Residual Charge Research Articles

Charging of free-falling test masses in orbit due to cosmic rays: Results from LISA Pathfinder

A comprehensive summary of the measurements made to characterize test mass charging due to the space environment during the LISA Pathfinder mission is presented. Measurements of the residual charge of the test mass after release by the grabbing and positioning mechanism, show that the initial charge of the test masses was negative after all releases, leaving the test mass with a potential in the range $-12$ mV to $-512$ mV. Variations in the neutral test mass charging rate between $21.7$ e s$^{-1}$ and $30.7$ e s$^{-1}$ were observed over the course of the 17-month science operations produced by cosmic ray flux changes including a Forbush decrease associated with a small solar energetic particle event. A dependence of the cosmic ray charging rate on the test mass potential between $-30.2$ e s$^{-1}$ V$^{-1}$ and $-40.3$ e s$^{-1}$ V$^{-1}$ was observed and this is attributed to a contribution to charging from low-energy electrons emitted from the gold surfaces of the gravitational reference sensor. Data from the on-board particle detector show a reliable correlation with the charging rate and with other environmental monitors of the cosmic ray flux. This correlation is exploited to extrapolate test mass charging rates to a 20-year period giving useful insight into the expected range of charging rate that may be observed in the LISA mission.

A biphasic current-mode stimulator integrated circuit with a novel residual charge compensation mechanism

A mixed-signal four-channel biphasic current-mode functional electrical stimulator chip with a novel charge compensation circuit is presented in this paper. This chip can induce programmable biphasic current ranging from 10 μA to 2.56 mA for each channel. However, a significant problem with functional electrical stimulation is charge balancing (CB) due to anodic and cathodic current mismatch for process variation. Therefore, a novel compensation module including both passive and active charge compensation schemes are adopted in this chip. The charge compensation module autonomously adjusts the supply and compensation current to achieve fast compensation and low-power consumption simultaneously. The proposed biphasic stimulator is designed and fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS process with a die area of 2.27 mm × 1.99 mm. The measurement results from a test bench demonstrate the proposed circuit functionalities, and the standby power consumption of this chip is 193.7 μW. Besides, animal experiments on mice for seizure suppression with deep brain stimulation were performed to verify the efficacy and safety of the developed stimulation chip.

Quark hierarchical structures in modular symmetric flavor models at level 6

We study modular symmetric quark flavor models without fine-tuning. Mass matrices are written in terms of modular forms, and modular forms in the vicinity of the modular fixed points become hierarchical depending on their residual charges. Thus modular symmetric flavor models in the vicinity of the modular fixed points have a possibility to describe mass hierarchies without fine-tuning. Since describing quark hierarchies without fine-tuning requires ${Z}_{n}$ residual symmetry with $n\ensuremath{\ge}6$, we focus on ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{6}$ modular symmetry in the vicinity of the cusp $\ensuremath{\tau}=i\ensuremath{\infty}$ where ${Z}_{6}$ residual symmetry remains. We use only modular forms belonging to singlet representations of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{6}$ to make our analysis simple. Consequently, viable quark flavor models are obtained without fine-tuning.

Mosaic Charge Distribution-Based Sliding and Pressing Triboelectrification under Wavy Configuration

As high-voltage output and fast response devices, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are widely used for sensors with fast and high-sensitivity performance. As a primary electrical signal, the waveform output provides an accurate and rapid response to external stimulus parameters such as press and slide. Here, based on mosaic charging and residual charge theories, the contact charging principle of TENGs is further discussed. Moreover, a wavy structure is obtained in the vertical contact separation and lateral sliding modes to further study the influence of external parameters applied to TENGs, which thus helps further the understanding of the output waveforms. The experimental results show that wavy TENGs have output properties that are excellent compared to those of TENGs with flat structures, such as longer charging and discharging times and more complex waveforms. By researching the waveform in depth, our work will provide new prospects for application in various sensors of interactive wearable systems, intelligent robots, and optoelectronic devices based on TENGs.

Investigating the image lag of a scientific CMOS sensor in X-ray detection

In recent years, scientific CMOS (sCMOS) sensors have been vigorously developed and have outperformed CCDs in several aspects: higher readout frame rate, higher radiation tolerance, and higher working temperature. For silicon image sensors, image lag will occur when the charges of an event are not fully transferred inside pixels. It can degrade the image quality for optical imaging, and deteriorate the energy resolution for X-ray spectroscopy. In this work, the image lag of a sCMOS sensor is studied. To measure the image lag under low-light illumination, we constructed a new method to extract the image lag from X-ray photons. The image lag of a customized X-ray sCMOS sensor GSENSE1516BSI is measured, and its influence on X-ray performance is evaluated. The result shows that the image lag of this sensor exists only in the immediately subsequent frame and is always less than 0.05% for different incident photon energies and under different experimental conditions. The residual charge is smaller than 0.5e− with the highest incident photon charge around 8ke−. Compared to the readout noise level around 3e−, the image lag of this sensor is too small to have a significant impact on the imaging quality and the energy resolution. The image lag shows a positive correlation with the incident photon energy and a negative correlation with the temperature. However, it has no dependence on the gain setting and the integration time. These relations can be explained qualitatively by the non-ideal potential structure inside the pixels. This method can also be applied to the study of image lag for other kinds of imaging sensors.

Position dependent microparticle charge in a spatiotemporal afterglow plasma

In the growing field of dusty afterglow plasma physics, the key parameter is the residual charge of dust particles. However, the particle (de)-charging process in afterglow plasmas is still far from fully understood and further development of a governing theoretical framework requires experimental data. In this work, the influence of the location of a microparticle in a spatiotemporal afterglow plasma, at the moment when the plasma was terminated, on its residual charge is investigated. It is found that the measured charge depends strongly on the local characteristic diffusion length scale of the system, while the plasma power prior to the start of the temporal afterglow phase is of much less influence. Our results contribute to an improved understanding of particle (de)-charging in afterglow plasmas and are highly relevant to the design of applications in which afterglow plasmas are present and where the charge of dust particles needs be controlled for the sake of (nano)contamination control.

Exploring Effect of Residual Electric Charges on Cryptographic Circuits: Extended Version

We study a new transistor-level side-channel leakage caused by charges trapped in between stacked transistors namely residual electric charges (RECs). Building leakage models is important in designing countermeasures against side-channel attacks (SCAs). The conventional work showed that even a transistor-level leakage is measurable with a local electromagnetic measurement. One example is the current-path leak [1], [2]: an attacker can distinguish the number of transistors in the current path activated during a signal transition. Addressing this issue, Sugawara et al. proposed to use a mirror circuit that has the same number of transistors on its possible current paths. We show that this countermeasure is insufficient by showing a new transistor-level leakage, caused by RECs, not covered in the previous work. RECs can carry the history of the gate's state over multiple clock cycles and changes the gate's electrical behavior. We experimentally verify that RECs cause exploitable side-channel leakage. We also propose a countermeasure against REC leaks and designed advanced encryption standard-128 (AES-128) circuits using IO-masked dual-rail read-only memory with a 180-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. We compared the resilience of our AES-128 circuits against EMA attacks with and without our countermeasure and investigated an RECs' effect on physically unclonable functions (PUFs). We further extend RECs to physically unclonable function. We demonstrate that RECs affect the performance of arbiter and ring-oscillator PUFs through experiments using our custom chips fabricated with 180- and 40-nm CMOS processes*.

Residual charge effects on partial discharges' response to varying sub‐kHz voltage frequencies

AbstractPartial discharges (PD) are the ‘cancer’ of electrical insulation. Insulation design and mitigation of PD‐induced degradation should be based on good knowledge of PD phenomena. In that regard, a significant body of knowledge has been built up from concerted research across the world in past decades and on various aspects of PD phenomena under various conditions. However, the work is far from being complete as new challenges arise. One such challenge is that electric power equipment insulation is becoming more exposed to non‐power frequency voltages. Examples are the proliferation of invertor‐based grid‐tied renewable energy sources and other technologies such as high‐frequency power electronic transformers. Questions that are driving continued research in this regard include the reasons for lack of consensus on the findings on how PD characteristics respond to variations in the voltage frequency. This paper presents results of how residual charge influences PD characteristics' response to voltage frequency changes from 1 to 200 Hz. The study approach is implementing the extended 3‐capacitor PD model in MATLAB® Simulink® and validating the findings using the relevant experimental results that are available in literature. The PD type studied is that of an air cavity encapsulated in a polyethylene dielectric. Highlights of the findings are that the extent of the influence of residual charge on PD characteristics depends on the relative magnitude of the residual charge as well as the voltage frequency. The relationships however exhibit non‐monotonous trends. Such results further confirm similar findings and conclusions by other researchers and could be signalling the establishment of a more solid knowledge base for design of insulations that operate at non‐power frequencies.

Surface charge characteristics in surface dielectric barrier discharge actuators with thin cylindrical exposed electrode

The influence of the cylindrical exposed electrode diameter on distribution and attenuation of the surface charge in surface dielectric barrier discharges is experimentally investigated using the Pockels effect of the Bi12SiO20 crystal. For the actuator with the smaller exposed electrode diameter, more positive charges accumulate closer to the exposed electrode after positive half periodic discharge, while the quantity of positive charges deposited on the surface in a discharge period at the same distance away from the exposed electrode is smaller. At the same time, the smaller the exposed electrode diameter is, the shorter decay time the positive charge filament needs. Combined with thrust generation of actuators, it can be indicated that a positive residual surface charge closer to the exposed electrode may play a more crucial role in the discharge and consequent thrust than one far away from the exposed electrode does. Also, the effect on the discharge of the positive residual surface charge may be greater than that of the negative residual surface charge. More explorations of the residual surface charge have been done by selectively enhancing the discharge of the actuator with a 10 μm exposed electrode using the pulse-AC dual power supply, drawing the same conclusions.

Impact of surface charges on energy deposition in surface dielectric barrier discharge: a modeling investigation

Surface charges have significant impact on the evolution of surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD). In this work, the role of residual surface charges on repetitively nanosecond pulsed SDBD in atmospheric air is investigated using a two-dimensional fluid model, based on the assumption of preserving the distribution of surface charges at the end of the previous high voltage (HV) pulse. In the bipolar mode when the polarity of residual surface charges is opposite to that of the current HV pulse, a lower breakdown voltage and more deposited energy can be observed, showing an obvious enhancement of SDBD. In the unipolar mode, residual surface charges suppress the development of discharges and energy deposition. It is found that more residual surface charges are accumulated during the negative pulsed discharge, which have a more pronounced effect on the subsequent positive pulsed one. This is explained by the fact that the negative surface streamers directly contact the dielectric and charge it, while the positive surface streamers float above the dielectric, forming a ion-rich region near the surface. The results in this work demonstrate the mechanism of how residual surface charges affect discharge dynamics, which can be utilized to regulate energy deposition in SDBDs.

Compact non-volatile ferroelectric electrostatic doping optical memory based on the epsilon-near-zero effect.

With the booming development of optoelectronic hybrid integrated circuits, the footprint and power consumption of photonic devices have become the most constraining factors for development. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a compact, extremely low-energy and non-volatile optical readout memory based on ferroelectric electrostatic doping and the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) effect. The writing/erasing state of an optical circuit is controlled by electrical pulses and can remain non-volatile. The device works on the principle that residual polarization charges of ferroelectric film, which is compatible with CMOS processes, are utilized to electrostatically dope indium tin oxide to achieve the ENZ state. Simulation results show that a significant modulation depth of 10.4dB can be achieved for a device length of 60µm with an energy consumption below 1pJ.

Modeling study on temporal nonlinear behaviors in CO2 dielectric barrier discharges under Martian pressure

In recent years, dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) have become one of the most potential candidates for in situ resource utilization of CO 2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ in the Martian atmosphere. The nonlinear behaviors in DBDs are directly associated with the stability of discharges, and understanding the formation mechanism of the nonlinear behaviors can effectively enhance the ability to control the plasmas. In this paper, to further explore the underpinning physics of temporal nonlinear behaviors in CO 2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ discharges, the tailored sinusoidal voltages with power-on and power-off phases are applied to ignite the plasmas under Martian pressure. The simulation results from a fluid model with hundreds of reactions show that the discharge can evolve from period-one state into period-four state via period-two state by reducing the power-off duration; the electron density drops rapidly and the heavy ions of CO 2 + ${\text{CO}}_{2}^{+}$ and CO 3 − ${\text{CO}}_{3}^{-}$ become the dominant charged particles after the discharge is extinguished. With the power-off duration further reduced, the heavy ions produced by the previous discharge cannot be completely dissipated and remain in the sheath region to enhance the electric field before the next discharge event; thus, the next ignition takes place more easily with a reduced breakdown voltage and a lower discharge current, indicating the discharge transits from a period-one state to a period-two state. In the transition from period-two discharge to period-four discharge, the heavy ions produced by the second discharge event cannot be completely transported to the surface of barriers, affecting the ignition in the third voltage period. When the power-off duration is less than 10 μs $\mathrm{\mu s}$ in the simulation, electrons become the dominant residual negative charges in the discharge region, and the rapid increase in memory voltage results in a smaller positive discharge current and a stronger negative discharge current. As the power-off duration continues to decrease, the discharge undergoes an inverse period-doubling bifurcation from reverse period-four discharge to reverse period-two discharge. This study provides a deeper insight into the underlying physics of nonlinear behaviors in CO 2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ DBDs under Martian pressure.

Residual surface charge mediated near-field radiative energy transfer: A topological insulator analog

We study the modifications of near-field radiative energy transfer (NFRET) caused by residual surface charges, which are common in micro- and nano-systems like NEMS/MEMS. The host object with the residual surface charges and the inherent bulk state can be treated as an analog of the real three-dimensional topological insulator, which is inherent of also both surface states and bulk states and is promising to modulate NFRET. Through constructing such a topological insulator analog, we aim to modulate NFRET concerning only common trivial materials. Besides the well-known resonant modes (surface polariton and localized surface polariton) supported by the bulk state, the residual surface charges give rise to an additional temperature-dependent mode providing a new heat flux channel. For low temperatures we find a giant surface-charge-induced enhancement of the NFRET due to a good match between the surface-charge-induced resonance and the Planck window. However, for relative high temperatures where the Fröhlich resonance dominates the heat transfer rather the surface-charge-induced resonance, the residual charges result in a weakening of the NFRET. This work paves way for understanding and modulating the near-field radiative energy transfer for micro- and nano-systems.

Procurement and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Objective: To procure and characterize cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse. Design/methodology/approach: Cellulose nanocrystals were obtained from cassava bagasse by acid hydrolysis (HCI), ultrasonication, centrifugation, dialysis, deep freezing and lyophilization. The cassava bagasse and the cellulose nanocrystals obtained were physicochemically characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Coupled Elemental Analysis (SEM-EDS). As an additional technique, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used. Results: The analyses performed show that the cellulose obtained was type Iβ. This study reports a percentage of crystallinity of the cassava bagasse cellulose of 37.1%, increasing the percentage to 48% crystallinity in cellulose nanocrystals. The diameters of the cassava bagasse fibers were reported to be 2 μm and their elemental composition (SEM-EDS) mainly constituted by carbon (C), oxygen (O) and traces of nitrogen (N). The morphology observed through AFM of the nanocrystals of cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta) was rod-shaped, with helicoidal appearance without residual charge, with diameters between 8.7 and 9.3 nm. Limitations on study/implications: The acid hydrolysis process showed a low percentage of crystallinity, although higher than other works reported for cassava bagasse. Findings/conclusions: The results obtained confirm the possibility of obtaining cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta).

Study of the Seismoelectric Effect in Saturated Porous Media Using a Bundle of Capillary Tubes Model

The seismoelectric effect is the fundamental basis for seismoelectric logging. Most of the existing theories for the seismoelectric effect are based on the Pride theory, which adopts the assumption of a thin electric double layer and uses the volume-averaging method to derive the seismoelectric coupling equations; hence, the obtained electrokinetic coupling coefficient is not applicable to large-Debye-length cases. In addition, the Pride theory neglects the change in seepage velocity with the radial position of the pore when calculating the streaming current, which leads to an inaccurate reflection of the influence of pore size on the electrokinetic coupling coefficient. In this study, we proposed a flux-averaging method to solve the effective net residual charge density of porous media and further derived the electrokinetic coupling coefficient expressed by the effective net residual charge density. We also investigated the effect of formation parameters and compared the results with those calculated using the Pride theory. Since the proposed method is not limited by the thin electric double layer assumption, it is suitable for both small- and large-Debye-length cases. Moreover, we also carried out flume experiments to investigate the influence of salinity, where both thin and thick electric double layer cases were studied. The comparison between the results of the experiment and simulation verified the correctness of the proposed method. Furthermore, the proposed method took into account the variation in seepage velocity with pore location when solving for the streaming current; therefore, the influence of the pore size on the electrokinetic coefficient can be described more accurately.

Streamer dynamics and periodical discharge regime transitions under repetitive nanosecond pulses with airflow

Although the nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) discharge normally stabilizes into one of three regimes (corona/glow/spark) in a pulse train, another nonintuitive instability recently proved that it could periodically swing between corona and spark regimes characterized by repeated spark quenches and reestablishments (Zhao et al 2022 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 31 045005). In this paper, we have further investigated the suitability of NRP discharge regime transitions for different pulsed power supplies and revealed dramatic effects of the gas flow on streamer dynamics that possibly lead to spark quenches. Pulse-sequence and temporally resolved electrical and optical diagnostics were implemented to capture discharge evolutions in long pulse trains. Periodical discharge regime transitions under long-term repetitive nanosecond pulses are prevalent under a transmission line transformer pulser and a commercially available FID pulser with parameter constraints. A minimum deposited energy per spark is required for the successive spark pattern. The spark channel before its quench statistically prefers to deviate upstream rather than following the straight axis or intuitively bending downstream to search for more remnants. Before spark quenches, the initial streamer already either exhibits a large radial ‘detour’ or propagates with a zig-zag profile along the periphery of previous spark regions. The periodical discharge regime transition and effects of the gas flow are qualitatively explained based on the plasma–source coupling, evolutions of dominant negative ion composition, and 3D streamer simulation. Periodical NRP spark quenches are probably initiated with the streamer ‘detour’ and then accelerated by the thermal-ionization feedback instability. Inhomogeneous residual charge distribution and accumulations of complex negative ions with high electron bound energies may facilitate the following discharge to search for the gas inlet. In-depth understanding of NRP discharge instabilities could be reached, which are fundamentally governed by residual charge transport and energy relaxation.

Study on Output Characteristics of 20 kV/100 ns Nonlinear GaAs Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch

In this paper, the output electric pulse characteristics of gallium arsenide photoconductive semiconductor switch (GaAs PCSS) with bias voltage of 20 kV and pulse width of about 100 ns are studied. By designing the reflection and transmission optical paths, the absorption rate of the trigger optical of the GaAs PCSS at a wavelength of 1064 nm was measured to be 24.8%. When the bias voltage is 16 kV-20 kV, the avalanche multiplication rates of carriers are calculated respectively. The relationship between the output current waveform and the residual charge in the energy storage capacitor is analyzed when the bias voltage is 20 kV. And the trend of GaAs PCSS electric field intensity and current waveform change with time. This research will be helpful for the application design of GaAs PCSS under the nonlinear mode with special requirements, and has important significance for the application of frontier science.

A holistic model for melt electrowritten three-dimensional structured materials based on residual charge.

The printing accuracy of polymer melt electrowriting is adversely affected by the residual charge entrapped within the fibers, especially for three-dimensional (3D) structured materials or multilayered scaffolds with small interfiber distances. To clarify this effect, an analytical charge-based model is proposed herein. The electric potential energy of the jet segment is calculated considering the amount and distribution of the residual charge in the jet segment and the deposited fibers. As the jet deposition proceeds, the energy surface assumes different patterns, which constitute different modes of evolution. The manner in which the various identified parameters affect the mode of evolution are represented by three charge effects, including the global, local, and polarization effect. Based on these representations, typical modes of energy surface evolution are identified. Moreover, the lateral characteristic curve and characteristic surface are advanced to analyze the complex interplay between fiber morphologies and residual charge. Different parameters contribute to this interplay either by affecting residual charge, fiber morphologies, or the three charge effects. To validate this model, the effects of lateral location and grid number (i.e., number of fibers printed in each direction) on the fiber morphologies are investigated. Moreover, the "fiber bridging" phenomenon in parallel fiber printing is successfully explained. These results help to comprehensively understand the complex interplay between the fiber morphologies and the residual charge, thus furnishing a systematic workflow to improve printing accuracy.

Contexto, ser humano y epigenética

The discovery of the whole sequence of the human genome in 2001 promised to be a revolution in terms of dealing with diseases and understanding what makes us a “different” species from other animals. However, the scope of this promising discovery was more limited than expected. The information carried by DNA is complex and, furthermore, it does not explain the vast repertoire of functions and dysfunctions that organisms present. For this reason, it began to be thought that it was necessary to change the focus to understand how individuals are formed and develop, and turn the attention paid to DNA to what surrounds that DNA: the environment of the organism (both internal and external). In this way, the studies began to focus on the influence of the context to which organisms are exposed to understand the characteristics of the body and its actions. In thinking about the concept of the body in development, this renewed focus in the environmental influence allows an understanding of it as a permeable and complex system, where dysregulations (diseases) may also be triggered by exogenous events and not only from the endogenous factors. Therefore, in a recursive way, the influence of the human being on the environment transforms the environment that returns to influence the human being. Here is the history of mankind. There are contexts that offer a healthy framework for the growth of its inhabitants and there are others that make life vulnerable and produce lifetime consequences. However, while some people are and feel vulnerable to contexts of adversity, other people are resilient and manage to positively live and growth despite the difficulties that might appear throughout life. Epigenetics has been proposed as one of the molecular mechanisms that explain how those contexts “get under the skin” and trigger phenotypic characteristics. Although the regulation of gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms occurs naturally and constantly in the developing organism, it can also be influenced by environmental factors, such as age, lifestyle, health conditions or social relationships. Epigenetics is sensitive to environmental changes allowing organisms to adapt their physiology and behavior. Unlike the changes that occur in the DNA sequence, epigenetic processes are reversible. One of the most known examples of epigenetic action in determining phenotypes according to the environment is the stress response through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The functioning of the HPA axis and the response to stress can be related to the concepts of vulnerability and trauma. If an emotionally sensitive event is disturbing, it becomes a stressful situation, with the activation of the HPA axis, flooding the bloodstream with cortisol. This allostatic process is the basis of the mechanism of adaptability of humans to traumatic impacts. But if the situation continues to impact, allostasis is systematized and generates an allostatic circuit that produces a residual charge that ends up creating dysfunction in the organism. In this article the involvement of epigenetics in this regulation is discussed and some seminal studies in rodents and humans are presented. The last few years of scientific research have seen an explosive growth of studies linking situations of vulnerability (particularly, during early life) with the development of psychopathologies. Epigenetics was established as an interesting factor that allows to relate, from a biological point of view, the context in which people develop with their emotional states. This article proposes a review of some of these works in order to integrate them into a complex conception of the human being, which understands it as a system of relationships between various dimensions, including genetics, epigenetics, neurology, emotions, social interactions, cognition, and socio-culture, framed in a particular context. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2023.40.1.5

Electric charge build-up and dissipation at pulsed streamer corona by EFISH and probe measurements

This work examines the dynamics of volumetric electric charge deposited by a single pin electrode streamer corona in atmospheric air at ambient conditions. Recent studies show that, at pulse-periodic operation, electric charge remains in surrounding air after the first discharge. This residual charge significantly affects the electric field distribution and morphology of discharges at subsequent pulses. In this study, the residual electrical potential/field was measured during and after dissipation of a pulsed 80 kV streamer corona of alternating polarity. This was accomplished using electrostatic probes and the electric field induced second harmonic method (EFISH generation). The residual volumetric charge of a positive pulse polarity streamer corona occupies a zone of up to 80 mm from the electrode. The subsequent application of a negative polarity pulse leads to partial neutralization of the previous charge and the generation of a region with a high-amplitude electric field. The propagation of following positive polarity pulses is limited by the residual positive volumetric charge. The EFISH method reveals the magnitude of the electric field at discharge propagation and electrostatic probes inform the polarity. Intensified imaging acquisition was used to evaluate the spatial distribution and dynamics of corona discharge during the alternating polarity waveform.