Formulation Of Research Questions Research Articles

Uncovering the Lack of Public Accountability: An Application of Accounting Standards for Entities in Indonesia

Financial reports hold significant value for all types of business entities, including national and multinational corporations as well as Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Financial reports serve as a means for the report generator to inform interested parties, including the general public, investors, business proprietors, and tax authorities, of transactions that transpire during a specified period. The Indonesian Accounting Association published Accounting Standards for Entities Without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP) to assist start-up enterprises. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the execution of SAK ETAP. A systematic literature review comprises the following phases: formulation of research questions, localization of studies, selection and evaluation of studies, analysis and synthesis, and dissemination of findings via scientific articles. This study concludes that business entities and organizations examined for the implementation of SAK ETAP encompassed various sectors such as pharmacies, Limited Liability Companies (PT), cooperatives (Village Unit Cooperatives – KUD, Savings and Loans Cooperatives – KSP, Republic of Indonesia Employee Cooperatives – KPRI), Commanditaire Vennootschap – CV, People's Credit Bank (BPR), distro, Trading Business (UD), Village-Owned Enterprise (BumDes), Public Fuel Filling Station (SPBU), and Islamic boarding school.

Climate influence on Diarrhea Disease in Tropical Regions based on Systematic Literature Review

Diarrhea disease presents a significant public health concern due to its impact on mortality, and research showed that climate plays an important role on diarrhea prevalence. However, effect of climate on diarrhea incidence was inconsistent among climate factors. Here, we investigated this inconsistency thorough systematic literature review. Our review encompassed the formulation of research questions, development of literature search strategies, and the establishment of inclusion/exclusion criteria for systematic data extraction. We carried out an extensive search from peer-review literature databases including Scopus, Pubmed, and Proquest for articles published between January 2000 to March 2023. We found that 74 studies focusing on diarrhea diseases and climate influencing factors met our inclusive criteria. Climate factors that affected diarrhea were rainfall, temperature, humidity, and climate seasonality. Our findings revealed that a positive association between diarrhea and rainfall was consistently observed. Other climate factors (temperature and humidity) indicated a positive correlation as well, although viral diarrhea exhibited a negative correlation with temperature. Further, bacterial and parasitic diarrhea diseases were more prevalent in the rainy season, whereas viral diarrhea occurred more frequently during the dry season with lower temperatures.

Emigration From Post-Communist Central Europe After 1989 Interpreted Within the Aspirations/Capabilities Framework

In the period of post-communist transition, Central Europe witnessed complex and multifaceted mobility processes; permanent outmigration, of an ethnic or labour-related nature, coexisted with temporary, seasonal, or cross-border movements and an increasing influx of foreigners. To study these complex processes, we have chosen to apply a holistic and comprehensive approach, rather than limit conceptual considerations to one theory of migration determinants. We focus on eleven post-communist countries that joined the European Union (EU-11) and on the period extending from around 1989, covering the EU’s eastward enlargement, to the present. The aim of this study is twofold: first, we propose a general conceptual framework, based on the aspirations/capabilities approach, to present the main determinants of emigration from this part of the European continent. Second, in relation to each determinant, we formulate research questions postulated by selected theories of international migration and present the evidence, based on existing empirical studies, that addresses these questions. The paper contributes to the literature by providing a broad interpretation of post-transition mobility and pointing to commonly overlooked explanatory factors. We highlight the importance of economic factors that have enhanced and directed the outward migration from the EU-11 to selected EU member states and selected economic sectors; in particular, as regards capabilities, these factors include the lifting of labour market restrictions, high demand in the secondary sector of labour markets, and the roles of migration networks and the migration industry. Emphasis is also placed on aspirational factors, such as labour market failures and the substantial aspirational gap resulting from improvements in high educational attainment in the countries of origin. The aspirations/capabilities approach serves well as a general framework of migration determinants, but its explanatory power is enhanced by reference to other, more specific theories of migration. We show that a combination of the complementary approaches provides a more refined and in-depth picture of migration from the region.
 * This article belongs to a special issue on “Demographic Developments in Eastern and Western Europe Before and After the Transformation of Socialist Countries”.

War as a Catalyst: Ukraine's Inspiring Narrative for “Made In Ukraine” Pharmaceuticals in the German Market

The favourable perception of Ukraine, bolstered by global support during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, has profoundly influenced the country's national brand. This has increased receptiveness towards Ukrainian products, particularly in Europe and North America. These perceptual shifts have yielded notable ramifications for Ukraine's export patterns and trade dynamics. This article investigates the relationship between the positive perception of Ukraine, the "Made in Ukraine" concept, and the consumption of Ukrainian goods. It specifically emphasises the impact of the country of origin on consumer perceptions and decision-making processes. By examining these factors, the study endeavours to enrich the comprehension of consumer preferences while furnishing practical insights relevant to Ukrainian brands engaged in international markets. The research findings contribute to the existing literature on a nation's image, national branding, and consumer behaviour. Furthermore, they offer invaluable guid- ance for Ukrainian enterprises seeking to leverage their national brand and promote "Made in Ukraine" products globally. Methods: The research methodology encompasses a two-stage approach that includes desk re- search and a survey to investigate the external environmental factors and comprehend German residents' attitudes and purchasing behaviour regarding Ukrainian pharmaceutical products. The formulated research questions aim to reveal the drivers behind product choices and perceptions of Ukraine as a nation. Several factors, including the established Ukrainian pharmaceutical industry, the potential for increased support and investment, geopolitical dynamics, the demand within the German healthcare system, and future growth opportunities, underpin the German market selection as this study's focal point. Results and conclusions: The desk research analysis has identified numerous market oppor- tunities available to Ukrainian pharmaceutical manufacturers in the German market. These opportunities encompass leveraging the COVID-19 crisis, addressing medicine shortages, and strategically targeting specific demographic segments. The survey analysis, on the other hand, sheds light on the motivations and attitudes of Germans toward Ukrainian pharmaceutical products. It highlights the significance of doctors' prescriptions and pharmacists' influential recommendations. The survey indicates a strong willingness among Germans to support Ukraine by purchasing its pharmaceutical offerings. To harness Ukraine's positive perception in the Ger-man market, Ukrainian manufacturers should proactively implement communication strategies and cultivate robust relationships with healthcare professionals. They should focus on augment- ing their product portfolio and optimising supply chain efficiency while raising awareness and collaborating with pertinent stakeholders. Ultimately, this study underscores the potential for Ukrainian pharmaceutical manufacturers to leverage the favourable perception of Ukraine within the German market, offering invaluable for successful market entry and sustainable growth.

Promoting Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration: A Systematic Review, a Critical Literature Review, and a Pathway Forward

ABSTRACT Interdisciplinary research has been a topic of interest for many decades – perhaps longer. And yet, even now, there is still much we do not understand about how to stimulate collaboration across research disciplines. This article reports the results of a systematic review of the academic literature on strategies for promoting new interdisciplinary research collaborations, which returned only a very small number of empirical studies. A broader review of the scholarship in this area reveals a literature that is highly theorized, but not adequately operationalized for empirical investigation of how to enable new collaborations. A shift toward a better formulation of research questions, with a view toward generating more empirical data on practical strategies for connecting researchers and encouraging them to work together across disciplinary boundaries, will be required to further the research agenda on interdisciplinary collaboration.

A structured review on game‐based learning applied to electrical power and energy engineering

AbstractIt has been reported that electrical engineering schools might be facing a decline in newly enrolled students combined with an increase in the number of dropouts due to motivation and engagement problems. At the same time, companies in the electric power industry require safe and realistic training environments for their trainees to reduce induction program times, costs, and accidents. Game‐based learning (GBL) applications offer alternatives in both sectors, that is, education and training, for increasing engagement, motivation, and knowledge transfer in controlled environments. This paper aims to show applications of GBL techniques towards educational and training objectives in electrical power and energy systems in the period spanning from 2002 to 2021. This review points to two main research questions: what GBL tools have been used for education and training purposes in electrical power and energy systems during 2002 to 2021? Also, what are the methodologies used for assessing the efficacy of using GBL applications in electrical power and energy systems? A structured review methodology was applied to identify how GBL has been used in electrical power and energy systems. A total of 81 papers were selected for full review. The procedure included the formulation of research questions, identification and selection of studies, and data synthesis of results. Our review showed that most GBL applications in electrical power and energy systems were developed with education purposes (63%), from which 29% used graphic user interfaces and 23% used serious games. On the other hand, for training purposes, the most popular GBL tool was virtual reality, applications of which were discussed in 56% of the reviewed papers. The review also showed that only 42% of the education papers and 37% of the training papers performed learning efficacy analyses; in which qualitative postevaluations or postsurveys were the most popular methodologies used in over 50% of those papers.

Employer’s Administrative Strategies as Correlates to Workers’ Job Performance

This research study was carried out in public secondary schools in Obollo-Afor Education Zone of Enugu state to investigate principals’ administrative strategies as correlates of teachers’ job performance. This research study was guided by two research question and two formulated hypotheses whereas correlational survey design was adopted in the study. The population size of the study was 1854 which comprised of both the principals and teachers in selected 48 public secondary schools in Obollo-Afor education Zone of Enugu state, Nigeria. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 605 teachers for the study. This research was guided by two formulated research questions titled Principals’ Administrative Strategies Questionnaire (PASQ) and Teachers’ Job Performance Questionnaire (TJPQ) which were used as instrument for data collection. Cronbach Alpha method was used to obtain the internal consistency of the used instruments PASQ and TJPQ which yielded 0.73 and 0.72 respectively. Data collected were analyzed using regression analysis while regression ANOVA was used in testing the formulated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The research result also showed that a high positive relationship exists between principals’ strategies in open communication and management of staff welfare and teachers’ job performance in Public secondary schools. This study among others recommended that principals in public secondary schools should adopt positive administrative strategies as identified in this study to promote teachers’ job performance.

Book Forum

On 12 October 2022, a seminar was held in the University of Edinburgh to review, discuss and critique James L. Cox’s book, A Phenomenology of Indigenous Religions: Theory and Practice (2022, Bloomsbury). This article contains revised papers from that event as prepared by the speakers, including Cox’s introduction and response to the presentations. The papers explore various themes, comprising a consideration of Religious Studies as a discipline, Indigenous Religions and the World Religions Paradigm, issues surrounding the formulation of research questions, the role of a researcher in relation to those being researched, the notion of the ‘sacred’ in the study of Indigenous Religions, and questions about who can be classified as a phenomenologist of religion. Cox responds to each of these issues by emphasizing local agency among Indigenous groups as the key concept undergirding what he calls ‘relational research’. The participants’ papers, which have been revised for publication in this article, are presented in the order they were delivered at the seminar.

We Asked ChatGPT About the Co-Authorship of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Papers

We Asked ChatGPT About the Co-Authorship of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Papers

No limits forever! Understanding the lifecycle of trend and adventure sports in the context of individualization, eventization and mediatization

ABSTRACT Research question Recently, innovative new trend and adventure sports like Tough Mudder or adventure races have benefitted from a steady increase in popularity, participation and media attention, leading to spill-over effects of multiple, repeat or even copy-cat events (Antchak et al., 2021, Understanding the core elements of event portfolio strategy: lessons from Auckland and Dunedin. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(7), 2447–2464. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2020-1022 ; Parent & Ruetsch, 2020, Managing Major Sports Events. Theory and Practice. Routledge; Raj et al., 2017, Events Management. Principles and Practice. SAGE; Yeoman et al., 2014, The Future of Events & Festivals. Routledge). How does this occur? This paper provides an answer to this question, explaining how these developments are fueled by the individualization and pluralization of lifestyles and accelerated by mediatization and eventization? Conceptual approach Selected trend sport cases are analyzed in order to gain insight and understanding about the hype surrounding these competitive, event-oriented, close-to-nature races that are inclusive, and overwhelmingly appealing to almost everyone. Based on existing literature, the paper presents a conceptual framework which can be used for further research. Discussion The high degree of inclusivity observed in these sports is made possible by the advancement of digital technologies and intensified by the metaprocesses of mediatization and eventization, reflecting the tendency of post-modern societies to stage everything. As athletes, participants, spectators and general public engage with these activities and share their experiences online, it gives rise to further interesting opportunities to join in and participate. Implications This conceptual paper presents a theoretical framework enabling practitioners to better understand the driving forces of mediatization and eventization for the development of trend and adventure sports, and their potential for tourism development and strategic destination management. The article concludes with the formulation of research questions and possible directions for future research.

Manfaat Dukungan Emosional dan Koping Spiritual terhadap Distress Psikologis pada Pelaku Rawat Orang Dengan Skizofrenia


 This study aims to analyze the benefits of emotional support and spiritual coping against psychological distress in caregivers of people with schizophrenia. The method used is a systematic review through an adjusted article search for the formulation of research questions with the PICO formula in the EBSCOhost, ProQuest, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and Clinicalkey for Nursing databases. The results showed that emotional support and spiritual coping can improve coping skills thereby reducing psychological distress and minimizing the effects of loss of self to depression. In conclusion, emotional support and spiritual coping have benefits as adaptive coping to psychological distress in caregivers of people with schizophrenia.
 Keywords: Emotional Support, Psychological Disorders, Spiritual Coping

Negotiating oil and gas resource ownership for equitable sharing: A problematization approach and evidence from India

Previous studied shown a less focus on assumptions underlying established theories. However, this claim found as a gaps in the extant literature. We argue that through gap spotting reinforces rather than challenges the assumptions and, actually reduces the chance of producing a good theories, thus, first, we use critical review analysis of resource ownership; in addition draw a proposition how to formulate research questions using a problematization. Based on this, we build up a country level –decision making model, presented it in three scenarios, and based on a comprehensive list of factors (criteria). The findings from different scenario suggest that critical analysis facilitates meaningful theory, draws research questions, and helps in building the country level model. Our model offers several theoretical contributions, first to explore the importance of resource ownership in facilitating O&G resource ownership; later how theoretical contribution can be demonstrated in O&G industry, especially in developing countries.

Human Capital in Higher Education (A Theoretical and Empirical Review


 
 
 The article discusses a systematic review related to Human Capital and the field of Education. The structure of this systematic review involves formulating research questions, conducting a systematic literature search, screening and selecting relevant articles, performing analysis and synthesis of findings, applying quality control measures, and drawing final conclusions. The changes brought about by globalization, advancements in information, technological developments, and intense competition have led companies and educational institutions to modify their strategies. There has been a paradigm shift regarding the fundamental assets of an organization in recent decades. Human Capital plays a central role in the success of both profit and non-profit organizations. By utilizing existing literature reviews, it becomes possible to address two main issues: analyzing the relationship between human capital and the field of education, particularly in higher education, and exploring human capital management.
 
 

Manfaat Terapi Suportif dalam Mengurangi Kecemasan pada Siswa Korban Perilaku Bullying

This study aims to analyze the benefits of supportive therapy in reducing anxiety in students who are victims of bullying behavior. The research method used was a systematic review through article searches adjusted to formulating research questions with the PICO formula in the ProQuest, EBSCOhost, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and Clinicalkey for Nursing databases. The results showed that supportive therapy effectively reduced anxiety in students who were victims of bullying behavior. In conclusion, supportive treatment has proven effective as an intervention in reducing stress in students who are victims of bullying behavior.
 
 Keywords: Bullying, Anxiety, Supportive Therapy

Websites as a tool for communicating with tourists – the example of yacht marinas on the Polish Baltic coast

Motives: Businesses rely on the Internet to facilitate marketing communication, attract customers, and build customer loyalty. The Internet can be used not only as an additional channel for distributing information about the company, but also as a means of interactive communication for commercial purposes or promotional activities. This is of great importance for service providers, including tourism sector businesses such as marinas.Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the content of websites owned by Baltic yacht marinas in the Polish voivodeships of West Pomerania and Pomerania. Marina websites were analysed based on their usefulness for potential tourists in 2018, 2020, and 2022, using the adopted criteria, and data for each year were compared to examine changes over time. The applied research methods included theoretical and analytical observations, website analysis, and a point ranking scale. A comparative analysis of the obtained results was performed. This is the first study to examine the extent to which marinas rely on social media for marketing and advertising purposes.Results: The results of the conducted analyses provided answers to the formulated research questions. Few marinas use websites as a tool for communicating with potential customers, but their owners are beginning to recognize the potential of the Internet in this regard.

PERAN UNIT TERMINAL INSPECTION SERVICE DALAM PELAKSANAAN PENGAWASAN TERHADAP FASILITAS LANDSIDE DI BANDAR UDARA TJILIK RIWUT PALANGKARAYA

ABSTRACT, Terminal Inspection Service (TIS) officers when carrying out surveillance still often find facilities that are damaged or unfit for use, coupled with a lack of TIS personnel, totaling 3 people. This researcher aims to find out how the Terminal Inspection Service Unit carries out a monitoring system for landside facilities at airports and to find out what obstacles and efforts are faced by the Terminal Inspection Service Unit (TIS) when carrying out surveillance of airport landside facilities.
 This study uses a qualitative method. The tools used were data collectors with the results of observations, interviews and documentation at the Terminal Inspection Service (TIS) unit. Observations, interviews and documentation as supporting documents to answer the research question formulation, then used data validity tests and finally the researchers performed data analysis techniques. which consists of data reduction, Data Presentation and Drawing Conclusions.
 The results of this study indicate that 1) The control system carried out by Terminal Inspection Service (TIS) officers refers to PM 178 2015 concerning service standards for airport service users and refers to the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the Terminal Inspection Service Unit (TIS) for facility supervision. carried out periodically every day this is done to ensure that every airport facility functions properly and is safe to use so that zero accidents do not occur in accordance with airport principles. 2) data obtained that Terminal Inspection Service officers are still experiencing problems, both constraints on coordination between divisions and constraints on facilities that are still inadequate in dealing with service users and constraints on the number of personnel totaling 3 people due to lack of human resources which makes TIS officers experience pressure such as boredom, fatigue caused by facilities that are often damaged, plus the number of personnel who are so few, numbering 3 people, of course, the need for a Human Resources (HR) budget to fix all of this, but currently the budget is not enough to repair all facilities and lack of personnel.

Intervensi Berbasis Kelompok Sebaya (Peer Group Suport) dalam Upaya Peningkatan Kepatuhan Pengobatan ARV pada ODHA

This study aims to determine the effect of peer group support on adherence to ARV treatment. The method used is a systematic review by searching articles according to the formulation of research questions using the PICO formula through online database searches, namely Pubmed, PubMed, SAGE, Scopus, and Springer Link with full text), published 2020-2023. The results showed that peer group-based interventions were critical in increasing ARV adherence in PLHIV. In conclusion, peer group intervention for ODHAcan increase ARV adherence and thereby automatically improve the quality of life for ODHA.
 Keywords: HIV AIDS, Peer Group, Compliance

Manfaat Intervensi Cognitive Behavioural Therapy terhadap Penurunan Kecemasan, Stres, dan Beban Pengasuhan pada Ibu dengan Anak Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study aims to analyze the benefits of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy interventions on parenting stress in mothers with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The method used is a systematic review through article searches adjusted for formulating research questions with the PICO formula in the EBSCOhost, EMBASE, Clinicalkey for Nursing, Proquest, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases. The study results show that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can effectively reduce anxiety, stress, and the burden of caring for mothers with children with ASD. In conclusion, interventions through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy have proven effective in reducing anxiety, stress, and the responsibility of caring for mothers with children with ASD.
 Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Burden of Parenting, Cognitive Behavior, Anxiety, Stress, Therapy

Complexity in Epidemiology and Public Health Addressing complex health problems through a mix of epidemiologic methods and data.

Public health and the underlying disease processes are complex, often involving the interaction of biologic, social, psychological, economic, and other processes that may be non-linear and adaptive and have other features of complex systems. There is therefore a need to push the boundaries of public health beyond single-factor data analysis and expand the capacity of research methodology to tackle real-world complexities. This paper sets out a way to operationalize complex systems thinking in public health, with particular focus on how epidemiologic methods and data can contribute towards this end. Our proposed framework comprises three core dimensions--patterns, mechanisms, and dynamics--along which complex systems may be conceptualized. These dimensions cover seven key features of complex systems--emergence, interactions, non-linearity, interference, feedback loops, adaptation, and evolution. We relate this framework to examples of methods and data traditionally used in epidemiology. We conclude that systematic production of knowledge on complex health issues may benefit from: formulation of research questions and programs in terms of the core dimensions we identify, as a comprehensive way to capture crucial features of complex systems; integration of traditional epidemiologic methods with systems methodology such as computational simulation modeling; interdisciplinary work; and continued investment in a wide range of data types. We believe that the proposed framework can support systematic production of knowledge on complex health problems, with the use of epidemiology and other disciplines. This will help us understand emergent health phenomena, identify vulnerable population groups, and detect leverage points for promoting public health.

Manfaat Intervensi Acceptance and Commitment Therapy dalam Menurunkan Kecemasan dan Perilaku Adiktif pada Pasien NAPZA

This study aims to analyze the benefits of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy interventions in reducing anxiety and addictive behavior in drug patients. The method used is a systematic review through article searches adjusted for the formulation of research questions with the PICO formula in the Clinicalkey for Nursing, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, Scopus, and EBSCOhost databases. The results showed that the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention was able to effectively reduce anxiety and addictive behavior in drug patients. In conclusion, the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention can reduce anxiety and addictive behavior in drug patients.
 
 Keywords: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Anxiety, Drugs