Residential Works Research Articles

Women Architects and Their Works in the Autonomous Region of Madrid, 1978-2008

This paper explores the periphery of the very centre of the architectural system in Spain, considering the work of women architects in the Autonomous Region of Madrid (Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid), the province of its capital, in the period 1978-2008, i. e., between the democratic restoration and the global financial crisis. The approach is threefold. Firstly, a quantitative analysis, according to various parameters, of a sufficiently representative sample (more than a hundred cases) of this female-authored production, either solo or in collaboration with other women colleagues. Secondly, an analysis of the presence of women and their works in the architectural media in terms of the prestige they represent. Thirdly, an evaluation based on a qualitative approach of these works, the account of their differential features, and the identification of the very interests that women architects expressed through them. To this end, a methodology is implemented that includes the collection of bibliographic sources, a call to the architects to invite them to submit their projects and field work, by visiting and collecting data from most of the works. The results reveal that most of their professional practice that solo and is mainly based on residential works—the most recognised— followed by interventions in public spaces. Most of the works correspond to new construction and are concentrated, in time, in the 1990s and, in space, to the south and east of both the capital and the wider Madrid Region. The work of women architects has hardly been reported in professional journals, although it has been more widely disseminated in institutional publications, especially in the case of female civil servants. Qualitatively, the attention paid to the programme, especially to the common and intermediate spaces, the suitability of the technical means to the ends and the context, the care taken in the design of inclusive public spaces and the commitment to sustainability are striking. All this speaks volumes about the value of authors and architectures that, even in the center itself, are relegated to the periphery. It is a political and cultural system, which gender-based research challenges to propose hopeful alternatives for the discipline.

Spatial configuration by rules: an experimental parametric shape rules by shape grammar method

This study investigated the method of Shape Grammar to develop a computational technique to generate spatial configuration at the early stage of the design process. In synthesizing the spatial configuration and its variants, the user (i.e., architect) can use this tool as a heuristic way to select and choose a spatial configuration of geometric shapes to represent functional requirements and their relationships. We studied the example of Adolf Loos's residential works as our basis for the parametric shape rules and the tool developed in the form of a modular cluster component in the Visual Programming Language Grasshopper in a Rhinoceros 3D modeling software. This cluster component, termed "Rupa," is parametrically modeled and consists of two main algorithms: 1) two-dimensional and three-dimensional rules-based shape generation and 2) the transformation rules of translation, rotation, reflection, dilatation, and tension. Using this component, the user can create and transform a shape configuration by its parameters, constrained only by the characteristics of Adolf Loos's residential works design rules as the underlying principles behind the component. Although limited only to three of Loos's residential works, this experiment has successfully generated residential spatial configuration designs based on the constraint rules of Adolf Loos's residential works. The early results show the potential of this method and tool in aiding architects to create design variants and select those that are the most optimal.

Ecological Rural Expressions of Eko Prawoto’s Tectonic Architecture to Create Modern House Sustainability

Global warming has been the biggest world problem since 19th century, leading us into famous architectural problem such as sick building syndrome. These problems seemed to be neglected by ‘human’ on earth, including architects who choose to create modern and minimalist residences with no ecological consideration. Clusters with identical materials and styles grew as new promising business properties, yet in the other hand it creates new ecological problems. Eko Prawoto, as an Indonesian architect has been living with ecological architecture conception to solve this global problem. He was awarded as the winner of pioneer category in Indonesian Cultural Award of Yogyakarta Special Regional Cultural Service in 2021, through his architectural idea of going back to nature and break the stereotype of expensive and outdated green architecture. This qualitative research aimed to revealed Eko Prawoto’s tectonic architecture expression in his two different residential works, conducted by biography architecture method. The result showed how eco-architecture applied in a very simple, detail, affordable and modern way through rural ideology of material selection, structure and construction. This research became new perspective of tectonic architecture ability to solve world’s ecological problems in rural ideology.

A framework for evaluation of improvement opportunities for environmental impacts on construction works using life cycle assessment and value stream mapping concepts: offsite and onsite building construction

There have been various concerns about the environmental impact of construction works. This generates a need to take a more proactive approach in evaluating the environmental impacts of construction operations and further explore ways to reduce the environmental impacts. Enormous opportunities exist within the building industry to achieve a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the study is to develop a framework for the evaluation of improvement opportunities for environmental impact for onsite and offsite building construction works using life cycle assessment (LCA) and value-stream-mapping concepts. Various tools for LCA exist; however, there is a need for the development of an LCA framework and improvement opportunities that can be localized to various communities to evaluate improvement opportunities for building construction. This study conducts a review of methods to evaluate the LCA of buildings on local construction sites. A procedure for establishing improvement opportunities is also developed. Based on the author’s knowledge and experience, including site visits, using value stream mapping (VSM) techniques, a conceptual framework of the present state map and future state map of residential construction works was developed. The study presents a procedure for the evaluation of improvement opportunities for the environmental impacts of construction operations.

FRAGMENTS OF MEMORY IN RESIDENTIAL INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE

The present paper tackles the concept of memory as a compositional tool employed in the architectural spatialization process. More specifically, it focuses on residential interior architecture in the work of Greek architect Takis Marthas, placing special emphasis on the conjunction of tradition and Modernism, a binary vividly captured in the architecture and visual arts of the 1930s, to which Marthas belongs. In Marthas’ oeuvre, design and composition are locked in a dialectical relationship by way of cross-pollination, juxtaposition, complementarity, or the introduction of intact fragments of memory into space. Marthas’ architectural style could thus be construed as an attempt of combining the past and the present in the form of a creative process whereby elements–mental or material–are drawn from diverse places and historical periods, only to be repurposed and integrated into a unified whole, retaining their autonomy and alluding to a hybrid architectural model. As far as the composition of the residence is concerned, memory is conveyed through images of the past rendered either as an integral spatial transfer or as mental and material architectural constructions, material elements, textures and colour. These spatial elements evoke and restore images and sensations of the past. Within the architectural creation of the residence, compositional gestures linked with memory can be freely expressed, connecting the past and the present, architecture and place, as well as bringing together the space and users/residents’ personal experiences. Fraught with a number of tensions typical of the 1930s generation, such as the abovementioned attempt to bring together the past and the present, but also to pursue Greekness through both references to antiquity and references to Greek folklore tradition, Marthas’ oeuvre is adumbrated by using residential works as well as written and oral testimonies dating from the 1930s-1960s as methodological tools.

Identity, Locality and Image of the Residential House by Eko Prawoto

The development of residential architecture now depends on market tastes, with the trend of minimalist houses being identical in style and without a theme, as if they have lost their identity. In this case, there were many discussions that featured Eko Prawoto as an architect with the theme of local architecture, but the subject of this research questioned him. Therefore, this study discusses how the identity and concept of the natural locality of Eko Prawoto's residential works are expressed through architectural tectonics. The architectural biographical approach is used in qualitative inductive research through an emic view. The focus of this research topic is on the process of expressing the image of residential buildings through architectural tectonics. The results obtained are in the form of processing materials, techniques, and flavors in the process of building a house. This discussion is important to straighten the concept of local architecture and the meaning of architectural works through a biographical approach. This research is expected to be the basis for the use of tectonics as a basis for meaningful architectural development.

IMPORTED AND MANUFACTURED CEMENT IN BANGLADESH: A MARKET STUDY ON GREY AND PORTLAND CEMENT

Cement is an essential construction material, so it is used in all types of residential and non-residential building works, construction and development of modern roads and infra structural facilities etc. This present paper is the outcome of a study for the purpose of examining and assessing the present pattern of imported and manufactured cement in Bangladesh and its future. The findings of the study reveal that the demand projection for next future years, estimated supply gap and competition between imported cement and local cement. This paper also shows the opportunities and threats which exist in Bangladesh market. Finally, Government should adopt polices for encouraging cement manufacturing projects and protecting the interest of the cement buyers which will help accomplish its objective of providing facilities to the people.

Space and composition of Craig Ellwood's residential buildings, focusing on structural systems

AbstractIn this study, the type and transformation of the spatial composition of Craig Ellwood's residential works were investigated, focusing on structural systems. The analysis addressed 28 works, evaluating the structure construction, structure of the main facade, and inner space structure. As a result, the following points were derived: In the 1950s, the order in space was created by setting directions and showing beams in inner and outer spaces. In the 1960s, the order in space was achieved by forming an architectural framework with columns and beams clearly exposed in the exterior space.

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE FLOOR PLANS OF STEVEN HOLL'S RESIDENTIAL PROJECTS

Steven Holl, an American architect who began his design career in 1975, has a unique way of designing. He is known for his many drawings, artistic expression, and distinctive conceptual designs. Steven Holl's designs start with watercolour sketches, a world-renowned architect whose projects are still underway worldwide. This study will examine the philosophy of Steven Holl's plan. It will also explore the aspects of his proposal of sustainable architecture, which he has presented in recent years. It will consider the coexistence of the theme of sustainable architecture with the works of contemporary architects to deepen our knowledge of architectural DesignDesign. In addition, the purpose is to clarify the modelling characteristics by classifying the outer shape of residential works using a plan view.

Electrical installations running through masonry walls: developing waste generation indicators for environmental performance analysis

Waste generation is one of the most relevant environmental aspects of the construction industry. About 47 million tons of construction and demolition waste are collected annually by Brazilian municipalities. One of the activities that generates waste is cutting chases on walls for installations. However, there are no waste generation indicators for this activity. Understanding waste generation processes enables managers to prevent them and promote their proper environmental management. This study assessed the generation of waste resulting from the cutting of clay bricks for electrical installations using three tools: milling cutter, marble saw, and cold chisel. The study included data collected from residential construction works and experimental data collected from the construction of real-scale walls. In a laboratory, five different wall configurations were built and the three tools mentioned were used to cut a chase on the walls. The results were statistically analyzed to define a waste generation index (WGI) by linear regression. The type of tool employed had no influence on the waste generation index, which was 26.5 ± 2.6 kg/m2. However, the tools used directly influenced the quality of the service, productivity, and the volume of waste generated. The waste from the milling cutter showed the smallest maximum aggregate size and the largest bulk density, followed by the waste resulting from the marble saw and the cold chisel. The marble saw and cold chisel waste samples had around 78% of their composition in the coarse aggregate grain size range. The milling cutter waste samples were the finest and had on average 60% of their composition in the fine aggregate grain size range. The width of the chases made with the milling cutter were smaller and more consistent than those made with the cold chisel, which showed irregularities and larger dimensions than necessary. From the waste generation indicators obtained in this study, construction managers will be able to choose more appropriate cutting tools and improve their planning and management systems to minimize associated environmental impacts.

Um olhar para a vida e obra de Luzimar Telles e sua contribuição para a arquitetura moderna de Cataguases

O artigo apresenta e discute a biografia do arquiteto Luzimar Telles, até então inexplorada, destacando sua formação e trajetória profissional em Cataguases, onde radicou-se. A cidade, por sua vez, destaca-se no contexto da historiografia da arquitetura moderna brasileira por seu significativo patrimônio. Relata o método de pesquisa empregado durante a etapa de pesquisa biográfica, parte integrante de uma investigação maior que analisou vinte e oito obras residenciais do arquiteto. Tal metodologia foi centrada principalmente em levantamento documental em acervos públicos e privados de Cataguases e também do Rio de Janeiro, além de entrevistas semiestruturadas com membros remanescentes da família. Neste estudo, que procurou paralelos entre vida e obra de Telles, inferiu-se que o início de sua atuação profissional como arquiteto tem relação com sua habilidade com desenho técnico e começou ainda antes de sua formação acadêmica. Observou-se a atuação de Telles como designer de móveis e a existência de mudança significativa na linguagem arquitetônica adotada pelo arquiteto a partir da década de 1970. A contribuição do trabalho é a de abordar pela primeira vez, de modo sistematizado, a trajetória profissional deste arquiteto, apontado como autor do maior número de obras modernas em Cataguases. Como resultados, obteve-se um aprofundamento acerca da trajetória profissional de Luzimar Telles e sua atuação em Cataguases. O tempo de atividade profissional de Telles e a lista de seus projetos na cidade foi significativamente ampliada, estabelecendo, assim, bases referenciais mais precisas para a continuidade de investigações acerca de sua produção.

Construction duration predictive model based on factorial analysis and fuzzy logic

Abstract Setting the building construction duration for vertical residential works is made still in the study phase of economic and financial feasibility of the project and, in most cases, in an empirical way, increasing the uncertainties and the risks to fulfill the set deadline. However, there are computational intelligence tools that can contribute to reduce the degree of uncertainty. This study aimed to investigate the use of a hybrid system to estimate the deadline for vertical residential building works from design and production characteristics using factorial analysis and Fuzzy Systems. To this end, we used information of a database from the SEURB and in some buildings construction companies in Belém, a city located in the State of Pará, northern of Brazil. For the training and construction of the Fuzzy Forecast Model, data from 71 projects were used and 16 others residential buildings were used for its validation. The results showed a significant level of assertiveness, with 75% accuracy considering a range, whose upper and lower limits were calculated from MAPE and MASE. The model presented a prediction performance superior to other models already consecrated in the literature.

Sistema misto steel deck e suas aplicações na construção civil

O conceito de laje mista ou então laje com fôrma colaborante, surgiu nos Estados Unidos na década de 1950 e desde então passou a ser amplamente empregado, claramente em edificações metálicas de vários andares. Já no Brasil, começou a ser difundida na década de 1970 pela empresa Robtek (associação entre a empresa americana Robertson e a empresa brasileira Tekno). A laje steel deck ou laje colaborante ou mista como também é conhecida, é uma técnica usada na construção de lajes em edificações de vários portes. Uma laje composta basicamente por chapas ou telhas de aço galvanizado e uma camada de concreto. O uso da laje com formas colaborantes pode ser considerado em projetos de edifícios industriais; em lajes de escolas, rodoviárias; hospitais e órgãos públicos; terminais de aeroportos, passarelas ou pontes; cinemas e em shopping centers; edifícios de escritórios com vários andares. Elas podem usadas em estruturas de concreto e também estruturas metálicas. Esse tipo de laje está sendo muito utilizado, pois a velocidade de execução é muito maior, uma das principais características ditas por especialistas da área. Tanto em obras comerciais, residenciais ou industriais, esse tipo de laje geralmente é aplicada em obras onde há entrega em prazos curtos e a necessidade de racionalização dos processos construtivos.

A Contemporary Interpretation of Vernacular Architecture. The Architecture of Nail Çakirhan, Turkey

Abstract As a product of native masters of the vernacular and the accumulation of thousands of years of tradition, local architecture embodies the physical and sociocultural characteristics of the environment of which it is a part. This is an indigenous architecture that displays the character of multiple and unknown local contributors and openly reflects the traditions, culture, experience and customs of the people it serves. Vernacular architecture differs according to the physical conditions of each region, becoming an expression of the culture of that area. Underlying it is the ancient wisdom, experience, skills and mastery that is transferred from generation to generation. The vernacular in architecture is the direct and unconscious translation of a society’s culture into physical substance within the framework of specified needs. It draws from tradition and with time, provides a social and cultural documentation that is passed on from one generation to the next. The aim of the study is to examine the residential works of the self-taught architect Nail Çakırhan, one of the most adamant defenders of vernacular architecture in Turkey and a recipient of the Aga Khan award in 1983, in the context of the house he built for himself using the local architectural materials of the region of Ula, where he was born, and the residential buildings he created in Akyaka, in an attempt to analyze Çakırhan’s contemporary interpretation of local architecture.

Tehnike građenja i razvoj građevinske delatnosti u stambenoj arhitekturi Beograda u međuratnom periodu

The interwar period was marked by a progressive urbanisation of the city of Belgrade and considerable residential construction works, which nevertheless could not respond to the high demand for housing caused by the rapid population growth. Large, luxurious apartments were built in buildings made of solid material, as well as small, courtyard flats in dilapidated houses intended for the poor working class. The paper explores construction achievements and techniques applied in the residential architecture of Belgrade during the interwar period, focusing on solid buildings that make up the housing stock of the city even to this day. From the perspective of the civil engineering development, the period between the two world wars saw the continual usage of massive structures and bricks as dominant masonry material, while the greatest number of changes and innovative solutions could be seen in the construction of floors, the development of which represented a significant breakthrough regarding the construction elements used in residential buildings. The novelty was a greater usage of reinforced concrete that was predominantly used for the construction of floors and foundations, while bricks remained the only wall-building material. That period saw a significant improvement of the technical legislation, primarily through the adoption of the 1931 Construction Law. The paper is part of a more comprehensive research covering a wider period of time that looks into the construction techniques applied in the residential architecture of Belgrade, and which was conducted for the purpose of setting up the typology of construction assembly elements with the general view to valorising the comfort in Belgrade residential buildings.

Developing shared values for strategies and policies on Primary Care Centres in Tuscany Region, Italy

Introduction comprising context and problem statement : In Italy, Tuscany Region implemented since 2010 Primary Care Centres PCCs - in Italy known as “Case della Salute”- Health Homes in order to provide the population with a single point of access to primary care services, promoting integration and coordination of care. The present contribution describes the consensus building process promoted by Tuscany Region in order to renew the PCC policy based on shared values among the different stakeholders. Description of policy context and objective : After a first pilot implementation, in 2016 the Tuscan Regional Health Authority established a regional act providing guidelines for the PCC model. This act focused mainly on the structural characteristics of PCCs, such as the number and type of professionals involved, opening hours, technological tools and equipment. The Tuscan Regional Health Authority promoted also to monitor the effective implementation of PCCs in terms of their structural mapping and impact evaluation. After two years, a research monitoring report pointed out a great variability in the implementation of PCCs model in the local context. Particularly there was evidence of the lack of a common vision on functions and core domains of PCCs among policy makers, professionals and citizens. Therefore, during 2017 a consensus conference has been organised with the aim of reviewing of regional guidelines and relaunching them through a participating process involving the different stakeholders. Targeted population : The consensus conference involved more than one hundred stakeholders regional and local health managers, policy makers, GPs, nurses, social workers, specialists, community organisations and citizens in a process that included residential meetings, group works and web sharing of ideas and expression of agreement on specific themes through structured questionnaires. Highlights innovation, Impact and outcomes : This experience is innovative for two key aspects: 1 the participative method adopted for renewing the regional policy on PCC, 2 the shift of PCC paradigm from a structural approach to a focus on PCC objectives and its specific interventions addressing the local community. The consensus building process highlighted the following shared values : - identification of the three key functions of PCCs, such as health promotion and prevention for and with community, chronic care management, and social and health integration; - integration of PCCs interventions in the district health planning; - valorisation of the role of PCCs to welcome the needs of individuals, families and community and orient them to the best healthcare answers; - implementation of multi-professional teams within PCCs working together and promoting integrated care. Comments on transferability : The results of the consensus conference has been used for the elaboration of a new regional act containing the updated guidelines for PCCs. Both its process and results can be transferred in other contexts. Conclusions comprising key findings, discussion and lessons learned : The consensus building process promoted by Tuscany Region allowed to all stakeholders to active participate in the development of share values constituting a stronger base in which the new policy on PCCs may be anchored. It was useful to strength their awareness and commitment in the implementation of the new organisational model of PCCs.

With the Help of Nature: Kahn, the Wood House and the Culture of Stewardship

Louis I. Kahn's attitude toward materials was expressed in his documented preference to allow exterior wood siding to be left unfinished and weather to a silver grey. Influenced by vernacular architecture of the American rural landscape, this natural treatment has proved a challenge for stewards, as exposure to the elements is gradually destructive. Like many works of the Modern Movement that retain their original siding, Kahn’s wood-clad structures stand at a critical crossroads where the architect’s intent and retention of fabric converge. A selected group of Kahn’s residential works are examined with respect to the architect’s employment of wood, the inherent conditions of each and the conservation efforts that are evolving in response.

New quantification proposal for construction waste generation in new residential constructions

In general, the analysis of construction waste quantification estimates the total amount of waste generated considering only the total floor area of the project. However, some countries, where houses are usually sold by units within collective housing buildings, may need to consider other parameters. In this sense, this research states a new proposal to quantify the waste generated in the construction of Mediterranean residential buildings by considering not only the total floor area of the project, but also the number of dwellings. To do this, several newly built residential building works have been analyzed. The results obtained offer two models for estimating –both in weight and volume– the construction waste generated in this type of constructions. Around a 1%–10% mean deviation was found between the model predictions and the data collected in other projects or published in previous research works. Moreover, including other variables, such as the management carried out by the working team or good practices implemented to minimize CDW generation, may result in maximum deviations of the model. Finally, this model can serve construction stakeholders in developing the current Waste Management Plans and Reports required by the regulations, in order to estimate the amount of construction waste generated and therefore optimize its management.

Assessing the accumulation of construction waste generation during residential building construction works

The difficulty of dealing with construction and demolition waste (CDW) on construction sites is not new and continues to be an environmental problem. Understanding the waste generated in a construction work is essential to optimize CDW management. Therefore, any tool used for establishing an estimation of the CDW that will be generated should be considered as an alternative to achieve real solutions pursuing sustainability. This paper presents the evolution of CDW flow generation in the construction of new residential buildings, and has identified that the construction activity is increasing the waste generation. In an attempt to find some solutions and provide improved alternatives, several building sites have been analysed in order to quantify the estimation of CDW generated. Results show that when using plasterboard walls the CDW generation, per m2 of built surface can be reduced up to 15.94% compared to the use of traditional brick partitions. In addition, a model describing the accumulation of CDW throughout the project duration is proposed. This model states that CDW mainly accumulates in the middle stages of the project. This study allows an estimation of the amount of CDW to be generated in a building construction site, helping to plan the number and size of containers required at any moment of the construction process, as well as the space required for a proper CDW management.

Self-Tapping Screws without Pre-Drilling for Brazilian Reflorestation Species

Wood is a renewable source of structural material with high relative strength/weight, low energy production, which kidnaps and stores carbon in its production. The large use of wood is due to its special qualities as raw material for other products manufactured in residential construction or major works such as bridges, has been widely used in roofing for industrial and commercial buildings. Commercially there are limitations on the length of the wood, resulting from the extraction of tree trunks, thus requiring the adoption of binding elements is the use of self-tapping screws efforts required by side and which can be axial, shear, tensile or compression. Whereas in Brazil does not yet exist and the promising future of the product, this research aims to study the behavior of self-tapping screws together with Brazilian reforestation species of Pinus oocarpa and Lyptus (softwood and hardwood). Rothoblaas self-tapping screws had a good penetration in both woods without requiring pre-drilling, the species of Lyptus wood showed the highest values of strength and the inclination of the screws, at 45 degrees showed the best results on either species of wood.