is followed by a lesser risk of abrupt hypotension and better preservation of the residual kidney function. This represents a significant advantage of PD over intermittent UF by dialysis. In conclusion, application of UF by dialysis and PD is followed by significant total body weight loss, reduced need for hospital readmissions and better quality of life. PD has a higher probability of preservation of residual kidney function and can be used by patients at home.

Incremental peritoneal dialysis: Clinical outcomes and residual kidney function preservation

IntroductionInitiation of peritoneal dialysis (PD) with 3 exchanges has become common practice in recent years, despite the lack of published clinical data. ObjectiveTo describe experience with incremental peritoneal dialysis (IPD) at a single site. Material and methodsA total of 46 IPD patients undergoing 2-year clinical, laboratory, treatment and progression follow-up. ResultsTo 25% of patients were transplanted on IPD. Mean time on IPD before transfer to conventional PD of 24 months, half of the patients because of fluid balance. Good clinical and biochemical results with a peritonitis rate of one episode per 99 months. There was an improvement in the loss of residual kidney function compared to the pre-dialysis period (−7.06 vs. −1.58ml/min/year; P=.0001). ConclusionsIPD with 3 peritoneal exchanges offers good results. Most patients remain stable during the first 2 years and there is an improvement in the loss of residual kidney function compared to the pre-dialysis period.

Incremental Hemodialysis, Residual Kidney Function, and Mortality Risk in Incident Dialysis Patients: A Cohort Study.

Maintenance hemodialysis is typically prescribed thrice weekly irrespective of a patient's residual kidney function (RKF). We hypothesized that a less frequent schedule at hemodialysis therapy initiation is associated with greater preservation of RKF without compromising survival among patients with substantial RKF. A longitudinal cohort. 23,645 patients who initiated maintenance hemodialysis therapy in a large dialysis organization in the United States (January 2007 to December 2010), had available RKF data during the first 91 days (or quarter) of dialysis, and survived the first year. Incremental (routine twice weekly for >6 continuous weeks during the first 91 days upon transition to dialysis) versus conventional (thrice weekly) hemodialysis regimens during the same time. Changes in renal urea clearance and urine volume during 1 year after the first quarter and survival after the first year. Among 23,645 included patients, 51% had substantial renal urea clearance (≥3.0mL/min/1.73m(2)) at baseline. Compared with 8,068 patients with conventional hemodialysis regimens matched based on baseline renal urea clearance, urine volume, age, sex, diabetes, and central venous catheter use, 351 patients with incremental regimens exhibited 16% (95% CI, 5%-28%) and 15% (95% CI, 2%-30%) more preserved renal urea clearance and urine volume at the second quarter, respectively, which persisted across the following quarters. Incremental regimens showed higher mortality risk in patients with inadequate baseline renal urea clearance (≤3.0mL/min/1.73m(2); HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07-2.44), but not in those with higher baseline renal urea clearance (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.76-1.28). Results were similar in a subgroup defined by baseline urine volume of 600mL/d. Potential selection bias and wide CIs. Among incident hemodialysis patients with substantial RKF, incremental hemodialysis may be a safe treatment regimen and is associated with greater preservation of RKF, whereas higher mortality is observed after the first year of dialysis in those with the lowest RKF. Clinical trials are needed to examine the safety and effectiveness of twice-weekly hemodialysis.

Update on Peritoneal Dialysis: Core Curriculum 2016

Update on Peritoneal Dialysis: Core Curriculum 2016

Association of Initial Twice-Weekly Hemodialysis Treatment with Preservation of Residual Kidney Function in ESRD Patients

Background: Residual kidney function (RKF) has consistently been a predictor of greater survival in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. The relationship between hemodialysis (HD) treatment frequency and RKF preservation has not been well examined. We hypothesized that initial twice-weekly HD helps in maintaining a longer RKF. Methods: In a dialysis center in Shanghai, 168 ESRD patients were screened and finally 85 patients were identified for this main cohort study. We first examined these 85 MHD patients; 30 of them were initiated with twice-weekly HD for 6 months or longer and 55 patients were started and maintained on thrice-weekly HD treatment. Then a subcohort study in 48 incident MHD patients was implemented to assess the independent risk factors responsible for RKF decline during the first year of HD therapy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then employed to examine the odds ratio of RKF loss. Results: The main cohort study showed that the clinical outcomes were almost the same between the two groups in 85 patients, but the percent of patients with RKF loss was significantly lower in the twice-weekly group compared with the thrice-weekly group, especially during the first year of HD initiation. In the 48 incident MHD patients, we found no significant differences between the two groups except for variations in the HD frequency, weekly Kt/V. The multivariate analysis showed that factors such as the male gender, HD frequency, URR and intradialytic hypotension episode were associated with RKF loss, and the odds ratio of RKF loss for each additional HD treatment per week was 7.2. Conclusion: Twice-weekly HD during the first year of dialysis therapy appears to be associated with better RKF preservation.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney function in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, yet controversy exists about their impact on residual kidney function. This review aimed to evaluate the benefits and harms of ACEis and ARBs for preserving residual kidney function in PD patients. The Cochrane Renal Group's specialised register, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE (OvidSP interface), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and other resources were searched by applying a prespecified comprehensive search strategy. Date of last search: 01 May 2014. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing ACEis or ARBs with placebo, other antihypertensive drugs or each other in PD patients were included. Screening, selection, data extraction and quality assessments for each retrieved article were carried out by two authors using standardised forms. Authors were contacted when published data were incomplete. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and results expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity among studies was explored using the Cochran Q statistic and the I² test, subgroup analyses and random effects meta-regression. Six open-label studies (257 patients) were identified. One study compared ACEi with other antihypertensive drugs, three compared ARBs with other antihypertensive drugs, and two studies compared an ARB with an ACEi. Long-term use (≥ 12 months) of an ARB showed significantly benefit of preserving residual kidney function in continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) patients (MD 1.11 mL/min/1.73 m², 95% CI 0.38 to 1.83), although there was no significant benefit when an ARB were used short-term (≤ six months). One study showed that compared with other antihypertensive drugs, long-term use (12 months) of the ACEi ramipril showed a significant reduction in the decline of residual kidney function in patients on CAPD (MD -0.93 mL/min/1.73m², 95% CI -0.75 to -0.11), and delayed the progression to complete anuria (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.99). There was no significant difference in serum potassium, urinary protein excretion, Kt/V, weekly creatinine clearance and blood pressure for ARBs versus other antihypertensive drugs. Compared with other antihypertensive drugs, ramipril showed no difference in mortality and cardiovascular events. Compared with an ACEi, ARBs did not show any difference in residual kidney function.The selection bias assessment was low in four studies and unclear in two. Five studies were open-label; however the primary outcome (residual kidney function) was obtained objectively from laboratory tests, and were not likely to be influenced by the lack of blinding. Reporting bias was unclear in all six studies. Compared with other antihypertensive drugs, long-term use (≥ 12 months) of ACEis or ARBs showed additional benefits of preserving residual kidney function in CAPD patients. There was no significant difference on residual kidney function preservation between ARBs and ACEis. However, limited by the small number of RCTs enrolling small number of participants, there is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of an ACEi or an ARB as first line antihypertensive therapy in PD patients.

Tailored dialysis start may allow persistence of residual renal function after graft failure: A case report

Background Restarting dialysis after kidney transplantation is a critical step with psychological and clinical implications. Maintenance of residual renal function a known factor affecting survival in chronic kidney disease, has so far not been investigated after a kidney transplantation. The case A 54-year-old woman who started dialysis in 1974 (first graft, 1975–1999) received a second “marginal” kidney graft in February 2001 (donor age, 65 years). Her chronic therapy was tacrolimus and steroids. She had a clinical history as follows: nadir creatinine level of 1.5 mg/dL, moderate-severe hypertension, progressive graft dysfunction, nonresponsiveness to addition of mycophenolate, tapering FK levels, and a rescue switch from tacrolimus to rapamycin. From October to December 2003, the creatinine level increased from 2–2.8 to 7 mg/dL. Biopsy specimen showed malignant and “benign” nephrosclerosis, posttransplantation glomerulopathy, and tacrolimus toxicity. Chronic dialysis was started (GFR <3 mL/min). Rapamycin was discontinued. Dialysis was tailored to reach an equivalent renal clearance of >15 mL/min (2 sessions/wk). Blood pressure control improved, nephrotoxic drugs were avoided, and fluid loss was minimized (maximum 500 mL/hr). By this policy, renal function progressively increased to GFR >10 mL/min in May 2004, allowing a once or twice weekly dialysis schedule, with good clinical balance, and obvious advantages for the quality of life. Conclusion This long-term patient, who restarted dialysis with severely reduced renal function, regained sufficient renal function to allow once weekly dialysis. Thus, careful tailoring of dialysis sessions at the restart of dialysis may allow preservation of residual kidney function, at least in individuals for whom a subsequent graft is unlikely.