Residence In Colombia Research Articles

Differences in COVID-19 Vaccination and Experiences among Patients with Hypertension in Colombia and Jamaica during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, hypertensive patients had increased infection and healthcare disruption in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with limited vaccine access. The objective of this report is to describe COVID-19 experiences and vaccination uptake among hypertensive patients in Colombia and Jamaica. A cross-sectional study of patients with hypertension was conducted in primary care clinics in both countries between 2021 and 2022. Trained interviewers used a telephone-administered questionnaire to assess COVID-19 experiences (infection, vaccination, and healthcare access). A total of 576 patients (68.5% female, mean age: 67.5 years) participated. Health service disruption affecting access to care was low (<10%). Compared to Jamaica, more participants from Colombia reported testing positive for COVID-19, having family members or friends testing positive, losing family members or friends due to COVID-19, and being vaccinated. In logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, education, and rural/urban clinic status, fear of COVID-19 (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2-6.1) and residence in Colombia (OR 5.9, 95% CI: 2.4-14.6) were associated with higher vaccination uptake. Disparities in access to COVID-19 testing and diagnosis may have influenced these country differences including fear of COVID-19 and vaccine uptake. Other factors need to be better understood to prepare for future pandemic responses.

Workplace bullying and sexual harassment among general surgery residents in Colombia

Exploramos la magnitud de estos problemas entre los residentes de cirugía general en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio nacional en junio de 2020. Los residentes autoevaluaron su exposición a la intimidación y el acoso sexual en forma de acoso de género, atención sexual no deseada y coerción sexual. Se analizaron variables demográficas y perpetradores entre víctimas y no víctimas. Se incluyeron un total de 302 residentes. Las tasas de acoso laboral y sexual fueron del 49% y 14,9%, respectivamente. Las principales formas de acoso sexual correspondieron al acoso de género (47%) y la atención sexual no deseada (47%). El acoso sexual fue significativamente mayor entre las mujeres. Los cirujanos fueron los principales perpetradores. El acoso laboral y el acoso sexual son frecuentes en la formación quirúrgica en Colombia. Estos hallazgos conducen a intervenciones para mejorar la cultura educativa de los departamentos quirúrgicos para disminuir la prevalencia de estos comportamientos.

The subjective perception of the happiness of older adult residents in Colombia.

Happiness is understood as the perception of subjective well-being, it can be a quality, a result, or a state characterized by well-being or satisfaction that every person wants to achieve. In older adults, this satisfaction is a sum of lifelong achievements and triumphs; However, some factors influence this ideal. Analyze demographic, family, social, personal, and health factors associated with the subjective perception of happiness in older adults, using data from a study conducted in five cities in Colombia, in order to make a theoretical contribution in the search for improvement of their physical, mental and social health. A quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical study was carried out, using primary source information, obtained with 2,506 surveys from voluntary participants aged 60 and over, who had no cognitive impairment, and who reside in urban areas but not in long-term centers. The variable happiness (classified as high or moderate/low) was used for: (1) A univariate explorative characterization of older adult, (2) a bivariate estimation of the relationships with the factors studied, and (3) a multivariate construction of profiles through multiple correspondences. 67.2% reported high happiness levels, with differences by city: Bucaramanga (81.6%), Pereira (74.7%), Santa Marta (67.4), Medellín (64%), and Pereira (48.7%). Happiness was explained by the absence of risk of depression and little hopelessness, strengthened psychological well-being, a perception of high quality of life, and living in a functional family. This study provided an overview of possible factors that can be enhanced and strengthened with public policies (structural determinant), community empowerment, family strengthening (intermediate determinant), and educational programs (proximal determinant). These aspects are included in the essential functions of public health, in favor of mental and social health in older adults.

Autoimmune Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies: Pharmacological Differences and Similarities by Type of Myositis and by Sociodemographic Variables.

Objective Autoimmune idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a group of pathologies that are generally characterized by muscle weakness. Their treatment involves glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants. The aim was to identify differences and similarities in the pharmacological management of a group of patients with autoimmune IIMs according to the type of disease, sex, age group, and city of residence in Colombia from 2020 to 2021. Methods This cross-sectional study identified medication prescription patterns for outpatient use in patients with autoimmune IIMs between 2020 and 2021 based on a population database of 8.5 million Colombians affiliated with the Colombian health system. Sociodemographic and pharmacological variables were considered. Results A total of 671 patients with autoimmune IIMs were identified, with a median age of 57 years, and 70.9% were women. Overlap myositis was the most frequent disease (31.4%). A total of 91.5% of the patients received pharmacological treatment, mainly systemic glucocorticoids (78.5%), conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (74.1%), immunosuppressants (9.1%), and biological DMARDs (3.7%). Pharmacological management predominated among patients with overlap myositis, those who lived in cities, and those affiliated with the contributory regime of the Colombian health system. Conventional DMARDs were prescribed mainly to women and to those older than 65 years. Conclusions Patients with autoimmune IIMs are not treated homogeneously. The pattern of drug use varies according to the type of IIM, sex, age group, city, and health system regime affiliation.

Survey of psychiatrists and psychiatry residents in Colombia about their preventive and therapeutic practices in delirium

ObjectiveTo describe pharmacological and non-pharmacological practices for delirium, carried out by psychiatry residents and psychiatrists in Colombia. MethodsAn anonymous survey was conducted based on the consensus of experts of the Liaison Psychiatry Committee of the Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría [Colombian Psychiatric Association] and on the literature review. It was sent by email to the association members. Results101 clinicians participated. Non-pharmacological preventive measures such as psychoeducation, correction of sensory problems or sleep hygiene are performed by 70% or more. Only about 1 in 10 participants are part of an institutional multi-component prevention programme. The preventive prescription of drugs was less than 20%. Regarding non-pharmacological treatment, more than 75% recommend correction of sensory difficulties, control of stimuli and reorientation. None of the participants indicated that the care at their centres is organised to enhance non-pharmacological treatment. 17.8% do not use medication in the treatment of delirium. Those who use it prefer haloperidol or quetiapine, particularly in hyperactive or mixed motor subtypes. ConclusionsThe practices of the respondents coincide with those of other experts around the world. In general, non-pharmacological actions are individual initiatives, which demonstrates the need in Colombian health institutions to commit to addressing delirium, in particular when its prevalence and consequences are indicators of quality of care.

Transferencia de autonomía operatoria en apendicectomía abierta y laparoscópica: Un estudio de métodos mixtos desde la perspectiva de residentes y supervisores

Introducción. Existe información limitada sobre el desarrollo apropiado de curvas quirúrgicas de aprendizaje, con altos niveles de autonomía, en residentes de cirugía general en Colombia. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los niveles de autonomía, para la realización de apendicectomía laparoscópica o abierta en un programa de especialización, desde la perspectiva de médicos residentes y supervisores. &#x0D; Métodos. Estudio de métodos mixtos que se realizó en dos fases. La primera fase incluyó la recolección prospectiva de la información de cada procedimiento (apendicectomía abierta o laparoscópica), realizado entre agosto de 2015 y diciembre de 2018, en la que participaron 29 médicos residentes. Cada residente evaluó su función (cirujano, ayudante), el nivel de supervisión y el nivel de autonomía intraoperatoria mediante la Escala de Zwisch (EZ). En la segunda fase (cualitativa), se realizaron entrevistas a un total de 15 cirujanos generales que supervisaron la práctica de los residentes con preguntas que buscaban explicar los hallazgos cuantitativos.&#x0D; Resultados. Se analizaron 1732 intervenciones: 629 (36 %) se realizaron por vía abierta y 1103 (63 %) por vía laparoscópica. El 81,4 % (n=1411) de los procedimientos fueron realizados en hospitales privados. La percepción global de autonomía reportada por los residentes de acuerdo con la Escala de Zwisch tuvo nivel A 28,9 % (n=500), nivel B 18,1 % (n=313), nivel C 30,4 % (n=526) y nivel D 22,7 % (n=393). El 35,2 % (n=388) de apendicectomías laparoscópicas y el 17,8% (n=112) por vía abierta fueron realizadas con un nivel A, mientras el 19,5 % (n=215) de apendicectomías laparoscópicas y el 28,2 % (n=178) por vía abierta fueron realizadas con un nivel D. La explicación dada de los hallazgos cuantitativos fue la frecuencia de apendicectomías abiertas en hospitales públicos, aspectos relacionados con la transferencia de autonomía hacia el residente y el aumento progresivo en el nivel de autonomía avanzada entre 2015-2018.&#x0D; Discusión. Se encontró un mayor nivel de autonomía en la realización de apendicectomía por vía abierta comparada con la vía laparoscópica, y los niveles de autonomía fueron mayores en hospitales públicos. La explicación a estos hallazgos estuvo relacionada con el contexto clínico y profesional de los residentes.

Comportamiento epidemiológico de la morbilidad materna extrema. Colombia, 2016

Introducción. La Morbilidad Materna Extrema (MME) es un problema de salud pública porque compromete la vida de la gestante. Esta complicación obstétrica también pone en riesgo la salud y el bienestar del recién nacido y de los hijos ya existentes. Objetivo. Determinar el comportamiento epidemiológico de la MME en Colombia durante el año 2016. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo tipo ecológico en mujeres entre 10 a 59 años, residentes en Colombia y con historial médico de MME durante el embarazo, el parto o el puerperio. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA) y el Sistema Integral de Información de la Protección Social (SISPRO). Se calculó el indicador de carga de enfermedad Años de Vida Perdidos por Discapacidad (AVPD), mediante herramientas empleadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. El mayor número de AVPD por MME se presentó en el grupo de 15 a 29 años con un total de 5,86 AVPD. Se evidencia que Bogotá suma 1,93 AVPD a la carga de MME en el país. Conclusión. La MME tiene mayor prevalencia en la capital del país, aunque el 67,2% de los casos notificados se encuentran en los departamentos con mayor nivel de complejidad de atención en salud y capacidad de respuesta de calidad.

Residencia Fiscal De Los Nacionales Colombianos Con Presencia En México O Argentina

El artículo presenta el impacto tributario de colombianos con presencia en México o Argentina, identifica los efectos de la renta mundial para residentes fiscales en Colombia, tanto nacionales como extranjeros que se encuentran dentro y fuera del país realizando actividades económicas; podemos ver el impacto como es el caso del convenio para evitar la doble tributación firmado con México, que tiene como propósito desgravar las rentas percibidas en este país y sobre las cuales no pagará impuestos en Colombia. Pero encontraremos en desventaja al colombiano con presencia en Argentina, toda vez que no se cuenta con un convenio para evitar la doble tributación y deberá cancelar el diferencial de la tarifa de impuesto en Colombia, si el resultado genera que la tarifa impositiva de Argentina es menor a la determinada después de depurar la renta mundial.

Prácticas de manipulación del propofol: resultados de un estudio colombiano de corte transversal

IntroductionPropofol is one of the most frequently used intravenous anesthetic agents. Due to its lipid-based composition, propofol requires a strict handling protocol to avoid increased risk of extrinsic contamination. Little is known about propofol handling practices in developing countries. ObjectiveWe conducted a survey among the population of anesthesiologists and anesthesia residents in Colombia, with a view to identify the practices and factors associated with inadequate propofol handling. MethodsCross-sectional study based on digital and/or telephone surveys addressed to anesthesiologists and residents of anesthesia in Colombia. The data collection tool comprised thirty questions divided into sections considering socio-demographic conditions, practices and knowledge. ResultsA total of 662 answers were analyzed. The reuse of propofol vials in more than one patient and the reuse of propofol syringes in several patients were described as usual practices by 37,9% (251/662) and 6,2% (41/662) respectively, among the subjects surveyed. Multivariate analysis showed a perception of shortage of propofol, infrequent use of gloves, and reuse of syringes that were significantly associated with the reuse of propofol vials at institutions with few ORs (<9). ConclusionsNotwithstanding the economic conditions, the reuse of propofol in Colombia is similar to developed countries. Further research focusing on the impact of external factors such as economic, administrative, and training conditions is required.

Propofol handling practices: Results from a Colombian cross-sectional study

IntroductionPropofol is one of the most frequently used intravenous anesthetic agents. Due to its lipid-based composition, propofol requires a strict handling protocol to avoid increased risk of extrinsic contamination. Little is known about propofol handling practices in developing countries. ObjectiveWe conducted a survey among the population of anesthesiologists and anesthesia residents in Colombia, with a view to identify the practices and factors associated with inadequate propofol handling. MethodsCross-sectional study based on digital and/or telephone surveys addressed to anesthesiologists and residents of anesthesia in Colombia. The data collection tool comprised thirty questions divided into sections considering socio-demographic conditions, practices and knowledge. ResultsA total of 662 answers were analyzed. The reuse of propofol vials in more than one patient and the reuse of propofol syringes in several patients were described as usual practices by 37.9% (251/662) and 6.2% (41/662) respectively, among the subjects surveyed. Multivariate analysis showed a perception of shortage of Propofol, infrequent use of gloves, and reuse of syringes that were significantly associated with the reuse of propofol vials at institutions with few ORs (<9). ConclusionsNotwithstanding the economic conditions, the reuse of propofol in Colombia is similar to developed countries. Further research focusing on the impact of external factors such as economic, administrative, and training conditions is required.

Modelo constitucional de la fuerza pública en Colombia

&lt;p&gt;La fuerza pública forma parte de la estructura constitucional del Estado. Este artículo pretende abordar el modelo constitucional de esta organización pública a partir de su caracterización general y particular; para el efecto, se revisaron, describieron y analizaron las normas constitucionales y legales que la rigen, así como la jurisprudencia relevante de la Corte Constitucional en la materia. Como resultados, se evidenciaron las semejanzas y diferencias entre las fuerzas militares y la Policía Nacional, los umbrales fácticos y jurídicos que traslapan, las tareas misionales relacionadas con el uso de la fuerza y las medidas jurídicas, administrativas y jurisprudenciales, tendientes a preservar el modelo constitucional de esta organización pública. La investigación permite concluir que el constituyente modeló la fuerza pública y en especial su misión, como instrumento para cumplir los fines del Estado y, principalmente, para mantener el orden constitucional y proteger y garantizar los derechos y libertades de todos los residentes en Colombia. &lt;/p&gt;

Caracterización del conocimiento en cuidado paliativo pediátrico y percepción debarreras por parte de los pediatras y residentes de pediatría

IntroductionThe rise of chronic and life threatening disease creates an ethical challenge and an invitation to develop a new type of care: palliative medicine. ObjectiveThe aim was to determine pediatricians and pediatric residents perceptions of their knowledge of pediatric palliative care, and identify the main barriers perceived by them. Materials and methodsGeneral pediatricians, pediatric medical sub-specialists, and pediatric residents in Colombia took part in an analytical cross-sectional study using a questionnaire. Significance test results were reported with 95% confidence intervals. ResultsA total of 359 pediatricians and pediatric residents across the country completed the survey. Only 13% had received training in palliative care, with 57.1% through a peer or self-study. There was a significant relationship between palliative care training and level of education, years of practice, and patients referred in the last year. Greater knowledge and comfort in those who have received training was evident.The main barriers identified were: limited time for care, fear facing children's death, and families demanding more intervention by the physicians. ConclusionsMost respondents had not received training in palliative care, even when they see it as relevant, and were typically uncomfortable when facing situations on this type of care.

Characterizing the limited use of point-of-care ultrasound in Colombian emergency medicine residencies

BackgroundEmergency medicine (EM) is a growing specialty in Colombia with five residency programs in the country. EM leadership is interested in incorporating point-of-care (POC) ultrasound into a standardized national EM residency curriculum. This study is a nationwide survey of Colombian EM residents designed to explore the current state of POC ultrasound use within EM residencies and examine specific barriers preventing its expansion.MethodsWe conducted a mix-methodology study of all available current EM residents in the five EM residencies in Colombia. The quantitative survey assessed previous ultrasound experience, current use of various applications, desire for further training, and perceived barriers to expanded use. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with current EM residents to gather additional qualitative insight into their practice patterns and perceived barriers to clinician-performed ultrasound.ResultsSixty-nine EM residents completed the quantitative survey, a response rate of 85% of all current EM residents in Colombia; 52% of resident respondents had previously used ultrasound during their training. Of these, 58% indicated that they had performed <10 scans and 17% reported >40 scans. The most frequently used applications indicated by respondents were trauma, obstetrics, and procedures including vascular access. A quarter indicated they had previously received some ultrasound training, but almost all expressed an interest in learning more. Significant barriers included lack of trained teachers (indicated by 78% of respondents), absence of machines (57%), and limited time (41%). In FGDs, the barriers identified were inter-specialty conflicts over the control of ultrasonography, both institutionally and nationally, and program-specific curriculum decisions to include POC ultrasound.ConclusionWhile currently limited in their access, EM residents in Colombia have a strong interest in integrating POC ultrasound into their training. Current barriers to expanded use include traditional barriers such as a lack of equipment seen in many developing countries, as well as inter-specialty conflicts typical of developed countries. Further collaboration is underway to help overcome these obstacles and integrate POC ultrasound into Colombian EM residency training.

Posición de garante de los miembros de la fuerza pública

&lt;span&gt;En los medios de comunicación de Colombia aparecen continuas informaciones relacionadas con la ocurrencia de hechos de violencia en nuestro país que principalmente afectan a la población civil por la acción de grupos al margen de la ley, por los cuales se viene atribuyendo responsabilidad al Estado y consecuencias penales y disciplinarias por comisión por omisión contra miembros de la Fuerza Pública. Todo parte de "la posición de garante" de las Fuerzas Militares en relación con la defensa nacional y de la Policía sobre la seguridad nacional que obliga a todos sus miembros a proteger la vida y los demás derechos fundamentales relacionados con este de todos los residentes en Colombia. Precisamente el artículo 25 de la Ley 522 de 1999 se encarga de regular la posición de garante en Colombia y el tema adquiere mayor importancia cuando se trata de juzgar conductas de miembros de la Fuerza Pública debido a que la imputación de la omisión se origina precisamente en la delimitación de los ámbitos de competencia de estas instituciones. Sin embargo, la experiencia del conflicto armado nos indica que no existen fronteras perfectamente delimitadas entre las funciones de defensa y seguridad nacional y en el caso de la misma omisión impropia y la posición de garante hay posiciones doctrinales divergentes que no ofrecen ninguna seguridad al asunto y que dificultan la aplicación de esta figura tal como lo reseñamos a lo largo del trabajo y como los destacan importantes autores nacionales y extranjeros. Todo lo anterior viene afectando el desarrollo de las causas penales y a ello se suman las deficiencias del sistema judicial de Colombia particularmente el cuestionamiento nacional e internacional de la jurisdicción penal militar y las sanciones adoptadas por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos contra el Estado Colombiano. Así mismo, el "concepto de relación con el servicio" del artículo 221 de la carta Política nos parece que merece un análisis particular por que en los análisis que realizaron dentro del trabajo de investigación estos nos indican que su comportamiento en la omisión impropia es distinto al de la acción por cuanto el "servicio que presta la Fuerza Pública" es a su vez la base y el fundamento de la posición de garante y en consecuencia, el eje central de la imputación penal y disciplinaria. El trabajo se orientó a demostrar el estado actual de la cuestión por esta razón nos parece oportuno dar a conocer los resultados obtenidos respecto de la "posición de garante" con la idea de iniciar la discusión académica que merece esta figura jurídica.&lt;/span&gt;

Exposure to violence against a family member and internalizing symptoms in Colombian adolescents: the protective effects of family support.

Associations between exposure to serious violence against a family member and internalizing symptoms, and the protective effects of support from family versus friends, were examined in 5,775 adolescents (50% female; mean age = 15.2 years, SD = 2.0) with data from a national, random household survey of residents in Colombia, South America. After accounting for the effects of age, gender, and family life events other than violence, support from family buffered the relations between exposure to violence and adjustment; this relation was strongest for girls and younger adolescents. Disclosure to friends appeared to be protective for younger adolescents but harmful for older adolescents, and this relation was only observed for hopelessness. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive processing models of adjustment to violence.

Birds of a Highland Clearing in Cundinamarca, Colombia

SEVERAL authors (Dugand 1947, Olivares 1969, Lehmann 1970) have noted effects on distribution of Colombian avifauna by land disturbance, particularly the ever-accelerating clearing of forest to make way for pasture and agriculture. This paper attempts to describe this process on a small ranch near the capital city of Bogota', which has been settled for more than a century and where, consequently, the altered ecology has more or less stabilized. The Finca Rancho Grande (40 36' N, 740 20' W), is situated 15 km west of Bogot'a in Santandercito, Cundinamarca, in the valley of the Bogot'a River, a tributary of the Magdalena, Colombia's principal river. The finca lies 8 km downriver from the famous Tequendama Falls, which mark one of the bounds of the altiplano. The finca's altitude, 1700 m, is thus considerably lower than that of the Sabana of Bogota (2600 m). Meyer de Schauensee (1964) defines the tropical zone as extending from 0 to 1385-1700 m, and the subtropical zone as going from the 1385-1700 m line to 2300-2600 m. This finca is at the altitude of overlap between the two zones. The avifauna consists mainly of tropical and subtropical species of the west slope of the Eastern AndesMagdalena Valley. So far 82 species of birds have been seen at the finca, 10 North American migrants and 72 residents in Colombia. The finca, roughly 500 m by 500 m (25 ha or 61.8 acres) in extent, lies on the north-facing slope of the east-west running valley. It is a stepsided valley, with approximately flat shelves alternating with grades as steep as 400, descending northward to the river, some 1.5 km away at a level of 1500 m. Almost the entire valley on both sides of the river, originally forested, has been converted into fincas for animal husbandry (cattle and horses) and orchards for coffee culture, with numerous small towns and weekend cottages built to take advantage of the pleasant climate (temperature 16.5?-24? C; 62?-75? F). Behind the finca, to the south, climbs the Cordillera Subia with peaks as high as 2800 m, and separating the valley of the Bogota' River from that of the Subia River. Much of this cordillera, parts of which were explored by the Chapman party in 1910-15 (Chapman 1917-), has, like the region around Santandercito, been cultivated for at least 100 years, but considerable stands of thick secondary humid forest (Cecropia, tree fern, tree-sized Melastomataceae Miconia) still remain around swamps. On hillsides too steep for human use (grades of at least 700)

Rural Migration and Agricultural Development in Colombia

The author argues that economists should integrate rural migration into development plans and that special attention must be paid to the impact which this has on the agricultural sector. The early labor and land tenure systems set up by the conquerors of Colombia blocked movement which might have occured among the large Indian population. As these systems decayed and population pressure increased internal migration became more important. Population growth accelerated during the 1900s from 2.2% during 1938-51 to 3.2% in 1951-64 and a total of 2.7 million people moved into urban areas between 1951-64 a number equal to 36% of the rural population in 1951. Rural-urban migration has been seen as a selective process; migrants are generally younger and better educated than nonmigrants and migrants are most heavily drawn from regions closest to the cities. In most cases the direct costs to individuals of migration to large urban centers in Colombia increase with the distance of the move. 5 of 7 areas in Colombia studied had 37-45% of the people enumerated living outside of the general area of their birth. It is also shown that there has been a high degree of mobility among rural residents in Colombia without any apparent relationship to distance from the large industrial centers; also the proportion of migrants moving to large cities or satellite urban areas decreased as the travel time was increased. A higher proportion of the migrants in the more distant areas were moving into other rural regions or nearby villages and towns. Education also has an effect on migration the 2 areas with the lowest levels of education also had the lowest rates of out-migration. Most of the migrant families interviewed in a study owned less than 50 acres of land and many owned none at all; but generally there is little association between land owned and migration. A large proportion of rural-urban migrants are young when they move to the cities. Some implications for agricultural development are: 1) 3/4 of Colombias poor unproductive people still live in rural areas 2) migration is drawing out the individuals with the characteristics most appropriate for agricultural development programs 3) accelerated out-migration would aggravate some of the most pressing problems associated with agricultural production and 4) land reform programs could absorb a number of the young individuals who are now moving away from their birthplaces.

LVI. Meteorological observations during a residence in Colombia between the years 1820 and 1830

LVI. <i>Meteorological observations during a residence in Colombia between the years</i> 1820 <i>and</i> 1830

XLIV. Meteorological observations during a residence in Colombia between the years 1820 and 1830

XLIV. Meteorological observations during a residence in Colombia between the years 1820 and 1830

XXXI. Meteorological observations during a residence in Colombia between the years 1820 and 1830

XXXI. <i>Meteorological observations during a residence in Colombia between the years</i> 1820 <i>and</i> 1830