Medicinal Plant Research Research Articles

Morphology and physiology of Echinacea purpurea in the vegetative phase result of gamma ray irradiation

Coneflower is a medicinal plant that was introduced from North America. This plant is useful as an immunomodulator, which can protect the human body’s immune system from extreme climate change. Coneflower plants in Indonesia are generally grown in highlands that have low temperatures as in their native areas. Indonesia’s tropical environmental conditions, especially in the lowlands, and increasing temperatures as part of global warming are a concern for coneflower cultivation because high climate differences can affect plant growth and physiology. One of the efforts to improve plant properties to obtain plants that are suitable for living in a high-temperature environment can be done by gamma-ray irradiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth and physiology of the Coneflower plant irradiated by gamma rays. The study was conducted using a simple design experiment method by planting the population per treatment into successive plots. The seeds used were Coneflower plant accession 2 seeds from the Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicines Research and Development Centre (B2P2TOOT) Tawangmangu. The irradiation doses used were 0 (control), 5Gy, 15Gy, and 25Gy. The results showed the highest plant height, and the number of leaves on 15 Gy irradiated plants. The highest total chlorophyll content was in 5Gy irradiated plants, while the highest leaf area was in 25Gy irradiated plants. Morphology and physiology of irradiated plants showed greater growth than control plants.

Multi-information based on ATR-FTIR and FT-NIR for identification and evaluation for different parts and harvest time of Dendrobium officinale with chemometrics

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, plays an important role in foods, medicinal and health products and its leaves have a high-quality value for raw industrial material. Different parts and harvest time are the main factors causing to differences for its accumulation of active ingredients. This study attempts to evaluate and identify different parts and harvests time of D. officinale multi-platform information combined with chemometrics as a practical strategy. From all the results: (1) Compared with Fourier transform-near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR), the models of partial least squares discriminant analysis and support vector machine had absolute advantages to discriminate this plant based on ATR-FTIR; (2) The results of exploratory analysis showed that the samples were gathered well according to different categories, and the recognition effect of different parts is better than that of different harvest time; (3) The synchronous two-dimensional correlation spectrum based on ATR-FTIR can well identify different parts; (4) Compared with the original spectral data, all models were superiority based on Savitzky-Golay, which is more suitable to identify for different parts of D. officinale; (5) The investigation resulted that the best harvest time is from November this year to January next year for stems. The characteristics of this method is a fast, nondestructive, and green method with widely applicability that can not only solve the problem of identification and lay the foundation for further research of medicinal and edible homologous plants, but also provides a theoretical basis for the harvesting time and quality evaluation.

Pharmacological screening of heartwood of Tectona grandis Linn.for antibacterial activity by Agar-Well Diffusion method

Medicinal plants has always been a subject of interest for human being from ancient times due to health benefits. Researchers found that, people in different regions of the world used the same or similar plants for health benefits. Medicinal plant research includes many fields like drug discovery, ethnobotany, traditional and indigenous medicines. During corona pandemic we realised that there are no effective therapies available for new and remerging infectious diseases. Public health badly affected due to drug resistant microorganism and appearance of new disease causing microbes. Due to increasing side effects of synthetic drugs and uncontrolled infectious diseases researchers have taken interest in natural sources of medicines and have screened a large number of plants for new bioactive compounds. Natural products have been a well-known source of various molecules in the process of drug discovery and many bioactive natural product derivatives. Stereo chemical and structural properties of natural products are characteristics which are responsible for exploring novel molecular diversity. One of the successful strategies for the investigation of new medicinal agents from plants includes screening of plant extract, fractions followed by the purification of the constituents. Several plants and their products have been evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. In present study, the ethanolic extract of the heartwood of Tectona grandis Linn. was screened for antibacterial activity.

The Anti-proliferative Ability of the Ethanol Extract of Annona muricata Leaves on Widr Cancer Cells

Soursop (Annona muricata) leaves are widely distributed in the tropics, including Indonesia. Soursop leaves are known to contain many anticancer compounds. Research from various countries using soursop leaves provides a different picture of the size of the dose. This research is qualitative research to determine the antiproliferative properties of soursop leaf alcohol extract on Widr cells as a model of colon cancer cells. The soursop leaves were provided from Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Center inTawangmangu. The thin-layer chromatography method was used to analyze the profile of soursop leaf extract. Microtetrazolium (MTT) proliferation test was used to analyze antiproliferative effects. The result showed that the essence quality of soursop leaves in aquoes solution was (20.65 ±0.07) % ; in ethanol solution was (19.22±0.34 ) %. The profile of ingredient soursop leaves was more visible in 366 than in 254. The ethanol extract of soursop leaves showed an antiproliferation effect at IC 50 at a dose 450 ug/ml. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of Annona muricata showed antiproliferative properties at a dose of 450 ug/ml and having a half cell dose of IC 50.

Review of Sudanese Medicinal Plants Screened for Antidiabetic Activity

Introduction: Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder and plenty of medical plants are used in traditional medicines to treat diabetes. These plants have no side effects, and many existing medicines are derived from the plants. The purpose of this systematic review is to study diabetes and to summarize the available treatments for this disease, focusing especially on herbal medicine. Methods: Scientific data bases were investigated for and screening through google engine for diabetes and effective plants informatics data. However, the investigation included Science direct, PubMed, Wiley, Scopus, and Springer. Out of the 100 collected articles (published in the period between 1997 and 2018). Results: Diabetes is mainly due to oxidative stress and an increase in reactive oxygen species that can have major effects. Many plants contain different natural antioxidants, in particular tannins, flavonoids, C and E vitamins that have the ability to maintain β-cells performance and decrease glucose levels in the blood. Conclusion: According to published results, it can be said that medical plants are more affordable and have less side effects compared synthetic drugs and are more effective in treatment of diabetes mellitus. Also order to harness these natural resources and maximize the socioeconomic benefits derivable from Sudanese medicinal plants efforts should be geared toward research funding and deployment of Research and Development (R & D) policy framework into medicinal plants research endeavors.

The phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Catharanthus roseus (Vinca)

Vinca alkaloids obtained from Madagascar are a subset of drugs. Generally, they are naturally extracted from the Vinca rosea plant, Catharanthus roseus G, Don and show hyperglycemia activity as well as cytotoxic effects.In recent pharmacological studies and trad-itional utilization of Vinca rosea have proved the medicinal properties of the plant, and it is also con-tinuously used to prevent various diseases. It is used to treat various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, asthma, inflammation, malaria, angiogenesis, brain imbalance, dysentery, and is also used as a disinfectant that occurs due to potent micro-organisms. The vinca alkaloids are played an essential role to fight cancer disease. There are some major vinca alkaloids in clinical use: Vinblastin, Vincristine, Vindesine, tabersonine, vinorelbine, and Vinpocetine, etc. The flowers juice of Vinca rosea is utilized to treat several skin problems e.g. acne, eczema, and dermatitis. Accord-ing to our opinion that it may be help scientists, ayurvedic practitioners, pharmacognosists, botanists, research-ers, and students who are active in the field of medicinal plants research.

A comparative study of the chloroplast genomes of five Lepidium species with high medicinal value.

Plantgenomics is a rapidly developing field in medicinal plant research. This study analysed the relevant information of chloroplasts genome sequences of five medicinal plants from the genus Lepidium . We sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of Lepidium apetalum Willd. and Lepidium perfoliatum Linnaeus., and assessed their genetic profiles against the reported profiles of Lepidium sativum Linnaeus., Lepidium meyenii Walp., and Lepidium virginicum Linn. We found that L. apetalum and L. perfoliatum possessed 130 distinct genes that included 85 protein-coding, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA), and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Our repeat analyses revealed that L. apetalum harboured 20 direct repeats, 16 palindrome repeats, 30 tandem repeats, and 87 simple sequence repeats, whereas, L. perfoliatum had 15 direct repeats, 20 palindrome repeats, four reverse repeats, 21 tandem repeats, and 98 simple sequence repeats. Using syntenic analysis, we also revealed a high degree of sequence similarity within the coding regions of Lepidium medicinal plant cp genomes, and a high degree of divergence among the intergenic spacers. Pairwise alignment and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) examinations further revealed certain Lepidium -specific gene fragments. Codon usage analysis showed that codon 14 was the most frequently used codon in the Lepidium coding sequences. Further, correlation investigations suggest that L. apetalum and L. perfoliatum originate from similar genetic backgrounds. Analysis of codon usage bias of Lepidium cp genome was strongly influenced by mutation and natural selection. We showed that L. apetalum and L. perfoliatum will likely enhance breeding, species recognition, phylogenetic evolution, and cp genetic engineering of the Lepidium medicinal plants.

Making Scientific Sense of Traditional Medicine

The search for medicinal plants often accompanied the expansion of empire in Africa during the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. Although Ethiopia was never formally colonized, European naturalists carried out plant collecting expeditions within Ethiopia’s borders in ways that resembled the unequal power relationship between Europe and colonized African territories. Ethiopian plant material was sold to botanical gardens in Europe, studied, and even incorporated into European pharmacopeia with little credit given to local wisdom. By the mid-twentieth century, Ethiopia’s Ministry of Health supported local efforts to transform endemic plants into standardized commercial products and into pharmaceuticals for domestic markets while limiting foreign bioprospecting. Ethiopian scientists struggled to have their local knowledge and scientific expertise recognized in the context of highly unequal global power relations. Meanwhile, gender and class inequalities built into the local institutions directing medicinal plant research and development in Ethiopia also reproduced exploitative relationships. This paper argues that the history of Ethiopia’s efforts to make “traditional medicine” legible to science demonstrates the complicated global politics of scientific knowledge production and highlights the problems of exploitation in medicinal plant research within African countries.

Phyllanthus emblica (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Analysis during 2011–2021

The current study examines Phyllanthus emblica (Medicinal Plant) Scientometrics from 2011 to 2021. Scientometrics techniques are being used for a variety of purposes, including the determination of various scientific indicators, the evolution of scientific output, the selection of journals for libraries, and even stating the potential of a specific field. The acceptance of Scientometrics techniques in various disciplines has resulted in a significant increase in the literature on Scientometrics and related areas. In this field had published 1077articles in eleven years. In year 2021 maximum papers was published that is 172(15.97%), 97% publications are multiauthored. Out of total 1077 literature published, 0.98%of them or published under the joint author of publications and Majority of scientists published their research output in English, 906 records are research Articles. India is at the top, with publishing maximum records 652, followed by China with 122Records.Chiang Mai University, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Indian Council are at top rank by publishing 17 articles.

Screening of Heartwood of Tectona Grandis Linn for Antifungal Activity

AB S T R A C T Medicinal plants have always been a subject of interest for the human being from ancient times due to health benefits. Researchers found that people in different regions of the world used the same or similar plants for health benefits. Medicinal plant research includes many fields like drug discovery, ethnobotany, traditional and indigenous medicines. During the corona pandemic, we realised that there are no effective therapies available for new and remerging infectious diseases. Public health is badly affected due to drug- resistant microorganisms and the appearance of new disease- causing microbes. Due to the increasing side effects of synthetic drugs and uncontrolled infectious diseases, researchers have taken interest in natural sources of medicines and have screened a large number of plants for new bioactive compounds. Natural products have been a well-known source of various molecules in the process of drug discovery and many bioactive natural product derivatives. Stereochemical and structural properties of natural products are characteristics that are responsible for exploring novel molecular diversity. One of the successful strategies for the investigation of new medicinal agents from plants includes the screening of plant extract, fractions followed by the purification of the constituents. Several plants and their products have been evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of the heartwood of Tectona grandis Linn. was screened for antifungal activity

In silico Molecular Docking of Anthraquinone Identified from Boerhavia diffusa Linn against Bax and Bcl-2 Gene

In today's medical environment, natural products have made a substantial contribution to the therapeutic approach in the treatment of diseases ranging from the simple to the complex. The old or traditional approach of standardization in medicinal plant research is a time-consuming, costly, and to some extent antiquated process. As a result, a computational technique that includes an in silico molecular docking simulation study has become an important tool for drug development, standardisation, and screening of phytochemicals. To investigate the cardioprotective research and the interaction of the strong chemical against Bax and Bcl-2 cardiomyocyte gene, docking was conducted using multiple Protein Data Bank files (3EOO, 3D2U, 2I42, and 3D2Y). The Anthraquinone has shown more potent interaction with apoptotic regulators Bcl-2 and Bax genes by showing good binding energy. The study also evident that Anthraquinone (UBA) was an ideal drug agent with better drug likeliness. Further, the compound can be used as therapeutic molecule for myocardial infarction. However, the results are preliminary and experimental evaluation will be carried out in near future.

Development of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Fingerprints for Warburgia Ugandensis Herbal Materials

Warbugia ugandensis (W. ugandensis) is among the 10 most utilised medicinal plants in East Africa. Stem bark and leaves are used as remedies for malaria, stomachache, coughs and skin diseases. Consequently, the plant is endangered because of uncontrolled harvest and lack of domestication. There is therefore fear of poor quality commercialised products due to lack of evaluation mechanisms. This study explored the chemical profiles that could be used to confirm its authenticity and purity. W. ugandensis used as reference during method development was harvested from Kenyatta University Medicinal Plant Research Garden (KUMPRG). Six other samples were obtained from different geographical locations in Kenya. The samples were identified by a botanist and a voucher specimen (MO/002- 008/2013) deposited in the East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi. Samples were harvested and processed by World Health Organization (WHO) recommended methods. Chromatographic profiles of the leaf and stem bark were established based on parameters arrived at iteratively. The study characterised over 100 compounds in the leaf and stem bark. Based on area percent and known medicinal value, 22 compounds from the leaf and 38 from the stem bark were selected as major chemical profiles. The compounds in the stem bark included gamma-sitosterol (1.0%–2.5%), squalene (0.2%–4.6%), isolongifolene (1.2%–2.8%), phenol 2-methoxy (0.8%–1.8%) and nerolidol (0.3%–1.5%). Those in the leaf included nerolidol 2 (0.3%–1.1%), phytol (0.6%–1.7%), 2-methoxy phenol (0.2%– 2.2%), gamma-tocopherol (0.2%–0.9%), vitamin E (0.4%–1.5%) and gamma-sitosterol (1.8%–4.9%). Most of these compounds were characterised in W. ugandensis for the first time. The profiles therefore can form fingerprints for use to evaluate its quality, purity and authenticity.

Life Pharmacy Website Design with Model View Controller Method

Nowadays research and development of medicinal plants both at home and abroad is growing rapidly. Research is mainly developing in terms of pharmacology and phytochemicals based on indications of medicinal plants that have been used by some people with empirically proven efficacy. The results of this study, of course, further strengthen the users of medicinal plants for their efficacy and usefulness. Moreover, many researchers have also conducted toxicological tests to determine the safety of medicinal plants that are often used for long-term use, as well as incidental use. The traditional healers also have a lot of knowledge of poisonous medicinal plants, but still use them because they know how to process them.

Tradition to Pathogenesis: A Novel Hypothesis for Elucidating the Pathogenesis of Diseases Based on the Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants.

Traditional medicines embody knowledge on medicinal plants that has been accumulated through cultural evolution over millennia. In the latter half of the 20th century, two approaches to medicinal plant research have been established: the “Bench to Bedside” and the “Bedside to Bench” approaches which serve primarily for the development of more efficient therapeutics. Here, we propose a third, novel approach: from “Tradition to Pathogenesis” which aims to understand the pathogenesis of diseases based on the cultural evolution of their respective empirical treatments. We analyse multiple examples of diseases where the acting mechanism of traditional treatments across multiple cultures points to the pathogenesis of the respective disease. E.g., many cultures traditionally treat rheumatism with anti-bacterial botanical drugs, which is at odds with our current understanding that rheumatism is an aseptic inflammation. Furthermore, gastric ailments have traditionally been treated with anti-infectious botanical drugs indicating local infections, as demonstrated by the discovery of Helicobacter pylori as a common cause of gastric ulcer. Understanding traditional treatments can thus help to elucidate the pathogenesis of the disease.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Catharanthus roseus (Vinca)

Vinca alkaloids obtained from Madagascar are a subset of drugs. Generally, they are naturally extracted from the Vinca rosea plant, Catharanthus roseus G, Don and show hyperglycemia activity as well as cytotoxic effects. It is used to treat various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, asthma, inflammation, malaria, angiogenesis, brain imbalance, dysentery, and is also used as a disinfectant that occurs due to potent microorganisms. The vinca alkaloids are played an essential role to fight cancer disease. There are some major vinca alkaloids in clinical use: Vinblastin, Vincristine, Vindesine, tabersonine, vinorelbine, and Vinpocetine, etc. The flowers juice of Vinca rosea is utilized to treat several skin problems e.g. acne, eczema, and dermatitis. According to our opinion that it may be help scientists, ayurvedic practitioners, pharmacognosists, botanists, researchers, and students who are active in the field of medicinal plants research.

High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting and antioxidant study of Mangifera indica mother tincture

Background Mangifera indica is widely used in the Homoeopathy systems of medicine. In Homoeopathy, Mang. ind. is one of the indicated medicines for passive haemorrhages, uterine, renal and gastric problems. Mangiferin is a xanthanoid present in leaves, stalks barks, peel and kernel of the mango plant. Mangiferin has antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiaging, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and analgesic properties. Therefore in the current study, we have tried to identify mangiferin and its antioxidant properties in Mang. ind. homoeopathic mother tincture. Objective The aim of the present study wais to identify Mangiferin, Total Phenol Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) in Mang. ind. homoeopathic mother tincture. Materials and Methods Mangiferin (A) was used as a primary reference standard and in sample In-house prepared mother tincture (B) and two different market samples (C and D) were used. An authentic sample of Mang. ind. bark was received from the Centre of Medicinal Plants Research in Homoeopathy, Emerald, Tamil Nadu, India for preparation of in house mother tincture. Results We have successfully identified Mangiferin in Mang. ind. in-house prepared mother tincture (B) and two market samples (C and D) by HPTLC. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) was determined by Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Conclusion High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography study confirms the presence of Mangiferin whereas U. V spectroscopy proves to be a useful tool for in-vitro antioxidant assay study.

Research Progress and Future Development Trends in Medicinal Plant Transcriptomics.

Transcriptomics is one of the most popular topics in biology in recent times. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a high-throughput, high-sensitivity, and high-resolution technique that can be used to study model and non-model organisms. Transcriptome sequencing is also an important method for studying the genomes of medicinal plants, a topic on which limited information is available. The study of medicinal plants through transcriptomics can help researchers analyze functional genes and regulatory mechanisms of medicinal plants and improve breeding selection and cultivation techniques. This article analyzes and compares the applications of transcriptome sequencing in medicinal plants over the past decade and briefly introduces the methods of transcriptome sequencing and analysis, their applications in medicinal plant research, and potential development trends. We will focus on the research and application progress of transcriptome sequencing in the following four areas: the mining of functional genes in medicinal plants, development of molecular markers, biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites, and developmental mechanisms of medicinal plants. Our review will provide ideas for the mining of functional genes of medicinal plants and breeding new varieties.

Extended application of deep learning combined with 2DCOS: Study on origin identification in the medicinal plant of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Medicinal plants are very important to human health, and ensuring their quality and rapid evaluation are the current research concerns. Deep learning has a strong ability in recognition. This study extended it to the identification of medicinal plants from the perspective of spectrum. In order to realise the rapid identification and provide a reference for the selection of high-quality resources of medicinal plants, a combination of deep learning and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) was proposed. For the first time, Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy 2DCOS images combined with residual neural network (ResNet) was used for the origin identification of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. In total 1593 samples were collected and 12821 2DCOS images were drawn. The climate of different origins was briefly analysed. The xishuangbanna, puer, lincang, honghe and wenshan are the five regions with more ecological advantages. The synchronous 2DCOS models of FT-MIR and NIR could realise origin identification with the accuracy of 100%. The synchronous images were suitable for the identification of medicinal plants with complex systems. The full band, feature band and different contour models had no big difference in distinguishing ability, so they were not the key factors affecting the discrimination results. The ResNet models established were stable, reliable, and robust, which not only solved the problem of origin identification, expanded the application field of deep learning, but also provided practical reference for the related research of other medicinal plants.

Ethnobotany Study of Medicinal Plants by the Mbojo Tribe Community in Ndano Village at the Madapangga Nature Park, Bima, West Nusa Tenggara

One of the cultural characteristics of people in developing countries is that traditional elements are still dominant in everyday life. These activities include the use of plants as medicinal ingredients by various ethnic groups or groups of people living in rural areas, one of which is the Mbojo Tribe, Ndano Village in Madapangga, Bima Regency, NTB. This study aims to identify the types of medicinal plants and to describe the local wisdom of the Mbojo Tribe in Ndano Village regarding the use of medicinal plants around the Madapangga Nature Tourism Park (TWA). The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of medicinal plant research based on local wisdom for the sustainable management of TWA Madapangga. This research is descriptive exploratory. Data collection techniques in the field by means of observation, interviews and documentation. Selection of informants for interviews using purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed descriptively related to the aspects that have been determined. The results obtained 26 species of medicinal plants that are best known and often used by the Mbojo Tribe, Ndano Village. Utilization of this medicinal plant is used to cure diseases which amount to 31 types of diseases. Based on the habitus group, the tree level is the most widely used as medicine. Meanwhile, the part (organ) of the plant that is most widely used is the leaf. The people of Ndano Village still use a simple way of concocting medicinal plants, namely by mashing (mashed, grated, kneaded) and boiled. The use of drugs, generally done by drinking, smeared and dripped. The results of this study are very useful for the development of medicinal plant research based on local wisdom for the sustainable management of TWA Madapangga.

African Herbal Medicines: Adverse Effects and Cytotoxic Potentials with Different Therapeutic Applications.

The African continent is naturally endowed with various plant species with nutritional and medicinal benefits. About 80% of the people in developing countries rely on folk medicines to treat different diseases because of indigenous knowledge, availability, and cost-effectiveness. Extensive research studies have been conducted on the medicinal uses of African plants, however, the therapeutic potentials of some of these plants has remained unexploited. Over the years, several studies have revealed that some of these African floras are promising candidates for the development of novel drugs. Despite the plethora of studies on medicinal plant research in Africa, there is still little scientific data supporting the folkloric claims of these plants. Besides, safety in the use of folk medicines has been a major public health concern over the year. Therefore, it has become mandatory that relevant authority should take measures in safeguarding the populace on the use of herbal mixtures. Thus, the present review extracted relevant information from different scientific databases and highlighted some problems associated with folk medicines, adverse effects on reproductive systems, issue about safety due to the toxicity of some plants and their toxicity effects with potential therapeutic benefits are discussed.