Metallurgy Research Research Articles

Powder Metallurgy Research and Development Activities at USTB

University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB) is one of the key universities that are directly under the guidance of China Ministry of Education. Powder metallurgy activities have been carried out at USTB for about 50 years. Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, which was founded on the base of Department of Powder Metallurgy at USTB, is a comprehensive base for PM education, research and development in China. In this paper, some of the current research activities and achievements in this laboratory are introduced, including ultra-fine grained cemented carbides made from nanometer powders, W-Cu and Mo-Cu alloys for electronic packages, SHS process and its applications, warm compaction, and powder injection molding.

丸ビルまたは千葉県機械金属試験場のダクトに31～43年間使用されていた亜鉛めっき鋼板の腐食量解析

丸ビルまたは千葉県機械金属試験場のダクトに31～43年間使用されていた亜鉛めっき鋼板の腐食量解析

Industrial PM research in good shape in Japan

Dr Anish Upadhyaya concludes his report, compiled with Dr Akira Fujiki of the Nissan Motor Co, of recent Japanese research in powder metallurgy (PM). Last month, they reported on the major thrusts of research at Japan's main PM institutes; this month the reports continues with an examination of some of the main industrial players.

Update on current PM research in Japanese institutes

In May 1999, Dr Anish Upadhyaya, representing the P/M Lab at The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA, visited several Japanese universities and industrial research laboratories during a month-long visit to Japan. In coflaboration with Dr Akira Fujiki of Nissan Motor Co Ltd, he summarizes recent powder metallurgy (PM) research thrusts at some of Japan's leading research institutes.

Molten binder behaviour of MIM compacts : Y.Kankawa et al. (Kyoto Municipal Inst. of Industrial Research, Kyoto, Japan.) J. Jpn Soc. Powder Powder Metall., vol 43, no 7, 1996, 852–857. (In Japanese.)

Dr Anish Upadhyaya concludes his report, compiled with Dr Akira Fujiki of the Nissan Motor Co, of recent Japanese research in powder metallurgy (PM). Last month, they reported on the major thrusts of research at Japan's main PM institutes; this month the reports continues with an examination of some of the main industrial players.

Lead-calcium alloy development: quality improvement

In the 1980s, most of the European lead producers and battery manufacturers had an interest in the lead-calcium alloys developed in the North American market. Fifteen years later, the alloy is used in most of the automotive and industrial batteries produced in Europe. During this development period, the composition of lead-calcium alloy has been improved. Physical metallurgy and electrochemistry research carried out by the lead industry has established the composition of the lead-calcium for negative grids. Metaleurop, as a lead producer, initiated in 1975 the production of lead-calcium alloys for sealed lead/acid batteries and was quickly convinced of the necessity to improve the performance of the alloy by further fundamental research (in 1980) and supporting customers' efforts. The parameters involved in the production battery plates are well specified. The composition of the alloy is dependent on the equipment used to cast the alloy. Improving the hardness by increasing the calcium content over 0.10 wt.% may not be the solution when melting and cooling conditions should als be adapted. The addition of aluminium to prevent calcium oxidation is efficient, its level being linked to the remelting and casting conditions.

Compositional separation in Co-Cr based thin film magnetic recording media

Since Co is ferromagnetic and Cr is not, compositional inhomogeneities are believed to play an important role in determining the magnetic and recording properties of Co-Cr based thin film magnetic recording media. By preferentially etching Co-enriched regions in a Co-Cr film we discovered a “Chrysanthemum-like Pattern”, suggesting the presence of very fine, periodic compositional variations within individual grains. Subsequent studies, including thermo-magnetic analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and atom probe field ion microscopy revealed the existence of a Compositional Separation (CS) in these films, producing distinct Co-enriched and Cr-enriched compositional phases. More recently, neutron scattering experiments have provided evidence of a magnetic microstructure with features matching the scale of the Co-enriched regions. Further investigations of this phenomenon are expected to open up new areas of research in both magnetic recording and thin film metallurgy. We review our study of CS, explain control of the compositional distribution using film growth parameters and discuss possible origins of CS.

Electricity in the production of metals: From aluminum to zinc

This article treats some electrometallurgical and electromagnetic aspects of the production of metals, but it opens with an examination of whether there is ldelectricity”(i.e., vitality) in the primary metals industries, particularly within the United States of America. That question is examined in terms of the economics of two examples: aluminum and zinc. Then, three examples are provided of potential improvements in the production of metals arising from industrial and university research: use of new electrode materials in Hall-Heroult cells to reduce energy consumption in aluminum smelting, the fluidized bed electrowinning of copper and other metals, and the employment of electromagnetic forces in metals processing, particularly electromagnetic casting. The article concludes with observations on the paucity of United States support for research and development (R & D) in primary metals production, compared with that of other industrial activities and of other nations, and suggests a prognosis for the future of academic research and teaching in extractive and process metallurgy.

EVALUATING LEAD ISOTOPE DATA: FURTHER OBSERVATIONS

ArchaeometryVolume 35, Issue 2 p. 241-247 EVALUATING LEAD ISOTOPE DATA: FURTHER OBSERVATIONS P. BUDD, P. BUDD Ancient Metallurgy Research Group, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K.Search for more papers by this authorD. GALE, D. GALE Ancient Metallurgy Research Group, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K.Search for more papers by this authorA. M. POLLARD, A. M. POLLARD Ancient Metallurgy Research Group, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K.Search for more papers by this authorR. G. THOMAS, R. G. THOMAS School of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, University of Wales College of Cardiff, PO Box 912, Cardiff, CF1 STB, U.K.Search for more papers by this authorP. A. WILLIAMS, P. A. WILLIAMS Department of Chemistry, University of Western Sydney, PO Box 10, Kingswood, NSW 2747, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author P. BUDD, P. BUDD Ancient Metallurgy Research Group, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K.Search for more papers by this authorD. GALE, D. GALE Ancient Metallurgy Research Group, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K.Search for more papers by this authorA. M. POLLARD, A. M. POLLARD Ancient Metallurgy Research Group, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K.Search for more papers by this authorR. G. THOMAS, R. G. THOMAS School of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, University of Wales College of Cardiff, PO Box 912, Cardiff, CF1 STB, U.K.Search for more papers by this authorP. A. WILLIAMS, P. A. WILLIAMS Department of Chemistry, University of Western Sydney, PO Box 10, Kingswood, NSW 2747, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1993.tb01038.xCitations: 42AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume35, Issue2August 1993Pages 241-247 RelatedInformation

Role of impurities in reclaimed carbide-cobalt powders used in cutting tools: A. Magnee and J. Lecomte-Beckes, (Centre of Research in Metallurgy, Liege, Belgium)

Role of impurities in reclaimed carbide-cobalt powders used in cutting tools: A. Magnee and J. Lecomte-Beckes, (Centre of Research in Metallurgy, Liege, Belgium)

Multifunction equipment combining ion, electron and atom beams

The multifunction equipment (MFE) combining ion, electron and atom beams described consists of an ion implanter, an electron beam system and a magnetron sputtering device, all joined to a large evacuated work chamber. It operates with ion beam currents up to 10 mA and energies from 15 to 50 keV, with electron beams having a power density range from 102 to 106 W cm-2 and electron energies from 3 to 50 keV. It uses magnetron sputtering at 2 kW RF or 4 kW DC and with a 5 kV negative bias electrode for magnetron sputter ion plating. The large evacuated work chamber has a diameter of 500 mm and a length of 1600 mm. Rotation, translation and up-down mechanical scanning can move workpieces as large as 300 mm in diameter and 1000 mm in length. Using this equipment, experiments and practical applications have been performed for five years and have confirmed it to be versatile for substrate surface modification, film preparation, experimental surface and interface research in science and physical metallurgy.

Chromium-copper contact material for high voltage vacuum contact breakers: J. Qingshan et al, (Metallurgy Research Inst of Zhejiang Province, China), PM Technology, Vol 9, No 3, 1991, 156–160. (In Chinese)

Chromium-copper contact material for high voltage vacuum contact breakers: J. Qingshan et al, (Metallurgy Research Inst of Zhejiang Province, China), PM Technology, Vol 9, No 3, 1991, 156–160. (In Chinese)

Quasicrystal Structure and Properties

Quasicrystals possess long-range positional order, but noncrystallographic orientational order. Since 1 984, when Shechtman and coworkers ( 1 , 2) discovered icosahedral order in rapidly quenched AI6Mn, the field has blossomed into an active subject of research in metallurgy, crystallography, and condensed matter physics. Much of the work done to date, and the main focus of this review concerns the problem of quasicrystal structure. Although important open questions in this area remain, we now under­ stand many fundamental structural principles. For example, it is now well established that equilibrium quasicrystal phases exist, and that they possess long-range quasiperiodic translational order. One cannot yet specify the location of each atom; however, much is known about the description of the structures. First, the recognition that related crystalline compounds consist of interpenetrating atomic clusters

All That Glitters: Readings in Historical Metallurgy ed. by Michael L. Wayman

436 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE All That Glitters: Readings in Historical Metallurgy. Edited by Michael L. Wayman. Montreal: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (1 Place Alexis Nihon, 1210—3400 de Maisonneuve Boulevard West, H3Z 3B8), 1989. Pp. x+197; illustrations, references. $C50.00 + $C3.00 handling. Because scientists and technologists from Michael Faraday onward have from time to time interested themselves in the history of metallurgy, British and European metallurgical journals have had a tradition of publishing occasional papers on historical subjects. For example, important papers on topics such as African iron smelting, Roman ferrous metallurgy, and experimental bloomeries have ap­ peared in the Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. This tradition has been continued by the editors of the Bulletin of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, who have run “Historical Metallurgy Notes” as a regular feature. The historical papers published in the Bulletin since 1979 have been collected into a volume edited by Michael Wayman. They are organized into two sections, the first on the development of metallurgy in general and the second on Cana­ dian metallurgical history. The papers are typically four to six pages long and deal with specific materials, processes, or places. Some report results of new research in archaeological metallurgy, while others are reviews or accounts of local history. Most have references. The book lacks an index, but, since the papers are short, this is not a serious handicap. The papers reflect the interests of a wide range of authors and cover a diverse group of subjects. Those in the first part of the book range over topics that are not specifically Canadian. They include work on the early use of native copper, brass, and cast iron; early metallurgy in Japan and India; and the origins of some of 19thcentury process metallurgy, such as the electrolytic zinc process. Canada is a major primary producer of metals, and the metallur­ gical industries have been a relatively large component of the Cana­ dian economy. An excellent study of the technological history of the 19th-century extractive industries in Ontario has been written by Dianne Newell (Technology on the Frontier, Vancouver, 1986), but we lack other secondary sources on the history of Canadian metallurgy. The second part of All That Glitters helps fill a gap. The papers here cover aspects of both ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy in Canada starting with Les Forges du Saint-Maurice, established in 1729, and continuing into the middle of the 20th century. Some of the topics, such as the history of iron smelting in the Atlantic Provinces, are likely to be quite unfamiliar to readers in the United States. Through the coverage of the principal nonferrous industries, Canada is now better served than the United States, since no overall history of nonferrous metallurgy in the forty-eight states has been written yet. TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 437 Anyone interested in historical metallurgy or the industrial history of North America will find this volume useful. One wishes that the professional mining and metallurgical societies in the United States took as much interest in and set as high a standard for historical works as do the Canadians. Robert B. Gordon Dr. Gordon is professor of geophysics and applied mechanics at Yale University. Daniel Hechstetter the Younger: Memorabilia and Letters 1600—1639— Copper Works and Life in Cumbria. Edited by George Hammersley. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1988. Pp. 395; maps, glossary, bibliogra­ phy, indexes. DM 142.00 (paper). For a large part of a lifetime, George Hammersley has been deeply immersed in the surviving records of the foreign metallurgical family primarily responsible for bringing copper mining and smelting to England in a period when that country was heavily indebted to Continental countries for technological innovations and improve­ ments. His background in the general history of the 16th and 17th centuries, his earlier researches on the iron industry, and his famil­ iarity with both English and German archival sources have equipped him well for the task. In Daniel Hechstetter the Younger, Hammersley edits three major documents, two from the Duke of Northumberland’s Alnwick ar­ chives and one from the Sloan MS in the British Library, which together constitute our main material...

Effects of porosity on the tensile strengths of sintered irons

Study of the effect of porosity on the tensile strengths of sintered iron and other metals has long been of interest in the Powder Metallurgy Research Group at Loughborough University. A theoretical model of the effect, taking into account the stress raising effect of the pores and the ability of the metallic matrix to partially relax stress concentrations, was developed some years ago. More recently, the predictions of the theory have been tested experimentally using sintered irons made from atomized and chemically reduced powders. Recent work on the effect of porosity on elastic moduli of sintered irons, which is used as a measure of the stress raising effect of the pores, has proved more complex than previously thought. This leads to a more complex prediction of variation in tensile strength with porosity content.

Powder Metallurgy Research at the University of Surrey

Powder Metallurgy Research at the University of Surrey

Development and application of ferromagnetic alloys made by rapid solidification

Abstract Amorphous alloys, made by rapid solidification, were first introduced in 1960 and precipitated a major new field of research in metallurgy. A part of this new field, dating from around 1975, involves magnetic alloys made by rapid solidification. These new magnetic alloys are critically assessed against the background of existing Si–Fe alloys and the new developments in high induction Si–Fe. It is concluded that these new alloys, of potentially very low cost, may be important in the highly automated manufacture of small transformers and small electricals machines.MST/726

Development and application of ferromagnetic alloys made by rapid solidification

Amorphous alloys, made by rapid solidification, were first introduced in 1960 and precipitated a major new field of research in metallurgy. A part of this new field, dating from around 1975, involves magnetic alloys made by rapid solidification. These new magnetic alloys are critically assessed against the background of existing Si–Fe alloys and the new developments in high induction Si–Fe. It is concluded that these new alloys, of potentially very low cost, may be important in the highly automated manufacture of small transformers and small electricals machines.MST/726

Excimer Laser Processing of Metals

Laser processing of materials is a new technique for modifying the near-surface region without altering bulk characteristics. The use of excimer lasers is attractive in terms of its potential applications, including its combined utilization with other surface treatment techniques, and from the standpoint of physical metallurgy research. We describe herein some of our current research and its projections toward surface-related properties improvement.

Approaches to multi-element analysis of metals using optical atomic spectroscopy

Optical atomic emission techniques available to the spectrochemist for control and research in metallurgy include the spark source, the d.c. are source, the glow discharge lamp, hollow cathode discharges, lasers and ICP and DC coupled plasmas. Of these techniques mainly developments using the spark and d.c. are techniques are reviewed.