Research Instrument Research Articles

The effectiveness of gratitude skill training on anticipatory social behavior, empathy, and happiness in female students with social anxiety

Using purposive sampling, 40 female students with social anxiety were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group and a control group (n = 20 each). The experimental group received nine 90-minute sessions of gratitude skill training, whereas the control group received no training. The research instruments included the Anticipatory Social Behavior Questionnaire, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Oxford Happiness Scale. In the experimental group, the mean and standard deviation (±SD) of anticipatory social behavior, empathy, and happiness in the pretest stage were 34.06 (±3.12), 39.26 (±4.51), and 55.66 (±5.28), respectively; while in the posttest stage, the means (±SD) were 22.86 (±3.20), 61.60 (±7.98), and 69.13 (±9.49), respectively. The results demonstrated that gratitude skill training improved anticipatory social behavior (F = 114.07, p < .01), empathy (F = 55.96, p < .01), and happiness (F = 17.33, p < .01) in the experimental group.

Development of a New Media Marketing and Planning Course Based on Project-Based Learning combined with Outcome-Based Education Concept to enhance Problem-Solving Ability in Advertising at Xi'an University

Background and aim: At present, the phenomenon of insufficient problem-solving ability of college students in China is more prominent. The project-based learning（PBL) combined with the outcome-based education (OBE) concept provides new ideas and methods for addressing the problem of insufficient problem-solving ability among college students. The PBL combined with OBE teaching offers effective ways and means to enhance problem-solving ability. Outcome-based education concept (OBE) emphasizes student learning outcomes and focuses on the ability and qualities students acquire during the learning process. While project-based learning (PBL) enables students to participate in solving actual projects, clarifying their learning goals and outcomes, and enhancing their learning motivation and enthusiasm. This teaching model emphasizes practical ability. It focuses on cultivating students' practical ability by having them apply learned knowledge and ability in actual projects, thus improving their problem-solving and practical operation ability, which aligns with the requirements for practical ability in the advertising field. It promotes cooperation and innovation. PBL usually requires students to complete projects in groups, helping to cultivate their cooperation ability and team spirit. At the same time, during the project implementation process, students need to continuously propose innovative solutions, which also helps cultivate their innovation consciousness and innovation ability. This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a new media marketing and planning course based on PBL combined with OBE teaching to enhance problem-solving ability in advertising students. Materials and approaches: The study employed a three-phase research design involving phase 1 was studying the background information through reviewing documents and interviewing experts and students, phase 2 was constructing and verifying the developed course by 5 experts, and phase 3 was implementing the course with the sample of 40 junior Advertising students at Xi'an University which were derived by cluster random sampling. The research instruments used to collect data in this phase were as follows:1) scoring rubric of students' problem-solving ability with reliability of 0.84. 2) questionnaire for students' satisfaction with the reliability of 0.75. Data collection was relevant to test papers and scales, and data were analyzed by using statistics including; means, standard deviations, t-test for dependent samples, and one sample t-test. Results: After implementation of a new media marketing and planning course based on project-based learning combined with outcome-based education concept, it revealed that 1) posttest scores of students' problem-solving ability is greater than pretest at.01 levels of statistical significance (t39= 16.01, p = 0.001). 2) students' satisfaction after implementing the course was statistically greater than the criterion of 70% at a.01 level of statistical significance (t39 =19.51, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The PBL combined with OBE teaching provides effective ways and methods for improving college students' problem-solving abilities. By clarifying learning outcomes, emphasizing practical ability, and promoting cooperation and innovation, the PBL teaching methods model can better meet the requirements for problem-solving ability in modern education and the advertising field.

The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Student Learning Outcomes: A Study of Physical Education in Junior High School Students

Excellent teachers will produce quality students who resemble their teachers. Teaching is a very challenging and stressful job that creates emotional stress for teachers and significantly impacts students. Studies of emotional intelligence with student learning outcomes at the junior high school level in physical education subjects still need to be completed. Therefore, a deeper exploration in this study was conducted to uncover it. This study analyzes the relationship between emotional intelligence and students’ physical education learning outcomes in junior high school. The participants in this study were junior high school students in Southeast Maluku Regency. The sampling technique used was random sampling, namely sampling from population members in a simple random manner. The research instrument used emotional intelligence, namely, an assessment rubric developed by Daniel Goleman and a physical education learning outcomes test. The results showed that emotional intelligence significantly affected students’ physical education learning outcomes. The correlation between study habits and students’ physical education learning outcomes obtained in this study shows its meaningfulness. It provides a clue that study habits are one of the main factors contributing to student learning outcomes. From the results, improving study habits will significantly contribute to students’ learning outcomes in physical education. Consequently, this study contributes to the body of knowledge on emotional intelligence by offering implications for teachers at primary to higher education levels. Keywords: emotional intelligence, learning outcomes, physical education

Creative Thinking Ability and Collaborating in Classroom with ASICC Learning Model

Twenty-first century education demands the birth of a generation that thinks at a higher level, including creative thinking. Apart from that it also requires the ability to collaborate. These abilities prepare students to face future challenges. Therefore, this research examines efforts to improve these two abilities in learning through quasi-experimental research using a non-equivalent pre-post test control group design by comparing two classes that program genetics courses with a total of 82 students. The experimental class was taught using the ASICC model, while the control class did not use the ASICC model. The research instrument used was an integrated essay test instrument for creative thinking abilities, while the collaboration instrument used a collaboration questionnaire. The instruments used have been validated and declared valid and reliable. The data obtained was then analyzed using the t-test, which previously began with homogeneity and normality tests. The research results showed that there were differences between the experimental class and the control class for creative thinking abilities and collaborative skills. The average collaboration value of the ASICC model class was higher than the control class. This research indicates that the ASICC learning model can be used as an alternative learning model that can improve students’ creative thinking and collaboration skills. Keywords: twenty-first century education, ASICC model, creative thinking, collaborative

Development of Psychological Course Based on Social Stories and 4MAT Method to Enhance Preschool Students’ Emotional Intelligence in Hancheng Jiada School

Background and Aim: The emotional intelligence of preschoolers has a significant impact on their social interactions, scholastic achievement, and general well-being, making it vital for their overall development. Developing emotional intelligence in young children can be challenging, especially in traditional school environments. The objective of this study was to (1) develop a psychological course based on social stories and the 4MAT method to enhance preschool students’ emotional intelligence, (2) compare preschool students’ emotional intelligence before and after implementing through psychological course based on social stories and 4MAT method, and (3) study the learning progression of preschool students’ emotional intelligence who learned through psychological course based on social stories and 4MAT method each time. Materials and Methods: This study used a cluster sampling method with 30 kindergarten students of Hancheng Jiaoda School, People’s Republic of China. The experimental design adopted in this study was a group pretest-posttest design and the equivalent time-sample design. The research instruments were 1) 8 lesson plans, 2) a Test for assessing preschool students’ emotional intelligence (Knowledge), and 3) an Observation form for assessing preschool students’ emotional intelligence (Behavior). The data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation the t-test for a dependent sample, and one-way Repeated Measures ANOVA. Results: The results of the study were as follows: 1) The psychological course to enhance preschool students’ emotional intelligence consisted of the principle, objective, content, instructional strategy, materials, and evaluation. 2) After implementing social stories and 4MAT learning, the student’s emotional intelligence was higher than before (t=8.317 p = .001). 3) The students’ emotional intelligence increased in the four tests after the psychological course with the F-test statistic (F=6255.071, p=.001), which was less than .05, indicating that there were statistically significant differences in the mean values of the four times emotional intelligence tests. Conclusion: The innovation of this research was: 1) The course components consisted of six components. 2) The instructional strategy to enhance preschool students’ emotional intelligence had 7 steps: Step 1: personalization, step 2: engagement, step 3: application, step 4: creativity, step 5: visual Support, step 6: progress monitoring, and step 7: Inclusivity.

Adapted physical education: how the character development of students with physical disabilities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia?

The purpose of this study is to describe the learning system of Adapted Physical Education for students with physical disabilities to develop the character of students with physical disabilities. The methodology used used a descriptive method with a qualitative approach and literature study. The type of data collected comes from secondary data in the form of the results of previous experiences and elaborated sentences which are answers from research subjects conducted by means of interviews. The subjects in this study were 30 Adapted PE teachers in Yogyakarta. The research instruments used interview guides and documentation. The interview instrument had previously been validated for each item through expert judgement by two experts (Gregory) with a validity score of 0.86. Adapted PE teachers use various approaches and strategies in learning for students with physical disabilities in an inclusive manner to strengthen physical and character development. The independent curriculum in Indonesia is closely aligned with inclusive education in character development by publishing the Concept and Guidelines for Strengthening Character Education. Although the use of technology has not yet been implemented, teachers agree on the development of technology in learning that is easily accessible, supports active participation of students, and can be adapted according to the individual needs of students.

Adoption and Impact of ChatGPT in Computer Science Education: A Case Study on a Database Administration Course

The irruption of GenAI such as ChatGPT has changed the educational landscape. Therefore, methodological guidelines and more empirical experiences are needed to better understand these tools and know how to use them to their fullest potential. This contribution presents an exploratory and correlational study conducted with 37 computer science students who used ChatGPT as a support tool to learn database administration. The article addresses three questions: The first one explores the degree of use of ChatGPT among computer science students to learn database administration, the second one explores the profile of students who get the most out of tools like ChatGPT to deal with database administration activities, and the third one explores how the utilization of ChatGPT can impact in academic performance. To empirically shed light on these questions the student’s grades and a comprehensive questionnaire were employed as research instruments. The obtained results indicate that traditional learning resources, such as teacher’s explanations and student’s reports, were widely used and correlated positively with student’s grades. The usage and perceived utility of ChatGPT were moderate, but positive correlations between students’ grades and ChatGPT usage were found. Indeed, a significantly higher use of this tool was identified among the group of outstanding students. This indicate that high-performing students are the ones who are using ChatGPT the most. So, a new digital trench could be rising between these students and those with a lower degree of fundamentals and worse prompting skills, who may not take advantage of all the ChatGPT possibilities.

Validity Profile and Practically Biological Teaching Structures Based on Local Potenties BIOLA PJBL High Level and Enrichment Program

Biology based on local potential Bioecology (BIOLA) PjBL High Level, is a promoter of a valid and practical enrichment program for SMAN pupils in Saparua Island. Products were developed in the form of RPPs, teaching materials, and Students Project Activity Sheets (LAPPD). This research includes a type of research and development that refers to a modified 4D development model that has three phases: (1) define, (2) design, and (3) develop. Research instruments use validation lifts and practicality lifts. Validation of learning instruments using a validation lift evaluated by four instruments expert validators consisting of two lecturers and two practitioners namely Biology subjects teachers. The practicality test of the learning instruments was evaluated using the response lift by the teacher and the pupil and the implementation of learning process by the teacher as an observer. The method used is descriptive statistics to obtain averages and percentages. The results of the validity analysis of the learning instruments using the Ideal Baku deviation (SBI), showing a rating of 3.93 with a very good category. Results of the analysis of implementation of the PJBL high level Biola instruments in the learning process by the observer and student responses in sequence showed 91% and 89.20% with the very practical category. So, it can be concluded that the BIOLA-PjBL High Level based biology learning instruments that has been developed is valid and practical for use as well as useful for teachers and pupils. Keywords: Innovative teaching instruments, local potential, bioecology, PJBL High Level, enrichment program

Evaluation of Learning Management Standards to Improve Higher Education Quality Standards Through Internal Quality Audits

Independent evaluation is required through an internal quality control system through internal quality audit activities. This study evaluated the achievement of learning management standards, inhibiting factors, and recommendations for improving education quality standards at Palembang Polytechnic. This type of qualitative research uses observation methods, structured interviews, and literature studies. The research instrument is the author directly involved in the research. The informants in this study were determined using a purposive technique: three research informants. The study’s results obtained data on implementing internal quality audits on learning management standards that have not been implemented. An effective internal quality management model is needed as a platform or application that supports collecting, storing, and managing data and information on website-based internal quality management system services to support fast, precise, and efficient internal quality management system integration.

Enhancing Reading Ability Through the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) Model: A Study with Fifth-Grade Elementary School Students

Reading comprehension is a vital aspect of language proficiency that elementary school students must master. Proficient reading skills enable students to actively acquire diverse information efficiently. The cooperative integrated reading and composition (CIRC), is a teaching model designed to enhance students’ reading comprehension skills through collaborative learning activities. This research aims to investigate the impact of the CIRC model on the reading comprehension abilities of fifth-grade students at SD Negeri 1 Kairatu. Employing an experimental design with a one-group pretest and post-test setup, the study involved 41 students. The CIRC model served as an independent variable, while reading comprehension ability constituted the dependent variable. The research instrument utilized was a reading comprehension test. Data analysis was conducted via a paired sample t-test, revealing a significant difference in students’ reading comprehension abilities before and after learning with the CIRC model (p = 0.00, &lt; 0.05). These findings underscore the effectiveness of the CIRC model in improving students’ reading proficiency. The study’s results underscore the importance of prioritizing reading skills development to enhance elementary students’ literacy levels. It recommends the widespread adoption and continuous practice of the CIRC model in elementary schools to cultivate students’ interest and competence in reading. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance reading education methodologies and promote literacy among elementary school students. Keywords: CIRC model, reading comprehension, reading literacy, elementary school students

NEED ANALYSIS FOR PROBLEM BASED LEARNING E-COMIC ON EARTH AND SOLAR SYSTEM TOPIC

The aim of this study was to analyse the need for the development of science e-comic as learning media on earth and solar system topic. This research was conducted in 3 junior high schools in Sutera sub-district, based on the results of observations it is known that the school applies the kurikulum merdeka, and uses lecture and discussion methods in the learning process. However, there are obstacles that must be faced by teachers, namely the current package books/printed books are quite limited, so students have enough difficulty if they want to repeat learning material at home. This type of research is Research and Development (R&amp;D) using the 4-D development model. This research instrument consists of a validation questionnaire, a practicality questionnaire, and an effectiveness questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using a formula to analyze the results of the validity test, practicality test, and effectiveness test. Based on the above problems, researchers found the right and appropriate media to be developed and can be used easily by students and teachers, namely problem-based science e-comic learning media on earth and solar system material.

The Impact of Consumer Perceptions of Privacy and Security Risks on Re-purchasing Intention for Online Shopping in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Background and Aim: Chiang Mai Province, a growing economic center in northern Thailand, is a preferred mode of consumerism due to its convenience and wide product selection, but faces barriers to adoption due to concerns about these risks. This research investigates the impact of consumer perceptions of privacy and security risks on re-purchasing intention for online shopping in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The study aims to understand how these perceptions influence consumer behavior in the digital marketplace. Materials and Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed, with data collected from 385 online shoppers in Chiang Mai Province. The research instrument consisted of a structured online questionnaire assessing perceived privacy and security risks, as well as re-purchasing intentions. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Results: The findings reveal that both perceived privacy and security risks significantly influence re-purchasing intention. Consumers who perceive higher levels of privacy and security are more likely to engage in repeat online purchases. The model explained a substantial proportion of the variance in re-purchasing intention, highlighting the importance of these factors in shaping online shopping behavior. Conclusion: This research provides valuable insights for e-commerce businesses and policymakers in Chiang Mai Province. By prioritizing and investing in measures that enhance consumer perceptions of privacy and security, businesses can foster trust, encourage repeat purchases, and drive sustainable growth in the online marketplace.

Education and Welfare: The Role of Public Policy in Equalizing Educational Opportunities for the South Papua Generation

This research aims to identify public policies that increase access to education in South Papua, analyze their impact on educational equality, and evaluate the factors that influence the effectiveness of these policies, including the social, economic, and cultural challenges faced by local communities. This research uses qualitative methods and a case study approach to investigate the role of public policy in improving access and quality of education in Merauke Regency, especially Waan District. Through a purposive sampling approach, this research selected a representative sample to explore challenges and solutions in education in the region. The research instrument includes indicators such as access to education, quality of education, community involvement, and the impact of education policies, which will be analyzed comprehensively using a qualitative approach. The research results show that public policy has increased access to education in South Papua through infrastructure, scholarship programs, and improving the quality of teachers and curriculum. The development of educational infrastructure, including school buildings and learning facilities, has a positive impact on the accessibility and quality of education in the region. The scholarship program needs to be updated to reach the right targets and be effective for the people who need it. Improving teacher quality and adjusting the curriculum supports education standards in South Papua, but needs to be further encouraged through continuous training. Social factors such as economic inequality, gender inequality, and traditional culture influence access to education, requiring a holistic approach to education policy. Keywords: education, well-being, public policy, educational opportunities, South Papuan Generation

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING E-MODULE ABOUT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LIVING CREATURES TOPIC

The general background of this research is the limited teaching materials equipped with project-based learning assessment instruments as recommended in Kurikulum Merdeka. The purpose of this research is to produce a Project Based Learning (PjBL) based e-module on the structure and function of living creatures topic that is valid, practical and effective.The type of research used is Research and Development (R&amp;D) with 4-D model’s consisting of the stages of defining, designing, developing and disseminating. However, this research was only untill the development stage due to time constraints. The research instruments consist of teacher questionnaires, student questionnaires, validity test questionnaires, practicality test questionnaires, and effectiveness test questionnaires. The data obtained was analyzed using a formula to analyze the results of validity, practicality and effectiveness tests. The research results show that the PjBL-based e-module developed is valid with an average 88%. The level of practicality is practical with an average 88%. The level of effectiveness is effective which is 84% ​​on average. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the PjBL-based science learning e-module on the material Structure and Function of the Body of Living Creatures meets the valid, practical and effective categories.

Learning Achievement in English of the Students at A Private University in Pathum Thani Province Through the Use of the Padlet Application

Background and Aims: Students who achieve high levels in English are better prepared for both academic success and global engagement. It builds self-assurance and provides access to a wide range of opportunities in various fields. Thus, the objectives of this study were 1) to examine the efficiency of teaching English through the use of the Padlet application the students at a Private university in Pathum Thani province, and 2) to compare the learning achievement in English of the students at a Private university in Pathum Thani Province through the use of the Padlet application. Methodology: The participants in this study were 50 students from a private university in Pathum Thani Province who enrolled in Basic Writing in English in the third semester of the academic year 2023, selected through stratified random sampling and simple random sampling methods. The research instrument consisted of 10 sets of English achievement tests. The data was analyzed by Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, and t-test. Results: The results found that 1) the efficiency of teaching English through the use of the Padlet application of the students at a private university in Pathum Thani Province (E1/E2) was 81.82/83.18. 2) The learning achievement in English of the students at a Private university in Pathum Thani province through the use of the Padlet application was significantly higher than before at the 0.01 level. Conclusion: At a private university in Pathum Thani Province, the use of the Padlet application dramatically increased student learning achievement and significantly increased the efficiency of teaching English (E1/E2: 81.82/83.18). This shows a significant improvement in English proficiency after the intervention, proving the usefulness of Padlet.

Development of Database System Principles and Applications Course based on Task-based Learning and Team-based Learning to Enhance Database Design Abilities of Second Year Students in Fujian University of Technology

Background and Aim: The undergraduate database system principles and applications course grapples with issues such as the gap between theory and practice, outdated content, and limited teaching methods. Addressing these challenges necessitates a comprehensive reform to enhance students' practical skills and adaptability to technological advancements. This study aimed to：1) study the background information focusing on course components of Database system principle and application course to enhance students’ database design ability, 2) develop a Database system principle and application course based on Task-based learning and Team-based learning to enhance students’ database design ability, and 3) determine the effectiveness of implementing the database system principle and application course based on Task-based learning and Team-based learning. Materials and Methods: The sample was second-year students majoring in Internet of Things engineering in the academic year 2023-2024 of Fujian University of Technology, the People’s Republic of China was 30 students from 1 classroom derived by cluster random sampling. The experimental design adopted in this study is a group Post-test-only design. The research instruments from each Phase of the study were as follows: Phase I: Interview forms for teachers and students on course-related questions. Phase II: 1) Database system principles and applications course based on Task-based learning and Team-based learning with a very high level of appropriateness. 2) Eight lesson plans based on Task-based learning and Team-based learning with a very high level of appropriateness. 3) An evaluation form of database design ability includes knowledge and skills. 4) a learning achievement test and 5) a student satisfaction questionnaire with a reliability of 0.897. The data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, and the one-sample t-test. Results: The results of the study were as follows: 1) The researchers reviewed the literature about the Database System Principles and Applications course and interviewed four teachers and 20 students for problems of the Database System Principles and Applications course, and the information gathered was used to develop the course. The database system principles and applications course in undergraduate education faces problems such as the disconnection between theory and practice, the lag in updating course content, and the single teaching method. These challenges emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive reform of the course content, teaching methods, and assessment system to enhance students' practical skills and their ability to adapt to the rapidly changing technological environment. 2) The Database System Principles and Applications Course based on Task-based Learning and Team-based Learning consisted of the principle, objective, content, instructional strategy, materials, and evaluation. 3) After implementing through Database system principles and applications course based on Task-based learning and Team-based learning, the students’ database design ability (Knowledge) was higher than the determined criterion of 70% at a significance level of .05 (M = 31.33, SD = 3.76, t = 4.825, p = .000) and the students’ database design ability (Skills) was higher than the determined criterion of 70% at a significance level of .05 (M = 45.12, SD = 2.89, t = 5.913, p = .000). 4) The students’ satisfaction was statistically higher than the determined criterion of 70% at a .05 level of statistical significance. Conclusion: To development of a task-based learning and team-based learning database system principles and applications course is significantly effective in enhancing students' database design ability.

Performance Characteristics of Newly Developed Real-Time Wave Measurement Buoy Using the Variometric Approach

Accurate measurement of ocean wave parameters is critical for applications including ocean modeling, coastal engineering, and disaster management. This article introduces a novel global navigation satellite system (GNSS) drifting buoy for surface wave measurements that addresses the challenges of performing real-time, high-precision measurements and realizing cost-effective large-scale deployment. Unlike traditional approaches, this buoy uses the kinematic extension of the variometric approach for displacement analysis stand-alone engine (Kin-VADASE) velocity measurement method, thus eliminating the need for additional high-precision measurement units and an expensive complement of satellite orbital products. Through testing in the South China Sea and Laoshan Bay, the results showed good consistency in significant wave height and main wave direction between the novel buoy and a Datawell DWR-G4, even under mild wind and wave conditions. However, wave mean period disparities were observed partially because of sampling frequency differences. To validate this idea, we used Joint North Sea Wave Project (Jonswap) spectral waves as input signals, the bias characteristics of the mean periods of the spectral calculations were compared under conditions of identical input signals and gradient-distributed wind speeds. Results showed an average difference of 0.28 s between the sampling frequencies of 1.28 Hz and 5 Hz. The consequence that high-frequency signals have considerable effects on the mean wave period calculations indicates the necessity of the buoy’s high-frequency operation mode. This GNSS drifting buoy offers a cost-effective, globally deployable solution for ocean wave measurement. Its potential for large-scale networked ocean wave observation makes it a valuable oceanic research and monitoring instrument.

Strategies of Effective Online Teaching and Learning in Vocational Computer Programming Education

Background and Aim: This research analyzes the existing issues with online teaching and learning in vocational computer programming education, devises strategies for online teaching and learning, and then implements and adjusts these strategies to confirm their effectiveness. The expected strategies for effective online teaching and learning proposed in this study include nine aspects: The study focuses on the following nine aspects: 1) the informatization teaching ability of teachers; 2) the autonomous learning ability of students; 3) the interaction between online teaching and learning; 4) the course content; 5) the teaching resource; 6) the teaching design; 7) the learning engagement; 8) school policy support; and 9) the online teaching and learning platform. Methodology: The sample consisted of 21 experts with qualified Delphi requirements from high vocational colleges in Guangxi, as well as 60 computer program students in their second year of study. Research instruments include an open-ended interview and Likert scale questionnaire, as well as data analysis using median, mode, interquartile range, percentage, and descriptive analysis. Results: The research results found that online teaching and learning in vocational computer programming education in aspects were at a medium-high level; after implementing and readjusting the strategies, the effectiveness of online classes was comparable to that of traditional classes. The research results summarized 80 strategies and suggestions for online teaching and learning in vocational computer programming education and put forward a discussion of the future development trend. Conclusion: The study's findings show that, with some strategic modifications, online instruction in vocational computer programming education achieved a medium-high effectiveness that was on par with traditional classroom settings. The study also offered eighty strategies and insights for the advancement of online education in this field in the future.

Perceptions of Education Stakeholders on the Effect of Teaching Practices on Academic Achievement in Public Secondary Schools: A Case of Kakamega County, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to determine education stakeholder’s perceptions on the effect of schools’ teaching practices on academic achievement in public secondary schools in Kakamega County, Kenya, The study was guided by School-Based Management Theory. A descriptive research design was used. The target population was 415 principals, 415 Deputy Principals, 415 directors of studies, and 33296 form four candidates of 2022. Stratified and purposive sampling technique was used. The sample comprised of; One hundred principals, 100 deputy principals, 100 directors of studies, and 400 students were chosen as the sample. The research instruments were; Questionnaires, an interview schedule, and document analysis schedule. Descriptive analysis was done using frequencies and percentages while inferential analysis was performed using Chi-square Analysis and Pearson product moment. Qualitative data was transcribed, analysed and reported according to emerging themes The Chi-square analysis indicated a significant difference between schools' teaching practices and academic achievement at a p value p &lt; 0.05. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in their perceptions on the effect of schools’ teaching practices with regard to the effect of the academic achievement with the p value p &lt; .001.The null hypothesis was consequently rejected. The findings indicate a notable disparity in the perceptions of education stakeholders, particularly students and deputy principals, regarding the influence of teaching practices on academic success in public secondary schools in Kakamega County. The p-value of p &lt; .001 signifies a robust level of statistical significance, suggesting that the observed difference in perceptions is improbable to arise from random chance. As a result, the null hypothesis, which posited an absence of difference in perceptions, was dismissed. The evidence indicates a divergence in perspectives between students and deputy principals regarding the influence of teaching practices on academic performance. This may suggest that each group emphasizes or appreciates distinct facets of the pedagogical approaches, or that they possess diverse experiences and insights concerning the implementation of these practices within the educational environment. This implied that that the students and deputy principals perceived differently, the effect of the teaching practices on academic achievement. The study recommends that some teaching practices that were perceived to enhance academic achievement should be used in public secondary schools of Kakamega County.

Design an Electrical Power Practical Module in the Introductory Electrical Energy Course

The introductory electrical energy course is one of the courses that applies learning using practical methods. In the introductory electrical energy course, there is material about electrical power. Based on observations, it is known that students need more learning media in the form of modules in the electrical power practicum, which causes a lack of interest and low understanding of student learning. Based on these problems, a learning medium in the form of a practicum module was developed to complement practicum learning and is expected to increase students' interest in and understanding of learning. The electrical power practicum module was developed using research and development methods. The researcher's research instrument was a media expert and material expert validation sheet to test the feasibility of the practicum module to be applied in the Electrical Power Practicum. The validation results of media and material experts prove that the electrical power practicum module is very feasible regarding media and material. Based on the percentage of scores obtained from media experts, namely 81.66%, material experts obtained a score of 88.57%, which is included in the very suitable category to be applied in the Basic Electrical Energy course.