Mineral Reserves Research Articles

Фосфатное минеральное сырьё: запасы, производство и горнорудные проекты

The paper presents the results of analyzing the reserves of phosphate mineral raw materials, their involvement in mining and processing activities both globally and in the Russian Federation. It is demonstrated that the reserves available for high-margin development have currently declined, the volumes of mining and processing of phosphate minerals have decreased, and the mining conditions have become more complicated with a corresponding deterioration in extracted ore grades. The issues with fertilizer production predefined the transformation of geopolitical conditions and manifestations of the pre-crisis food situation in the world. We have made forecast calculations of the countries' supply of phosphate mineral reserves based on the current mining and processing volumes. We reviewed the global experience of implementing large-scale mining projects to draw new phosphate mineral deposits into economic activities. It is already required to identify potentially investment-attractive phosphate deposits using various methods of their investment assessment in order to meet the needs of rural households both in the world and in the Russian Federation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop methodological approaches to investment analysis of prospective phosphate mineral reserves in the Russian Federation based on the identified specific features of phosphate mining and production in the context of pre-crisis global food situation. A methodological approach to expert scoring of phosphate mineral deposits is proposed. An investment analysis of the prospective apatite ore deposits has been made, the results of which were used as the basis for selecting the most investment-attractive ones.

Relationship of the egg’s nutritional properties with the functioning of the immune system: Review

The chicken egg contains health promoting and disease preventing substances, making it a functional food, in addition to being an important reserve of proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals. Therefore, the aim of this work was to discuss the relationship between the nutritional properties of eggs and the functioning of the immune system. Among the main nutrients present in the egg that can exert an immunomodulatory function and contribute to the activity of the immune system, specifically in preventing and combating diseases, we can mention: the fat-soluble vitamins A, D and E; the microminerals copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) and fatty acids from the omega-3 family (ω-3 AGs). Based on the presence of these nutritional components, egg consumption will contribute to the formation, development and functioning of the immune system, as its nutritional composition can assist in the defense actions of the human body, and consequently in preventing and combating diseases. In this sense, the intake of functional nutrients present in eggs, a low-cost and easily acquired food, will provide better health for the population through greater biological activities, which can provide a stronger and more resistant body structure.

Mineral resource assessment through geostatistical analysis in a phosphate deposit

Purpose. The selection of an appropriate variographic model is crucial in geostatistics to obtain accurate estimates of mineral reserves. The aim of this work is to develop a reserve estimation tool using a geostatistical approach. Methodology. The geostatistical approach is based on selecting the most representative variographic models for the studied variables. The model selection is done by applying a cross-validation procedure leave-one-out (LOOCV). LOOCV is a resampling technique used in statistical analysis and machine learning to estimate the generalization error of a model and compare the performance of different models. The studied variables are then estimated using ordinary kriging. Findings. The application of the proposed approach has resulted in satisfactory results in terms of dispersion of grades and thicknesses of mineralized layers in a phosphate deposit. To evaluate the quality of the adjustment models obtained, efficiency factors such as Nash-Sutcliffe, and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), were employed. These factors provide quantitative measures of the agreement between the observed and predicted values. The NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency) and RMSE (root mean square error) values of 0.572 and 6.599, respectively, indicate a better fit and greater accuracy of the adjustment models. The accuracy and efficiency criteria of the studied variables have acceptable values, with a mean square error (MSE) of 1.54 · 10-7. Originality. The combination of the least squares and LOOCV methods in the geostatistical analysis leads to improved estimation precision, greater reliability in representing the spatial variability of the parameters, and enhanced confidence in the validity of the adjustment models. Practical value. The development of a computer code for this geostatistical approach provides a practical tool for decision-makers to use in the management and exploitation of mining sites. Overall, this study has contributed to the advancement of geostatistical techniques and their application in the mining industry.

An analysis of the foremost issues with artisanal and small-scale gold mining from Ghana's perspective.

Ghana has abundant mineral reserves in many of its regions, and gold mining remains one of the country's main sources of revenue. Given Ghana's current position in the global gold market, this review provides insight into the ASGM sector to give an understanding of the pertinent issues in the sector and its role in the socio-economic development of the country. This review assesses the effects of ASGM operations in economic, social, health, and environmental contexts to raise awareness of issues related to ASGM. It evaluates the measures taken to lessen the consequences of ASGM and maintain the sector's long-term viability. This review considers the foremost issues, including continued Hg use in ASGM, recent use of cyanide in ASGM, pollution of water bodies, and toxic metal contamination. It takes into account sustainable measures and remedial techniques that Ghana has implemented to alleviate the negative effects and support best mining practices. The primary factors influencing people to participate in ASGM are the need for quick sources of income, the scarcity of jobs in rural areas, the economic hardship, the need to supplement earnings from other activities like trading, and the comparatively meager profits from agricultural activities. Findings indicated that to gain more traction in addressing the challenges in the ASGM sector, the involvement of the community and direct stakeholders is essential to promoting responsible mining and environmentally sustainable practices. This review will increase awareness and pressure on decision-makers, researchers, and ASGM communities about the relevance of environmental conservation and sustainability.

Analisis Kondisi Sumber Daya Mineral Brown Canyon Semarang

Natural resources (SDA) are wealth that not every country in the world has. Natural Resources are divided into several parts according to their classification, including Mineral Resources. Mineral Resources are natural resources that contain minerals and mining materials that have economic value. The materials contained therein are usually used as high-value production materials, this is what causes mineral resources to sometimes be used inefficiently. One of the mineral resources in Indonesia is in Central Java Province, precisely in the city of Semarang, which is commonly known as "Brown Canyon". The "Brown Canyon" area is rich in natural mineral resources which are ultimately used by the community as work land in the form of mining, on the other hand, "Brown Canyon" is also used as a natural tourist attraction. The mineral content in the form of sand and stone in this area has a promising economic value for the surrounding community, but behind this economic value the existing content or reserves are not yet fully known. In this research the author will analyze the current conditions of the "Brown Canyon" area, especially in terms of the availability of mineral resources in the area using qualitative and survey methods. The results of the calculation of mineral reserves were obtained at 1,918,800 tons. Mineral reserves in the form of stone and sand in Brown Canyon will be exhausted within 17 years with annual mineral resource extraction of 108,000 tons.

Strategic partner election: proposal for a Binary Logistic Model for the European Union

The European Union awarded the special status of strategic partner to ten states. Its key partners are dissimilar in political philosophies and structure, power status, ethical values, economic development, unequal in size and mineral reserves. Some of them are traditional Post-Second World War partners while the others have established recent partnerships in a new multipolar world order. However, from the very beginning the EU Conception of Strategic Partnership was just an assemblage of political statements without any official definition and clear established criteria for being chosen as a strategic partner. In this regard, this paper aims to analyze the strategic partnership phenomenon in EU Foreign Policy and provide our own definition of the term with a view to underpin it subsequently by common criteria. Based upon obtained main components the Binary Logistic Model was applied, which not only did allow to make the election of EU strategic partners more science-based but also propose the potential EU partners.

Geometrization of Kryvbas iron ore deposits

Mining and geometrical prediction of iron ore deposit quality indices to solve problems of long-term and current planning intended to provide the most efficient performance of mining enterprises in terms of ore blending quality and increase rationalization of deposit development is an important aspect of geometrization. Investigations carried out to develop a mining-geometrical method for predicting indices of iron ore deposit quality are topical nowadays. The present study aims to enhance the methodology for geometrization of iron ore deposit quality indices for developing a mining-geometrical method of their prediction to provide rational mining. The research methodology consists in mining and geometrical modeling of quality indices and properties of the deposit, thus enabling determination of a certain relationship between components of a mineral, and, thereby, identification of the nature of these components’ location in the mineral. The latter is essential in design, construction and operation of a mineral deposit. The obtained results allow predicting quality indices of the deposit, assessing mineral reserves and consequently planning and optimizing performance of mining enterprises. The developed methods enable increased efficiency of mining iron ore deposits of Kryvbas.

Моделирование и управление параметрами поточных технологий с локальным гидротранспортом и обезвоживанием угля на основе анализа структуры проходческого цикла

Introduction. The article discusses the issues of modeling various variants of flow line tunneling technologies based on an analysis of the structure of the tunneling cycle. Materials and methods. As research methods, the authors used: analysis of the structures of the tunneling cycle of continuous mining technologies, mathematical modeling of processes and operations, and industrial testing of options for implementing the proposed technological tunneling systems. Results. The results obtained during the implementation of the economic and mathematical model for the variant of the flow technology presented above showed that the following parameters of the technological scheme are optimal: technical productivity of the combine – 1.1 m3/min; process water consumption – 200 m3/h; number of drilling rigs – 2; the number of miner units is 6. The speed of development with these parameters of the flow technological scheme will be 880 m3/month, the labor productivity of miners is 14.8 m3/person during the work shift. Conclusion. The article summarizes the results of research on the development, justification of parameters and implementation of various options for in-line technologies for carrying out inclined workings with a hydraulic slope for various purposes for a wide range of conditions of their application. Resume. Implementation of the model proposed by the authors made it possible to determine the primary area of application of the considered version of the flow technology for carrying out preparatory workings in relation to the mining and geological conditions of the Kuzbass mines. Variants of the considered technological schemes for carrying out workings were implemented during the mining of reserves of the Anzherskaya-Yuzhnaya-3 mine, during the underground mining of reserves of the Listvyansky and Kedrovsky open-pit mines located in the Kemerovo region of the Russian Federation and the implementation of a project for the combined mining of a graphite deposit in middle Vietnam.Suggestions for practical application and direction for future research. The materials of the article may be useful for scientific and design organizations, coal mining enterprises in modeling and implementing precision mining technologies.

The Role of Non-Arctic Powers in the Arctic Geopolitical Space

The Arctic region is increasingly emerging as a pivotal factor in the geopolitical landscape of international relations. It serves as an arena where the interests of major global powers converge, encompassing vast mineral reserves, territorial disputes, and the ongoing development of the Northern Sea Route. Arctic nations are establishing frameworks for cooperation and regional development, resulting in the creation of international organizations such as the Arctic Council and the formulation of comprehensive programs for the sustainable development of northern territories. This article aims to assess the involvement of non-Arctic powers in the development of the Arctic. Notable emerging actors include the People’s Republic of China, India, South Korea, Japan, and the European Union. Our examination reveals their significant contributions to economic development, the establishment of scientific centers focused on ecological research and climate change, as well as mineral exploration. Furthermore, this research raises important questions regarding the legal status of the Arctic seas, particularly those through which commercial vessels navigate. In the foreseeable future, potential scenarios involve further modifications to the institutional governance of the Arctic region, an expansion of the Arctic Council’s authority and membership, and the negotiation of new international legal agreements to facilitate cooperative interstate development in the Arctic based on effective and trust-based partnerships.

Groundwater chemistry and entropy weighted water quality index of tsunami affected and ecologically sensitive coastal region of India

Quality groundwater is the most essential prerequisite for the better livelihood of the coastal villages and a vital resource for a safe living. Seawater interaction and coastal inundation modify hydro geochemical cycles leading to gross utility as a challenge. Poor quality water intake causes diseases and seriously affects human health. In this study, the suitability of shallow drinking water sources (10–15 m) has been studied with a focus on coastal village in south west of India (Alappad coast, Kollam, Kerala) which is a host of huge placer mineral reserve of the country. This coastal stretch has good deposition of Late Quaternary sediments of heavy mineral placers subjected to severe seawater interactions. Mineralogically, garnet and heavy minerals comprises the beaches and most coastal plains of the Alappad. A concerted geological process where moving water and waves causes erosion, leads to lowering of the earth's surface -is prominent in this fragmented land. This study critically evaluates the temporal-spatial impact of these interactions in an age of varying climatic conditions and hence for reference beyond. Water quality index analysis has been attempted using the entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI) method for a total of 45 samples (15 samples season-wise). It aims to ascertain better choices of groundwater sources for domestic uses for isolated settlers endowed with estuaries, and old coastal plains with barrier beaches. Irrigation suitability was evaluated using sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and Na%. Observed EWQ Indices (38.2 ± 14.5) for post-monsoon (80% samples), (66.1 ± 77.7) for monsoon (66% samples), and (71.4 ± 71.3) for pre-monsoon (53% samples) fall in excellent category. Post-monsoon is most favoured for a better quality groundwater as evidenced by WQI of 80% among the samples tested. Ca–HCO3 is the dominant hydrochemical type observed. The mean value of iron (0.9 ± 1.3 mg/L) exceeded the permissible limit of 0.3 mg/L during monsoon season due to mineral-water interactions. In pre-monsoon season the parameters Na+ (95.9 ± 200.7 mg/L), Cl− (173.4 ± 510.2 mg/L), EC (1559.3 ± 2510.6 μS/cm), and TDS (492.5 ± 629.7 mg/L) were observed in higher ranges. Significant correlation (p < 0.05) prevailed between EWQI, and parameters-conductivity (0.75), TDS (0.75), Iron (0.59), Ca2+ (0.66), and Mg2+ (0.74). Principal component analysis (PCA) on chemical parameters accounted for the total variance of 84.2% in pre-monsoon, 89.9% in monsoon and 82.9% in post-monsoon. Groundwater quality is influenced by geochemical processes, salt intrusion, and human activities like fertiliser application and domestic sewage discharge. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped the samples into three clusters. Cluster 3 represents poor quality water (13%) in pre-monsoon (EWQI ranged 32.2–192.7), and monsoon (EWQI ranged 171.8–309.7). Cluster 3 in post-monsoon (20%) indicating good water quality (EWQI ranged 51.4–72.6). Ultimate finding is that post-monsoon groundwater is more suitable for drinking and domestic purposes for the selected coastal area.

Optimization Strategy Of Regional Origin Income (PAD) And Impact On Economic Growth In Buton Selatan Regency

South Buton Regency has various potential natural resources, such as fertile agricultural land, abundant fishery products, and large reserves of minerals and mines. However, this potential has yet to be fully optimized to increase local revenue (PAD). This study aims to identify strategic factors, which are strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats, and then formulate priority development strategies for optimizing Regional Original Revenue (PAD) and their impact on economic growth in South Buton Regency. Primary data is used through field observations and interviews, while secondary data is obtained from previous research, books, and related agencies. The results of the study indicate alternative strategies that can be considered, including strategies for exploiting the potential of rich natural resources and improving supporting infrastructure, strategies for implementing training and education programs and increasing efforts to diversify the economy, strategies for using the potential for rich natural resources to develop various products and services as well as improving the quality of existing infrastructure and forging partnerships with other regions in a joint effort to overcome competition with other regions and face common challenges.

Development of methods for increasing oil recovery of hard-to-recover reserves of the Romashkinskoe field

The article discusses the method of petrophysical research, which was developed at the beginning of the XXI century. The study provides data related to the study of the Volga–Ural oil and gas province. Using the example of the Romashkinskoe field, it is shown how the use of petrophysical characteristics made it possible to clarify the interpretation of geophysical studies of wells. The conclusion is made about the relevance of using this method in analyzing the state of mineral reserves in the deposits of the Volga-Ural province.

A Method for the Modified Estimation of Oil Shale Mineable Reserves for Shale Oil Projects: A Case Study

The amount if oil shale resources throughout the world has been roughly estimated in accordance with various resource estimation methods. However, in some instances, detailed and comprehensive supporting methodologies for the estimation of commercial shale oil reserves have not been presented. The goal of this study is to develop a comprehensive method for the modified estimation of oil shale mineable reserves for shale oil projects. The methodology characterises oil shale according to its calorific value, oil content, conditional organic mass, and ash content by utilising a Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the results of the case study, the developed method proposes considering the relationships of the in situ oil shale grade and tonnage material (oil shale + limestone) to the oil retorting feed material grade and tonnage by taking into account the retorting plant oil recovery. For this purpose, a Monte Carlo stochastic modelling algorithm was developed. Based on the data analysis, a modifying factor to convert mineral reserves to petroleum reserves was produced. The results of this study are useful for feasibility studies that estimate oil shale reserves in relation to justifying their utilisation fields. Some oil shale deposits have good potential for development but need to be re-estimated in accordance with the most sophisticated extraction and processing technologies.

Grindability characterization and work index determination of alluvial ferro-columbite deposits for efficient mineral processing

This study emphasizes on the physicochemical and grindability characteristics and work index of an alluvial formed silica dominated ferro-columbite mineral from Rayfield-Jos minefields in Plateau state, Nigeria. Investigations were also carried out in order to determine the mineralogy of the mineral deposits and most essentially the actual energy consumed during comminution and milling of the mineral so as to achieve the liberation size prior to high efficient mineral processing or beneficiation and the extraction of value metals. The distribution of the mineral particles as well as their sizes was determined, with a mineral liberation size fraction range essentially established as -150+90 µm particle sizes. Mass percentage of each size fraction obtained from PSD analysis conducted before and after comminution was also determined, obtaining 80% passing for both the mineral feeds and comminuted products. Berry and Bruce modified Bond’s work index was therefore obtained, and was determined to be within the range of 2.0414 to 2.5667 kWh/ton. Hence, the energy consumed or required to comminute or grind the Fe-columbite mineral to 80% passing is expected to fall within the range of 0.3613 to 0.4543 kWh. Thus, it could be said that a low milling work index as well as moderately low energy is required for comminution and this can be attributed to the mineralogy, mineral source and alluvial formation of the mineral reserve. Therefore, the grindability/PSD result of the mineral sample indicates that its mineralogy is considered a class of moderately soft mineral type in terms of texture with easy grindability.

The unique Kuchuk lake salt deposit and legal aspects of its exploitation

Data on the processes of mineral redistribution in the Kuchuk lake salt deposit are presented, and the difficulties arising in this regard during the mineral reserve accounting and write-off are discussed. Lake salt deposits are quite unusual objects with individual specifics. A unique technology using a geotechnological method for the sodium sulfate extraction with minimal environment impact has been developed for the Kuchuk deposit. This method allows one to change the volume of extraction of the main mineral without a damage for the deposit and the environment.

Combined Effect of Colemanite and Polypropylene Fiber on Properties of Cement Mortar

Turkey is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of boron mineral reserves. The most commercially used boron mineral in Turkey is colemanite. Although there are some studies on the use of colemanite in concrete, there is still a gap in the literature. In this study, first of all, the use of colemanite in mortar samples was investigated by substituting different ratios of colemanite for cement. In addition, polypropylene fiber was added in different ratios by volume, and an evaluation was made on the combine effect of colemanite and fibers on mortar samples. For this purpose, colemanite was substituted for cement in mortar samples at 5% and 10% cement by weight. Polypropylene fibers were added to the mortars produced with colemanite at a rate of 0.4% and 1.2% by volume. In the study, flow tests, capillarity, water absorption, flexural, compressive, and ultrasonic velocity tests were performed on mortar samples, respectively. According to the test results, it was observed that the flow values of the mortar samples produced with colemanite increased compared to the control mixture. It was found that the addition of 10% colemanite instead of cement negatively affected the capillarity, water absorption, flexural and compressive strength, and UPV values of the mortar specimens. 5% colemanite addition had a lower negative effect. 0.4% polypropylene fiber addition resulted in a positive change in the compressive strength and capillarity values compared to the non-fiber specimens.

Trends in Earning Management (EM) Practices: A Cross Country and Industrial Analysis

This paper analyzes the trends in earnings management (EM) practices of 500 non-financial firms across 8 major industries operating in both developing and developed economies for the period 2008-2017. It significantly contributes to the literature by identifying the country-specific, industry-specific, and over the time trends in accrual and real earnings management practices prevailing in the non-financial sector of both developed and developing economies of the world. EM trends are analyzed across countries, across industries, and over the sample period. The sample consists of 500 non-financial firms from 8 different industries of 22 developed and developing economies for the period 2007-2018. Accrual and real earnings management are alternatively used in the non-financial sector across the world. This study uses the Modified Jones Model (Dechow et al., 1996) and the Roychowdhury model (2006) to estimate accrual and real earnings management. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to examine the mean differences between countries and industries as well as over the time differences. The country-wise analysis concludes that Pakistan is on the top of the list in managing earnings followed by Canada, particularly in accrual-based earnings management. It may be attributed to poor accounting standards and regulatory frameworks. The industry-wise analysis shows that the mining industry, characterized by high dependency on capital markets and the uncertainty associated with the prospects of mineral reserves, is highly involved in EM. Finally, the year-wise analysis determines that the year 2009 was highly escorted with accrual and real earnings management practices, which may be the result of the global financial crisis of 2007-2008. The findings imply that the policymakers of developing economies should strongly emphasize improving the general macroeconomic environment of the economy by controlling inflation, improving law and order conditions, and ensuring political stability. Additionally, the findings have potential implications for corporate managers while formulating strategies to restrict them from EM that may diminish both firm value and the economy.

Evaluating wet muck risk in block caving mines: A new model

In caving mines, the risk of wet muck inrush is critical when water and fine material are present. Wet muck inrushes can result in mine closure as they can be responsible for loss of life, equipment, mining reserves, and productive areas. In this study, a multivariable model based on logistic regression was developed to assess the risk of wet muck entry in drawpoints of block caving mines. Based on data from the Esmeralda mine at El Teniente, the model assesses the risk of wet muck entry for long-term mining plans in an effort to mitigate or delay wet muck entry. The main variables used in this model are the monthly water flow rate, the number of neighboring drawpoints in a wet muck state, the extraction height, the dynamic risk zone, and fine ore entry from older neighboring sectors. The dynamic risk zone and the fine material from older sectors are new variables that had not been considered before. A proposed algorithm models the evolution of the topography to define the risk zones. A gravity flow model is used to simulate the fine material coming from old mine sectors. Results show the multivariable model identifies the occurrence or not of wet muck with 80% accuracy, thus demonstrating it can support long-term mine planning in Block/Panel Caving mines to decrease the hazards associated with wet muck entry.

Production of metallic magnesium based on polymineral ores of the Kaliningrad-Gdansk salt basin

Purpose of the work. Rational subsurface use implies the most complete and comprehensive development of mineral reserves. In this regard, the aim of the study is to determine the possibility of obtaining metallic magnesium from the ores of the Kaliningrad-Gdansk salt basin, along with planned potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate production. Methods. In the course of the study, ore samples were selected, the existing technologies of polymineral (kainite, carnallite and kizerite) ore processing are analyzed, a technological process for obtaining metallic magnesium from the available ore raw materials and by-products of the main production was developed, tests were organized to obtain metallic magnesium by electrolytic means based on the Nivenskoye deposit ore, the quality of the obtained material was evaluated, the possibilities of creating production in Kaliningrad region based on the available raw materials were analyzed. Results. As a result of the development of raw material processing technology and laboratory tests, the possibility of obtaining metallic magnesium from polymineral (carnallite) ores of the Kaliningrad-Gdansk salt basin has been established. At the same time, it was revealed that the production of magnesium by the electrolytic method is complicated by the presence of a high concentration of sulfate ions in the initial processed raw materials, which requires the inclusion of the desulfatization stage in the technological process. Conclusions. Natural carnallite ores of the Kaliningrad-Gdansk salt basin, as well as the obtained by-products arising during the main technological process (production of potassium sulfate), can be used for the production of high-quality metallic magnesium according to GOST 804–93 quality level. The results of the study make it possible to develop the natural resources of the polymineral ores of the Kaliningrad-Gdansk salt basin in the most comprehensive way, obtaining a wide range of products, including metallic magnesium.

Specifity of Implementation of the "declarative principle" in licensing for diamonds, precious, and base metals

Results of the works for diamonds, precious, and base metals under licenses granted according to the "declarative principle" on the territory of the Russian Federation since the start of the mechanism application are presented. The key aspects are reflected of changing the normative regulation of this mechanism. Information is provided on the projected costs and actual financing of the works; on the number of the licenses issued; and on the increase in the mineral reserves of diamonds, precious, and base metals. Problems of the mechanism implementation are determined, and recommendations for their fixation are proposed.