Scientific Literature Research Articles

Tobacco Heating System: a Scientific Review of the Scientific Literature on Aerosol Composition

Regulation of the concentration of toxic substances derived from tobacco products is carried out to reduce the incidence of deaths and diseases caused by the use of tobacco cigarettes, as well as to decrease attractiveness, addiction, and toxicity. In this context, modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) have been developed to provide alternative products that have the potential to reduce the risk and harm to the population when compared to smoking conventional cigarettes. One example of an MRTP is the Tobacco Heating System (THS2.2), which, unlike conventional cigarettes, heats the tobacco instead of burning it, producing a significantly reduced amount of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs). To review the data on the content of HPHCs in the aerosols and smoke of conventional cigarettes and those of the THS2.2 type, a critical review of scientific publications in this field was conducted from January 2015 to May 2022. The selection of scientific publications from open sources was carried out from the Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, MedLine databases, and others. A similar analysis was carried out on the information already available on the websites of Philip Morris International (PMI), Elsevier, Springer, and other relevant web resources that include information on the use of the THS2.2. After conducting a comprehensive analysis of results from both independent and industry-sponsored studies, it was noted that HPHCs are not completely eliminated from the aerosol produced by heated tobacco products (HTPs). However, the levels of these HPHCs from the PMI List of 58 Constituents (PMI-58 list) are consistently lower and significantly reduced when compared to the mainstream smoke emitted by conventional cigarettes. This suggests that while HTPs present reduced emissions of toxicants in comparison, they are not completely free from risks.

Information Literacy of University Teachers: Bibliometric Analysis with Scopus 1998 - 2023

In the context of rapid developments in information technology, the need to enhance information literacy for students and lecturers in higher education institutions has become increasingly urgent. To effectively utilize various resources and online learning tools, and engage in scientific research activities, it is essential to equip individuals with adequate professional knowledge and information skills. The primary objective of this study is to explore the evolution of scientific publications regarding the quantity, development models, and research trends related to information literacy for university lecturers. We employed bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software and RStudio integrated with Biblioshiny to evaluate 279 articles (comprising 231 journal articles, 25 conference papers, 17 book chapters, and six books) indexed in Scopus published from 1998 to 2023. The key findings reveal that the years 2021 and 2022 saw a notable surge in research (accounting for 23.7%). The study identifies the most prominent journals publishing case studies on digital technology in education, all of which are of high quality and rank highly within Scopus categories. Furthermore, the research highlights the distribution and trends of keywords, identifying the most influential countries and organizations in the field. Furthermore, the research highlights the distribution and trends of keywords, identifying the most influential countries and organizations in the field.

Editors' Selections from Relevant Scientific Publications.

Editors' Selections from Relevant Scientific Publications.

The Use of Learning Media to Improve Student Learning Outcomes at Elementary Schools

Learning media is a tool that can be used by teachers in the learning process to create learning that is interesting and easier to understand in accordance with learning objectives, there are lots of learning media that can be used both from the environment and from factory-made. This article aims to examine the use of appropriate learning media to improve student learning outcomes at the elementary school (SD) level. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research literature review method. The data collection technique uses documentation techniques obtained from various sources which include scientific articles, books and so on which are considered relevant to this research, which are then analyzed using content analysis techniques. The results showed that student learning outcomes were influenced by the use of media in learning, there are many benefits in using learning media, namely learning will be more interesting, the material taught is easier for students to understand.

Acts Against the Law in the Field of Investment in Indonesia

The world of investment involves several aspects, both financial and non-financial. It is not uncommon for investments between countries to involve government officials who, in certain cases, commit acts of abuse of power. The act in question in this case will be explored in the theory of Economic Analysis of Law and also as regulated in Article 1365 of the Civil Code. The research metode involves literature research conducted through a literature review. This study finds that the implementation of Legal Quality Audit in the field of investment is an appropriate strategy because it can be carried out at the pre-investment stage, investment execution stage, and investment accountability stage. With Legal Quality Audit, the potential for unlawful acts in investment can be detected, from the pre-investment phase to the conclusion of the investment agreement. There are also two important aspects of which are Concept (philosophical foundation) and Parameter (quantitative aspect). It leads to the Legal Quality Audit System, which measures multidisciplinary quality parameters. Also, The Legal Quality Audit can be applied at various stages of investment to detect potential unlawful acts, ensuring reliability, customer satisfaction, and adherence to legal obligations.

The Imitation of Christ as a Model for Physician Wellness.

Physician burnout, studied for over fifty years in scientific literature, has been shown to negatively affect physician health, patient care, and the healthcare system. While various commendable systemic and individualistic approaches have been described and actively implemented to minimize burnout, it is important to also consider approaches to maximize physician wellness. For the Catholic physician, the ultimate model of wellness is Jesus Christ, the Divine Physician. In this article, we propose that the physician can follow the spiritual progress model of wellness presented in The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis to address burnout.

Validity of a User-Friendly Spreadsheet Designed for an In-Depth Analysis of Countermovement Bipodal Jumps

Countermovement bipodal jumps (CMJs), are widely used for health and performance assessment, but the software required for such analyses is often costly. The study aim was to examine the validity of an Excel/VBA spreadsheet for comprehensive CMJ kinetic analysis. The outcomes have been informed from scientific literature, and the spreadsheet includes modules for data filtering and photogrammetric analysis. To evaluate its validity, 21 participants performed CMJs on a dual force platform system, and the primary outcomes were compared with those derived from prestigious software (MARS 4.0). When jump height was calculated based on take-off speed and flight time the Mean Absolute Errors were 1.79 and 0.69 cm and the minimal detectable changes (MCD) were 1.28 and 0.16 cm. For the propulsive impulse, the error was 5.5 N · s and the MCD was 5.41 N · s. The intraclass correlations were 0.932 (0.902–0.953), 0.984 (0.977–0.989), and 0.940 (0.914–0.959), respectively, demonstrating a strong relationship, and residuals exhibited homoscedasticity. Considering the variability reported in previous studies for intra- and inter-subject comparisons, these errors are minimal, highlighting the spreadsheet’s sensitivity. With its exhaustive analytical capabilities and customizable features, this template serves as a valuable tool for trainers, physiotherapists, and academic teaching settings.

LITERATURE REVIEW: PREJUDICE TERHADAP K-POPERS DI INDONESIA

In Indonesia, the growth rate of kpop is very rapid, notinfrequently boy band and girl band fans often have negativeassumptions from society. Where it tends to be viewednegatively and stereotyped as a fanatic, obsessive, hysterical,crazy, and consumptive figure. Based on previous research, noone has explained the background of the phenomenon ofpeople's views on kpopers specifically. Therefore, thisresearcher aims to find out how prejudice against kpopers inIndonesian society can arise and find out how to reduce theprejudice. The research method used is the literature studymethod. Literature searches are carried out by accessingelectronic databases online from Pubmed, Google Scholar,science direct, and other reading sources. for the selection ofjournals the author tries to classify based on the last 10 years,and the suitability of the information needed. So that the totalliterature that the author uses is 8 scientific literature consistingof books and journals. Based on the results of 8 literatureobtained information about the definition of prejudice, thesource of prejudice and how to reduce prejudice. It can beconcluded that prejudice is part of the affective or emotionalcomponent that forms a negative attitude or form of Intergrouprelations. Prejudice itself is always closely related toStereotypes and also Discrimination. Then in overcoming orreducing prejudice can be done by increasing contact fromother groups, building cooperation and interdependence,shifting stereotypes on groups with an exception, providingmulticultural education.

Mathematical optimisation model for searching duplicate string objects in the memory snapshot

The purpose of this paper is to identify the increased memory usage of software appli-cations. The modern software development cycle focuses on functionality and often ignores aspects of optimal resource usage. Limited physical scaling sets an upper limit on the system's capacity to process requests. The presence of unchanged objects with the same information is a sign of increased memory consumption. Avoiding duplicate objects in memory allows for a more rational use of the existing resource and an increase in the amount of information proc-essed. Existing scientific publications focus on the study of memory leakage problems, and limit their attention to excessive memory usage due to the lack of a unified model for finding excessive memory usage. It is worth noting that existing programming templates contain the ‘object pool’ template, but leave the conclusion about the feasibility of its implementation to engineers without providing a mathematical basis. The paper presents the development of a mathematical model for the process of detecting duplicate objects with the immutability prop-erty of the String type in a memory snapshot. Industrial systems that require hundreds of GB of RAM to operate and contain millions of objects in RAM are analysed. Given this scale of data, there is a need to optimise the duplicate detection process. The research method is to analyse memory snapshots of highly loaded systems using the software code developed on .NET technology and the ClrMD library. The memory snapshot reflects the state of the proc-ess under study at a given time, contains all objects, threads and operations performed. The ClrMD library allows you to programmatically examine objects, their types, get field values, and build graphs of relationships between objects. Based on the results of the study, an opti-misation was proposed that allows to speed up the process of finding duplicates several times. The scientific contribution of the study is the creation of a mathematically sound approach that significantly reduces the use of memory resources and optimises computing processes. The practical usefulness of the model is confirmed by the optimisation results achieved through the recommendations, reduced hosting costs (which provides greater cost-effectiveness in the deployment and use of software systems in industrial environments), and increased data processing.

Multi-criterion modeling in the conditions of non-homogeneous data uncertainty in the V. Skalozub papers

The problems of solving multi-criteria modeling tasks in conditions of heterogeneous data uncertainty are characteristic and relevant for many areas, in particular, transport and logistics, medical, and economic. This paper summarizes the approaches to solving these ar-eas tasks, including cases for data obtained during monitoring with uneven and unclear inter-vals. All the considered approaches were created under the guidance and with the direct par-ticipation of prof. Skalozub V. V. The author's team, with his participation, illustrated exam-ples of the use of models in the tasks of organizing multi-symbol sequences in transport (for-mation-dismantling of trains, order processing) and in the analysis and forecasting of states/events based on data on diabetes diseases. In this paper, the main approaches to modeling in conditions of heterogeneous data un-certainty based on multi-layer constructive-synthesizing, separable and relational-separable models are highlighted. Multi-layer constructive-synthesizing became new branch of develop constructive-synthesizing modeling. Their practical value currently lies in the possibility of obtaining a new form of implementation of the specified technological processes of railway transport. In the future, they can be applied to tasks that require step-by-step data processing with a clear demarcation of the relevant operations. The obtained results can be used for further development of the proposed ideas and ap-proaches. It is promising to develop the identified approaches, including by combining them, as well as supplementing constructive-production models with a formalized description of con-structive elements, including input data, by ontological means. The paper contains information about the figure and scientific work of V. Skalozub.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF TASK PRIORITIZATION LISTS ON THE POTENTIAL FOR AVOIDING ANOMALIES IN TASK SCHEDULING

This paper addresses relevant issues related to the anomalous deterioration in objective function values when attempting to improve the initial parameters in one of the discrete optimization problems. The primary focus is on investigating the conditions under which it is possible to prevent the occurrence of such anomalies. Contemporary scientific works devoted to schedule optimization and task prioritization management, particularly for location-allocation problems arising in the fields of computer science, engineering, and operations research, are reviewed. A priority dynamic redistribution algorithm is proposed, which al-lows minimizing delays and ensuring efficient resource utilization during parallel task execu-tion. An example of applying the algorithm is provided, and its effectiveness in preventing anomalies.

Advanced Practice Nurses' Roles and Responsibilities in Advance Care Planning for Older Persons-A Mixed Methods Systematic Review.

To systematically identify, evaluate and synthesise the research literature about (a) the roles and responsibilities of advanced practice nurses (APNs) in the context of advance care planning (ACP) for older persons, (b) the characteristics of APNs' ACP practices and (c) the facilitators and barriers influencing APNs' involvement in ACP. Mixed-methods systematic review. Followed the mixed methods systematic review guidelines outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Three researchers independently screened studies for eligibility using the Covidence Screening Application. The screening involved two stages: titles and abstracts, followed by full-text evaluation. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for quality assessment. A convergent integrated synthesis combined quantitative and qualitative data by 'qualitising' quantitative findings into text, enabling integration and thematic analysis to synthesise the results. Medline, CINAHL and Embase were searched from 2012 to 2024 for original research in English, focusing on APNs involved in ACP for individuals aged 65 or older, using qualitative, quantitative or mixed method designs. The review included 19 studies: seven qualitative, nine quantitative and three mixed method designs. Thematic analysis revealed that APNs play a key role in ACP, aligning care with patient preferences through discussions and documentation. Studies from the United States (12), United Kingdom (4), Canada (2) and Australia (1) show varying APN roles and responsibilities. APNs are crucial to ACP, but barriers limit their impact. Overcoming these is key to improving outcomes. APNs clinical expertise and close patient relationships are crucial for aligning care with patient preferences and needs in ACP. However, to fully maximise their contribution, it is essential to overcome barriers such as time constraints, lack of role recognition and insufficient training. Addressing these challenges will enhance the effectiveness of APNs in providing person-centred care. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. No patient or public contribution.

The Attitudes of the General Student Body Toward Gifted Students and Gifted Education: Attitude Profiles and Predictors

ABSTRACTIn this study, an investigation was conducted into the nature of the attitudes of the general student body (comprising all students) toward gifted students and gifted education, along with the predictors of such attitudes. For this purpose, survey data were collected from 400 secondary students enrolled in a faith‐based school system in Australia. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, latent class analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Among the study findings were: (a) student attitudes toward gifted students and gifted education exist along two dimensions (i.e., support for gifted student adaptations and perceptions of non‐elitism), (b) students may be classified into three groups with distinct attitude profiles that differ from one another along these two dimensions (i.e., strong supporters of gifted students/gifted education, students with neutral attitudes toward gifted students/gifted education and non‐supporters of gifted students/gifted education, comprising 13%, 82%, and 5% of students respectively), and (c) the key predictors of student attitudes are school administrative support, academic impact, respect for authority, knowledge of giftedness and contact with gifted persons. The contributions of the study to the research literature are discussed.

CO2e Life-Cycle Assessment: Twin Comparison of Battery–Electric and Diesel Heavy-Duty Tractor Units with Real-World Data

In 2023, the EU set the target to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 55% until 2030 compared to 1990. The European Transport Policy sees battery–electric vehicles as a key technology to decarbonize the transport sector, so governments support the adoption through dedicated funding programs. Battery–electric trucks hold great potential to decarbonize the transport sector, especially for high-impact, heavy-duty trucks. Theoretical life-cycle assessments (LCA) predict a lower CO2e emission impact from battery–electric trucks compared to conventional diesel trucks. Yet, one concern repeatedly mentioned by potential users is the doubt about the ecological advantage of battery–electric vehicles. This is rooted in the problem of a much higher CO2e impact of the lithium-ion batteries production process. As heavy-duty trucks have a much larger battery, the hypothec in the construction phase of the vehicle is significantly higher, which must be regained during the use phase. Although theoretical assessments exist, CO2e evaluations using real-world application data are almost nonexistent, as the technology is at the very start of the adoption curve. Exemplary is the fact that there were only 72 registered battery–electric heavy-duty tractor trucks throughout the whole of Germany at the start of 2023. This paper aims to deliver one of the first real-world quantifications using operational data for the actual reduction impact of battery–electric heavy-duty trucks compared to diesel trucks. This study uses the methodology of the life-cycle assessment approach according to ISO 14040/14044 to gain a systematic and holistic technology comparison. For this LCA, the system boundaries are considered from cradle to cradle. This includes the production of raw materials and energy, the manufacturing of the trucks, the use phase, and the recycling afterward. The research objects of this study are battery–electric and diesel Volvo FM trucks, which have been in use by the German freight company Nord-Spedition GmbH since May 2023. The GREET® database is used to assess the emission impact of the material production and manufacturing process. The Volvo tractor trucks resemble a critical case, as the vehicles have a battery size of 540 kWh—around 11 times larger than a usual passenger car. The operation data is directly provided by the logistics company to observe fuel/electricity consumption. Other factors are assessed through company interviews as well as a wide literature research. Finally, a large question mark concerning total emissions lies in the cradle-to-cradle capabilities of large-scale lithium-ion batteries and the electricity grid mix. Different scenarios are being considered to assess potential disposal or recycling paths as well as different electricity grid developments and their impact on the overall balance. The findings estimate the total emissions reduction potential to range between 34% and 69%, varying with assumptions on the electricity grid transition and recycling opportunities. This study displays one of the first successful early-stage integrations of battery–electric heavy-duty trucks into the daily operation of a freight company and can be used to showcase the ecological advantage of the technology.

Seaweed-Based Bioplastics: Data Mining Ingredient–Property Relations from the Scientific Literature

Automated analysis of the scientific literature using natural language processing (NLP) can accelerate the identification of potentially unexplored formulations that enable innovations in materials engineering with fewer experimentation and testing cycles. This strategy has been successful for specific classes of inorganic materials, but their general application in broader material domains such as bioplastics remains challenging. To begin addressing this gap, we explore correlations between the ingredients and physicochemical properties of seaweed-based biofilms from a corpus of 2000 article abstracts from the scientific literature since 1958, using a supervised word co-occurrence analysis and an unsupervised approach based on the language model MatBERT without fine-tuning. Using known relations between ingredients and properties for test scenarios, we discuss the potential and limitations of these NLP approaches for identifying novel combinations of polysaccharides, plasticizers, and additives that are related to the functionality of seaweed biofilms. The model demonstrates a valuable predictive ability to identify ingredients associated with increased water vapor permeability, suggesting its potential utility in optimizing formulations for future research. Using the model further revealed alternative combinations that are underrepresented in the literature. This automated method facilitates the mapping of relationships between ingredients and properties, guiding the development of seaweed bioplastic formulations. The unstructured and heterogeneous nature of the literature on bioplastics represents a particular challenge that demands ad hoc fine-tuning strategies for state-of-the-art language models for advancing the field of seaweed bioplastics.

Trends in Specific Family Refusals for Pediatric Organ and Tissue Donation: A Cross-Sectional Study.

When a family decides to donate the organs or tissues of their child with brain death, it is necessary to consider which organs or tissues will be donated. This phenomenon presents an ethical dilemma that is underexplored in the scientific literature, making it essential to examine this context to understand how refusals occur within donations. To analyze the rates and trends of specific refusals for each organ and tissue from pediatric donors with brain death occurring between 2001 and 2020 in an Organ Procurement Organization in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, exploratory, retrospective, quantitative study. Data were derived from a database consisting of copies of organ and tissue donation authorization forms, organized, and subjected to descriptive and inferential analyses. This study adhered to international ethical guidelines. Data from 109 real donors were analyzed. The bones, skin, and blood vessels had the highest refusal rates among tissues, as well as the pancreas and lungs for solid organs. Most organs and tissues showed a decreasing refusal trend except for the corneas, liver, and kidneys, which exhibited a stationary trend. This study illustrates the refusals within real donations, with high refusal rates for tissues compared to solid organs.

Is trauma associated with plant-based diet choice?

Examinations of links between plant-based diets (e.g., vegetarian and vegan diets) and indices of physical and mental health have received increased attention in the scientific literature in recent years. However, there has been little to no published research examining predictors of plant-based diet choice. Researchers have suggested that plant-based diets could be linked to trauma for a variety of reasons, including the idea that trauma can increase the risk for mental illnesses, and plant-based diets may be adopted to self-medicate mental illness and promote recovery. The current study examined the link between trauma across the lifespan and experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) with adherence to a plant-based diet. Participants were a nationally representative United States sample of 1665 individuals who completed self-report questionnaires. Consistent with hypotheses, bivariate correlations indicated that all measures of trauma were associated with an increased likelihood of being plant-based. Findings from a logistic regression analysis indicated those with a history of IPV were 2.31 times more likely to be plant-based, and those with any experience of trauma more broadly were 1.09 times more likely to be plant-based. These results suggest the importance of considering the role of trauma and victimization when examining links between plant-based diet and other outcomes and point to a number of possible avenues for additional investigation to better understand these associations.

Relativistic and semi-theoretical calculations of K-shell to L-shell/subshell vacancy transfer probabilities

In this study, we use the relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock method (MCFD) to compute the probabilities of radiative and radiationless vacancy transfer from K- to L1-, L2-, and L3− subshells in 16S, 18Ar, 22Ti, 29Cu, 30Zn, 32Ge, 33As, 34Se, 36Kr, 40Zr, 48Cd, 50Sn, 52Te, 80Hg, 83Bi, and 86Rn atoms. Semi-theoretical calculations for elements within the atomic range of 18 ≤ Z ≤ 96 (18Ar to 96Cm) were also conducted, leveraging available data on radiative and radiationless transitions from the scientific literature. The theoretical calculation results aligned well with the values calculated semi-theoretically and with other published works. However, some notable differences were identified.

The Company's Responsibility Regarding Unilated Termination That Impact On Workers' Rights Is Reviewed From Law No. 6 of 2023 Concerning Job Creation

Layoffs refer to the termination of the employment relationship between employers and workers, which can occur for various reasons. When an employment contract ends due to the expiration of the agreed-upon term, it typically does not cause problems for either party, as both are aware of the end date and can prepare for the change. However, layoffs resulting from disruptions or unforeseen circumstances have a significant impact on both parties, especially workers, who often hold a weaker economic position compared to employers. A key element of legal protection against unilateral layoffs is the presence of an effective conflict resolution mechanism. This study aims to examine the responsibility of companies in unilaterally terminating employees, focusing on their obligation to provide workers' rights and the implementation of these provisions under Law No. 6 of 2023. The research utilizes a normative legal approach with a focus on statutory regulations. Legal sources include the Employment Law as primary material, scientific literature and books as secondary sources, and dictionaries as tertiary materials. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively, drawing on theoretical studies involving legal principles, concepts, and rules.

A cyanobacterial outbreak in Lake Avernus: Targeted and untargeted analyses and follow up actions for food safety.

A massive Planktothrix rubescens bloom was observed during 2022 in the Lake Avernus, a volcanic lake located in Campania Region (Southern Italy). The cyanobacterial mass migrated, through a channel, to the near Gulf of Pozzuoli, causing the contamination of two marine sites dedicated to mussel farming, thus posing a potential risk for consumers' health. Mussel and water samples, from both the sea and the lake were collected weekly and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, for identification and quantification of 10 microcystins. Moreover, the samples were analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry in untargeted mode to determine other cyanotoxins basing on the accurate mass of the precursor ions and their MS/MS spectra. The microcystins were not detected at all, whereas other bioactive peptides, such as anabaenopeptins and oscillamide Y, were detected according to the toxicological profiles described for Planktothrix rubescens in the scientific literature. The case reported represents a modern approach for rapid characterization of some environmental outbreaks, as well as an example regarding how the public Health Authority can manage the possible risk for food safety, due to unknown substances and to enforce legal follow up actions.