Residential Construction Projects Research Articles

Mortgaging a Residential Construction Investment Project: Comparison of Vietnamese and Chinese Law

Objective: The primary objective of the analytical review was to conduct a comparative analysis of the residential construction investment project mortgaging laws in China and Vietnam. The aim was to examine the existing legal frameworks associated with residential mortgages in the two countries and the analysis of areas of similarity, differences, strengths, flaws and drawbacks. The research further evaluates how the mortgage rules protect borrowers and identifies the existing strengths and weaknesses and the systems, and provide the necessary recommendations. Methodology: The review adopted the form of a summary of the existing state of the current laws and regulations associated with the topic of research by combining reference to primary sources including legislation, existing court cases with reference to secondary sources including handbooks, policy papers and most recent journal articles. Findings: Both China and Vietnam have definitive laws which outlines the registration processes of mortgages for residential project construction projects. In China, the registration of mortgages is outlined by Article 388, 395, 400 and 402, Civil Code and Article 2, Real estate Registration Regulation 2019. In Vietnam, the registration of residential real estate mortgage is governed by Article 317, 318, 320-324 of Civil Code 2015 and MOJ Circular 07/2019/TT-BTP. Existing similarities and differences in the parties’ rights and obligations in relation to mortgaging residential real estate projects. Significant differences in terms of the legal aspects of taxes and fees on mortgaged residential property in China and Vietnam. Conclusions: China and Vietnam have witnessed varying levels of changes of property mortgage regulations attributed to the rising housing and mortgage finance needs. The two countries have recorded a wide range of reforms and changes to the law and regulations that govern the mortgaging a residential construction investment project.

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC); An Eco Friendly Building Material: A Brief Study

Abstract: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is an eco-friendly building material. It is a product of fly ash which is mixed with lime, cement, aluminum powder and water in a certain proportion. The use of fly ash, a waste product collected from coal based thermal power plant can be consumed as a significant resource as building material. AAC is a best option for traditional red clay brick and cement brick. It is useful in residential, commercial and industrial construction projects. In this study, the review covers the study about AAC concrete blocks, advantages and its importance, AAC block manufacturing and its potential use as green construction material.

Survey on solar photovoltaic (PV) technology utilization at residential area at Kampar, Perak

The tropical climate of Malaysia is conducive to the development of solar energy, yet the adoption of solar PV technology in the construction industry is relatively low. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the difficulties faced by home users when installing solar PV and to propose recommendations to encourage solar PV. This research was conducted on residential construction sites in Kampar. More than 100 questionnaires were administered physically and online but only 50 responded, which represents a 50% response rate. The respondents were selected purposively mainly among the clients, contractors, developers, and consultants. The data revealed that the major difficulties that the home users encountered in the installation of solar PV include lack of motivation and incentives, huge capital outlay, and inability to secure financial support for the solar PV. To install solar PV, the research found that there is a need to provide attractive loans and incentives, implement policy, educate the households, reduce fossil fuel subsidies, and others. Although this research has been carried out diligently, there are several limitations such as this research only focusing on residential construction projects, having a very small sample size, and this research only using one method for data collection.

Investigating the Source of Claims with the Importance of BIM Application on Reducing Construction Disputable Claims in KSA

The construction industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a significant sector in the Middle East, with annual expenditures surpassing USD 120 billion. It employs approximately 15% of the workforce and consumes more than 14% of the country’s energy resources. However, the Saudi construction sector encounters numerous challenges, including a deficiency in skilled labor, escalating costs, disputes, and material shortages. This study aims to investigate the origins of construction disputes in KSA and emphasize the significance of employing Building Information Modeling (BIM) applications to diminish the factors causing claims in both commercial and residential construction projects. The methodology employed comprises a comprehensive literature review and a field survey consisting of interview sessions. This study analyzes a total of 50 contributing factors to the causes of claims, along with conducting a field survey interview session involving 35 participants. The findings reveal seven substantial sources that give rise to construction claims in the KSA, impacting 75 projects, as discussed in this study. Furthermore, the research critically evaluates the advantages of utilizing BIM technology to mitigate construction disputes in the KSA. The data analysis results indicate that the reliance on traditional project management approaches is one of the catalysts for the emergence of disputes in the construction industry, particularly in the KSA.

Implementasi Terkait Keberhasilan Pembangunan Apartment Grha Aparna dalam Konteks Public Service Kepada Penghuni Apartemen Grha Aparna.

Limited land, especially in big cities such as DKI Jakarta and Surabaya, as well as other areas, has caused land prices to skyrocket in all areas, making housing types such as apartments and condominiums the preferred choice for market consumers. In addition, the apartment's strategic location makes it the right choice in terms of price compared to very expensive condos in big cities. In addition, the increase in apartment sales or what is known as apartments has led to many fraudulent practices carried out by real estate developers or developers, so that consumers suffer huge losses due to this phenomenon. A particular problem is the commercialization of residential construction projects that have not yet been implemented but have been publicly marketed. This research was conducted and addressed to the Grha Aparna Apartment Development with the hope that researchers can find study material, namely the community's perspective regarding environmental and societal conditions in the Grha Aparna Apartment development area, besides that the research method that will be used in discussing this study is a descriptive qualitative research method and Literature study of journals or books that will be referred to in the process of studying this problem
 Keywords: Limited Land, Implementation, Apartments.

An Integrated Model for Multi-Mode Resource-Constrained Multi-Project Scheduling Problems Considering Supply Management with Sustainable Approach in the Construction Industry under Uncertainty Using Evidence Theory and Optimization Algorithms

In this study, the multi-mode resource-constrained multi-project scheduling problems (MMRCMPSPs) considering supply management and sustainable approach in the construction industry under uncertain conditions have been investigated using evidence theory to mathematical modeling and solving by multi-objective optimization algorithms. In this regard, a multi-objective mathematical model has been proposed, in which the first objective function aims to maximize a weighted selection of projects based on economic, environmental, technical, social, organizational, and competitive factors; the second objective function is focused on maximizing profit, and the third objective function is aimed at minimizing the risk of supply management. Moreover, various components, such as interest rates, carbon penalties, and other implementation limitations and additional constraints, have also been considered in the modeling and mathematical relationships to improve the model’s performance and make it more relevant to real-world conditions and related issues, leading to better practical applications. In the mathematical modeling adopted, the processing time of project activities has been considered uncertain, and the evidence theory has been utilized. This method can provide a flexible and rational approach based on evidence and knowledge in the face of uncertainty. In addition, to solve the proposed multi-objective mathematical model, metaheuristic optimization algorithms, such as the differential evolution (DE) algorithm based on the Pareto archive, have been used, and for evaluating the results, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) has also been employed. Furthermore, the results have been compared based on multi-objective evaluation criteria, such as quality metric (QM), spacing metric (SM), and diversity metric (DM). It is worth noting that to investigate the performance and application of the proposed model, multiple evaluations have been conducted on sample problems with different dimensions, as well as a case study on residential apartment construction projects by a contracting company. In this respect, the answers obtained from solving the model using the multi-objective DE algorithm were better and superior to the NSGA-II algorithm and had a more favorable performance. Generally, the results indicate that using the integrated multi-objective mathematical model in the present research for managing and scheduling multi-mode resource-constrained multi-project problems, especially in the construction industry, can lead to an optimal state consistent with the desired objectives and can significantly improve the progress and completion of projects.

Dust dispersion patterns during building construction processes: A multi-process simulation study

Dust, an inevitable by-product of the building construction process, poses significant hazards to both the residential environment and the health of construction workers. This study investigates the dispersion pattern of dust during core construction operations such as cutting, grinding, and drilling inside the building. A residential construction project on Chaoyang West Road in Huangdao District served as a model, and Ansys Fluent simulation software was used to predict dust transportation from multiple sources under varying wind directions and speeds. The results reveal that dust dispersion is most pronounced in the southeast wind direction, with concentration levels ranging from 9 to 15 mg/m3 and dispersion time extending up to 40 s. This finding indicates that the southeast wind direction significantly influences dust dispersion within the building structure. Examination of dust dispersion under different wind conditions shows that dust concentration at different heights in an open environment decreases markedly with increasing height. An in-depth analysis of the concentration curves at different heights and wind speeds within the primary pollution area, where the southeast wind is dominant, shows fluctuations in dust concentration at three heights under wind speeds of 5 m/s and 15 m/s; the dust concentration at these heights under a wind speed of 10 m/s exhibited a more pronounced downward trend. Compared with similar simulations studying construction dust dispersion, this study analyses the dust dispersion patterns in a variety of environments and accurately restores the transport patterns of dust from construction sites. The dust dispersion patterns deduced from the simulation provide crucial theoretical insights for effective dust management in the construction industry.

An Integrated Multicriteria Sorting Methodology with q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Sets for Evaluating the Impacts of Delays on Residential Construction Projects

This study offers an integrated evaluation methodology for construction project delay causes viewed as a multicriteria sorting (MCS) problem. Time, cost, and quality were the three project management factors considered as criteria to evaluate 38 identified delay causes. The priority weights were extracted using the integration of Weighted Influence Non-linear Gauge Systems (WINGS) and Level-Based Weight Assessment (LBWA) to capture the inherent interdependencies of the criteria. The sorting of 38 delay causes was performed using FlowSort. To handle the uncertainty and vagueness of the judgments of the decision makers in the evaluation process, q-rung fuzzy orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFS) were integrated within the proposed computational framework. The proposed novel q-ROF–WINGS–LBWA–FlowSort method was applied in an actual case study in residential construction projects. The delay causes were categorized under three categories of construction firm vulnerability into four levels of impact. In highly vulnerable construction firms, thirty-five delay causes have a high impact, two have a moderate impact, and one has the least impact. In moderately vulnerable and least-vulnerable construction firms, 32 and 28 delay causes have a medium impact, respectively. The results may provide insights for decision makers in highly vulnerable construction firms, i.e., small companies with limited resources and networks. Layers of sensitivity and comparative analyses were put forward to test the robustness of the approach.

System based greenhouse emission analysis of off-site prefabrication: a comparative study of residential projects

High-story residential structures and off-site prefabrication have been dominant choices in the construction industry. There is a substantial quantity of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by the construction industry. In fact, the construction industry is responsible for 30 percent of all GHG emissions. In this study, we analyse the differences between the conventional technique of building and the off-site prefabricating construction method. First, we evaluate the emissions emitted from key processes during the off-site prefabricating construction. In addition, we analyse the qualitative and quantitative differences between two prefabrication structural systems, namely concrete and steel, which are the two most common structural systems utilised in residential construction projects in China. We examine and analyse four different case studies in order to exemplify the proposed methodology and offer managerial insights.

PRINCIPLES OF THE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY ECONOMIC POTENTIAL GROWTH THROUGH THE VIRTUAL ASSETS MARKET

The article is devoted to the study of the basics of the development companies' integration into the virtual assets market as a component of their economic potential growth in the context of the digital transformation of Ukraine. The article proves the role of development companies in the digitization development of the construction industry of Ukraine. The current state of Ukrainian legislation regarding digitization and the virtual assets market was considered, the analysis of which allowed to single out the virtual assets’ application areas in the operational activities of development companies, in particular, investment activities and marketing communications. The application areas of secured virtual assets are defined and the concepts of construction products tokenization are considered. The issue of entering smart contracts by the development company on Blockchain technology using secured virtual assets was investigated. Particular attention is paid to the construction of the development company metauniverse with a hierarchical structure in the form of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) sets of different levels. The relationship between the growth of the development project metauniverses and the implementation of BIM technologies in the design of real estate objects is proven. A universal concept of metauniverse construction of development company that implements residential construction projects has been developed. With the help of artificial intelligence technologies, conceptual views of non-fungible tokens at the level of the development company, development project (housing complex), individual multi-story residential buildings, individual apartments in these buildings, as well as individual stages of real estate development have been created. The main features of the created tokens are described concerning the corresponding characteristics of particular real estate objects. A scheme for integrating the real estate development process into the virtual asset market has been developed concerning the stages of the real estate object's life cycle. The prospects for the growth of development projects metauniverses after the introduction of "real" real estate objects into operation are determined, in particular, through the introduction of PTE technologies.

Occupational Hazards Evaluation in Residential Construction Projects: Novel Sorting Methods Based on q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Choquet Integral

Despite multiple efforts to improve safety in construction, insufficient hazard identification remains a significant concern. Failure to address these hazards can lead to severe safety incidents that harm workers and a firm’s reputation. This problem is especially prevalent in construction small and medium enterprises (SMEs) due to their limited resources, reliance on manual labor, and lack of technical expertise regarding safety concerns. Thus, this study addresses the gap by offering a computational framework that provides a comprehensive evaluation of occupational hazards, considering multiple factors, such as severity, frequency of occurrence, and the likelihood of detection, which are risk dimensions of failure mode effect analysis (FMEA). Notwithstanding the FMEA-based evaluation methods for safety evaluation in the construction sector, drawbacks attributed to the interdependencies of the risk dimensions and the handling of judgment uncertainties are evident. In this work, an extension of the FMEA is developed that assigns an occupational hazard to a risk category under a holistic framework that better addresses the current limitations of the FMEA. In particular, the study offers a two-fold contribution: (1) putting forward the proposed Choquet–FMEA–Sort methods under a q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) environment and (2) demonstrating an actual case study in the Philippines that comprehensively evaluates occupational hazards in construction SMEs. Results of a demonstrative case of residential construction projects show that out of the 26 identified occupational hazards, 18 pose a high risk to workers, while the remaining eight pose a moderate risk. High-risk occupational hazards require more attention for mitigation efforts, especially in residential construction SMEs facing resource constraints. The computational framework offered in this work aids decision-makers in identifying high-risk occupational hazards in a more systematic approach. The robustness and stability of the proposed methods were tested using layers of sensitivity and comparative analyses.

Cyber Technology Implementation Barriers for Sustainable Buildings: A Novel Mathematical Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling

To reap the most advantages while maintaining the functioning of residential building projects, sustainability concepts should be included at all stages of the construction decision-making process. This research identified and investigated the barriers to the employment of cyber technology in residential construction projects in order to ensure their long-term viability. Prior research identified cyber technology barriers, which were then contextually explored using a questionnaire survey in the Nigerian construction business. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that cyber technology hurdles may be classified into five constructs: knowledge, government, culture, project nature, and regulations. The barriers model was also built using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). According to the findings, project-related constraints were key impediments to the implementation of cyber technology. The findings of this study might serve as a guide for decision-makers in Nigeria’s construction industry looking to decrease costs and boost sustainability via the use of cyber technology.

Online Heavy Equipment Booking

Abstract: Heavy Equipment is an essential infrastructure industries. Traditional Equipment booking system such as phone, email and calls are time consuming, often leading to missed opportunities for both the customer and equipment rental companies. Online heavy equipment booking platforms have emerged as an alternative method that provides quick and easy access to rental equipment for construction and infrastructure projects. In a selected residential building construction project, Monte Equip mental simulation was applied for estimating the productivity on a construction site with selected parameters. The results reveal that scheduling heavy equipment and productivity are not given much consideration by Turkish construction enterprises, and their data on productivity only makes use of straightforward extrapolation for planned construction activities and daily papers from a machinery department. This paper briefly describes the features of the Turkish construction industry with reference to equipment scheduling and productivity evaluations in order to achieve significant cost reductions during construction projects. It also recommends simulation methods like Monte Equipment for estimating costs and productivity.

Identify Causes of Delay and Cost overrun in Residential Construction Projects at Surat Region in India: A Review

A construction project is deemed successful if it is finished within the timeframe provided. A variety of variables lead to project major failure. Construction delays and cost overruns are two of them. Project delays impede growth in all other connected disciplines. A project delays study was conducted to examine the delay causes, the impact of delays, and techniques for decreasing construction delays. Poor performance measure is a typical concern in building projects, with few projects finishing on time and within budget. According to previous studies (publications), around 90% of construction projects have delays and cost overruns ranging from 5% to 200%. The research includes a literature review as well as a questionnaire survey. A detailed questionnaire survey was used to collect data for this investigation. The building of the urban development project is significantly more challenging due to the large number of players involved. These parties include the client, contractors, architect, suppliers, consultants, and labours. It is essential to figure out whether delay is crucial or not, as identifying the critical delays aids in the implementation of relevant actions at the proper time. The purpose of this research is to assess the various forms of delays as well as the reasons of those delays that are hurting projects in India's Surat area. 8 main groups were responsible for construction delays. The weights of the delay factors and groups were computed and evaluated. An examination of the literature revealed 45 variables that influence delays. The questionnaire was distributed to construction projects. Keywords: Construction, Project, Delay, Cost overrun, Time, Process, Factors, Management, client, contractor, designer, suppliers, consultant and labours, India.

Impact of 3D Printing on the Overall Project Success of Residential Construction Projects Using Structural Equation Modelling

After a decade of research and development, 3D printing is now an established technique in the construction sector, complete with its own set of accepted standards. The use of 3D printing in construction might potentially improve the outcome of the project as a whole. However, traditional strategies are often used in the residential construction industry in Malaysia, which causes serious public safety and health issues along with a negative impact on the environment. In the context of project management, overall project success (OPS) has five dimensions, such as cost, time, quality, safety, and environment. Understanding the role of 3D printing in relation to OPS dimensions in Malaysian residential construction projects would allow construction professionals to adopt 3D printing more easily. The aim of the study was to find the impact of 3D construction printing on OPS while considering the implications for all five dimensions. Fifteen professionals were interviewed to first evaluate and summarise the impact factors of 3D printing using the current literature. Then, a pilot survey was conducted, and the results were checked using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The feasibility of 3D printing in the building sector was investigated by surveying industry experts. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to investigate and validate the fundamental structure and linkages between 3D printing and OPS (PLS-SEM). A strong correlation was found between 3D printing in residential projects and OPS. Highly positive implications are indicated by the environmental and safety dimensions of OPS. Malaysian decision-makers may look to the outcomes of introducing 3D printing into the residential construction industry as a modern method for increasing environmental sustainability, public health and safety, reducing cost and time, and increasing the quality of construction work. With this study's findings in hand, construction engineering management in Malaysia's residential building sector might benefit from a deeper understanding of how 3D printing is used for improving environmental compliance, public health and safety, and project scope.

Further introduction of information modelling technologies in the course of implementation of investment projects in the field of housing construction

Introduction. Modern housing construction requires (1) a single digital platform that has a common data environment, (2) workflow digitization, involving all stakeholders of an investment and construction project. The authors demonstrate that the implementation of this approach will ensure not only the monitoring and control of financial values of construction, including disbursement schedules and a single consolidated database for all documents on each construction project showing access rights to information, but it will also ensure the integrity and reliability of information required for the implementation of day-to-day urban planning activities, as well as quick and flexible integration with state information systems.
 
 Materials and methods. Optimization methods were used to find rational engineering and economic solutions for investment and residential housing construction projects. Multivariance was employed to substantiate the applicability of solutions in the process of introducing digital BIM technologies aimed at identifying the most effective project options.
 
 Results. The main result of the presented research is the application of the G. Taguchi loss function to devise a model for assessing the economic efficiency of options of an investment and construction project, that take into account the total loss of economic efficiency in the course of implementing various technologies of an investment and housing construction project.
 
 Conclusions. The results enable the co-authors to use the proposed model to evaluate the economic efficiency and to identify (1) options of an investment and housing construction project, (2) the range of acceptable options of project implementation that are economically feasible, as well as (3) ranges of unacceptable project implementation options that are “too bad for the consumer” and “too expensive for the producer”; (4) the best project option; (5) the way to improve the generalized algorithm of BIM technology application in practical housing construction.

Sustainable development of the construction industry through the rational utilization of autonomous heat supply sources based on climate zoning

Objective: The objective of this research is to develop an integral approach for the efficient choice of space-planning and structural solutions for low-rise buildings using renewable energy sources for engineering systems during the full life cycle of the building, aimed at improving efficiency of capital investments, energy and resource conservation, and creating comfortable living conditions for the population while considering climatic zoning.
 Method: The research used a theoretical and methodological approach to develop the foundations for the efficient choice of space-planning and structural solutions for low-rise buildings. The study utilized a comparative analysis of building materials and heat supply technologies to select the most appropriate options.
 Results: The research showed that utilizing renewable energy sources for engineering systems during the full life cycle of a low-rise building can significantly reduce construction expenses while increasing availability of low-rise housing for certain categories of citizens. The developed integral approach allows for the most efficient choice of space-planning and structural solutions for low-rise buildings while taking into account climatic zoning.
 Conclusions: The research provides a means of solving the problem of supplying citizens with low-rise housing with high level of comfort and quality. The results of the research can be used in implementation of regional strategic sectoral planning and public-private partnership projects’ development. The developed integral approach allows for the rational utilization of autonomous heat supply sources in low-rise residential construction projects.

Assessment of Technical Capacity and Performance of Local Builders in Residential Building Construction Sites

Abstract This research aims to investigate the technical capability and performance of local builders on residential building construction sites in Gaindakot Municipality, Nepal. The construction industry plays a vital role in the growth of economies worldwide. The quality of construction heavily depends on the technical capacity and performance of builders involved in residential projects. This study aims to assess local builders’ technical competence and performance operating on residential building construction sites. By examining the capabilities of local builders, this research contributes to enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of residential construction projects. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. A comprehensive survey is administered to local builders to evaluate their technical knowledge, skill sets, and utilisation of modern construction techniques. Concurrently, on-site observations and interviews are conducted to gain insights into the actual performance of builders during different construction phases. The findings of this study shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of local builders in residential construction. The on-site observations and interviews offer qualitative insights into the practical application of skills, compliance with safety protocols, and adherence to project timelines. The outcomes of this research are intended to guide policymakers, industry stakeholders, and training institutions in formulating strategies to enhance the technical capacity of local builders. Bridging the identified gaps can improve construction quality, reduce project delays, and increase customer satisfaction. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for ongoing professional development programs to keep builders updated with the latest construction techniques and standards.

Towards self-recovering construction schedules: a new method for periodically updating project plans and optimizing recovery actions

ABSTRACT It is common for a construction schedule to deviate from its original-planned baseline, as uncertainty is inherent in all construction activities. Accordingly, planners are required to perform periodic schedule updates that learn from retrospective progress to more accurately schedule remaining activities and draw optimum recovery plans. This research proposes a method that utilizes a neural network regression model to forecast upcoming productivity rates based on retrospective progress and accordingly updates the schedule on a regular time interval with the required resource adjustments to meet the planned end date of the project with optimal cost. The method was tested on brickwork activities at a residential complex construction project in the UAE, using retrospective progress data of 1487 working days for 132 masons, and was found to be 98% accurate in predicting labor productivity, which was thus used as a basis to draw schedule recovery plans according to the proposed framework. In essence, this research provides a platform toward an automated self-recovering scheduling system, which serves construction managers in proactively preventing potential schedule deficiencies.

Exploring the Critical Success Factors of Value Management Implementation for Sustainable Residential Building Project: A Stationary Analysis Approach

During the past two decades, value management (VM), has developed into a recognized construction practice. However, the methods and activities associated with VM adopt informal approaches in developing countries. This study aims to explore the critical success factors (CSFs) of VM implementation. Consequently, VM CSFs were investigated from the previous literature and further categorized over a semi-structured interview. The importance of these CSFs investigated by 335 structured questionnaires completed by residential building professionals. Subsequently, the exploratory study using the exploratory Pearson correlation of the VM CSFs was employed to validate the categorization resulting from a semi-structured interview and pilot study phases. Based on the validation results, the VM CSFs may be divided into four dimensions: culture and environment, workshop dynamics, stakeholder and knowledge, and standardization. Through important relative index (RII) analysis, the essential CSFs creates a VM team from a variety of disciplines, VM knowledge, experience of participants, and professional experience of the different participants’ diverse disciplines. In addition, this research used a stationary analytic strategy to evaluate the degree to which VM critical success factors (CSFs) have been incorporated into residential construction projects in Egypt. The results revealed that “establishing the roles and purposes of various professions” was the stationary success factor for adopting VM. This research establishes a road map for successful VM implementation via VM CSFs in Egypt and other underdeveloped nations. Stakeholders in the residential construction sector would benefit from this study by learning more about VM CSFs and how they may be used to increase the value of their projects.