Research, Development And Innovation Research Articles

Strategic ambitions of external RDI funding in Finnish universities of applied sciences

ABSTRACT This article explores the strategic external funding goals and plans of action of Finnish universities of applied sciences (UASs) as articulated in their institutional strategies using the ecology-of-games metaphor. UASs are pressured to expand external funding sources compared to their previous student number-based funding history. The UASs’ institutional strategies reveal the objectives and actions to acquire external RDI (research, development and innovation) funding and potential externalities. UASs underscore cooperation, partnerships and expanding RDI and institutional images. Few UASs set goals for specific funding sources; instead, UASs’ strategies demonstrate commitment to their public RDI mission. UASs’ unique internal features are not prominently reflected in external funding goals and plans of actions. This study suggests that UASs’ strategies significantly align with the government’s core funding formula and implemented public funding cuts. Global pressures and increased performance competition have even led to new ownership structures, where traditional universities primarily own UASs in five cases. This introduces a new dynamic to Finnish universities and UASs, with implications for both sectors. This study’s main contribution is its conceptualisation of multiple strategic external funding goals and plans of action in Finnish UASs’ governance and funding contexts.

The role of the support of top management in gender equality outcomes in higher education and research

In the past decade, there has been increasing attention globally to the institutionalisation of diversity management practices in research, development and innovation (RDI) organisations, as well as the necessity of addressing more effectively various forms of discrimination and inequalities, especially agendas of gender inequality. Although there is extensive research on the different forms, levels, and reasons for gender inequality in RDI organisations, relatively little research has examined how top management members perceive the importance of the former. Our research examines how gender equality outcomes might differ for higher education and research-performing organisations in Hungary when top management strategically supports gender equality. For this purpose, we use –among the indicators by which the European Union (EU) measures progress related to achieving Sustainable Developmental Goal #5 on Gender Equality– the gender employment gap, the gender pay gap, and positions held by women in senior management. We applied a quantitative approach, using an online questionnaire to survey forty-eight higher education institutions and research centres. Our findings build on a comparison of two subsamples; the first in which top management attributes strategic importance to gender equality, and the second in which this strategic approach is lacking. The results show that the «strategic» subsample can primarily be differentiated from the «non-strategic» subsample due to the former’s implementation of significantly more gender equality initiatives at the individual and cultural levels. Concerning initiatives on the structural and organisational level, no significant difference could be found. Furthermore, while a positive linear relationship was found between the number of gender equality practices and the number of positive gender equality outcomes, comparing gender equality outcomes in the two subsamples in more detail indicated fewer significant differences.

Public funding and Innovation – NITEC: The Portuguese case

The topic of innovation and of economic development is unavoidable in national and international policies, as those are also fundamental to the daily life of firms and universities, as well as for each one of us as an element of change. To modern economies, innovation is crucial for the firms’ performance. Therefore, governmental entities have built and endorsed initiatives and programs to promote innovation in firms. The European Innovation Scoreboard (European Commission, 2022) states that EU Innovation performance has increased by “about 10%-points since 2015 and there has been noticeable progress in the EU’s global position”. Public funding is ultimately a political instrument to increase the number of resources allocated to innovation activities. Financial subsidies have been the main instrument used by most of OECD countries to stimulate research and development activities (Gonsáles & Pasó, 2008). In this sense the aim of this paper is to understand what the outputs of an innovation incentive instrument in Portuguese firms were, considering internal innovation processes. Moreover, after the pandemic crisis, innovation became even more a critical topic, since the technological transformation has accelerated and from those derived transformations in human capital, technology, and technological access, to name a few. According to the Global Competitiveness Report 2020 countries should “expand public investments in R&D”, as well as “create incentives that favour patient investments in research, innovation and invention” (Schwab, Klaus, Sahidi, 2020, p.6). It is important to consider the impact of political strategies and orientations have on the promotion of firms’ innovation capacity and the way it is translated into innovation. In the scope of this study, it was select an incentive program to innovation, translated into the establishment of research and technologic development nuclei (NITEC- Núcleos de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico – NITEC) on firms. This paper attempts to highlight the need to different and more qualitative approaches on the impact of public funding on innovation in private firms. It investigates the Portuguese case, since it was here that the RDI (research, development and innovation) norm was created and has a direct link with public funding strategies.

FAIR environmental and health registry (FAIREHR)- supporting the science to policy interface and life science research, development and innovation.

The environmental impact on health is an inevitable by-product of human activity. Environmental health sciences is a multidisciplinary field addressing complex issues on how people are exposed to hazardous chemicals that can potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generations. Exposure sciences and environmental epidemiology are becoming increasingly data-driven and their efficiency and effectiveness can significantly improve by implementing the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) principles for scientific data management and stewardship. This will enable data integration, interoperability and (re)use while also facilitating the use of new and powerful analytical tools such as artificial intelligence and machine learning in the benefit of public health policy, and research, development and innovation (RDI). Early research planning is critical to ensuring data is FAIR at the outset. This entails a well-informed and planned strategy concerning the identification of appropriate data and metadata to be gathered, along with established procedures for their collection, documentation, and management. Furthermore, suitable approaches must be implemented to evaluate and ensure the quality of the data. Therefore, the 'Europe Regional Chapter of the International Society of Exposure Science' (ISES Europe) human biomonitoring working group (ISES Europe HBM WG) proposes the development of a FAIR Environment and health registry (FAIREHR) (hereafter FAIREHR). FAIR Environment and health registry offers preregistration of studies on exposure sciences and environmental epidemiology using HBM (as a starting point) across all areas of environmental and occupational health globally. The registry is proposed to receive a dedicated web-based interface, to be electronically searchable and to be available to all relevant data providers, users and stakeholders. Planned Human biomonitoring studies would ideally be registered before formal recruitment of study participants. The resulting FAIREHR would contain public records of metadata such as study design, data management, an audit trail of major changes to planned methods, details of when the study will be completed, and links to resulting publications and data repositories when provided by the authors. The FAIREHR would function as an integrated platform designed to cater to the needs of scientists, companies, publishers, and policymakers by providing user-friendly features. The implementation of FAIREHR is expected to yield significant benefits in terms of enabling more effective utilization of human biomonitoring (HBM) data.

Setting out a path to the future

There are significant concerns about current UK activity in Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) We should build on current structures – ‘revolution through evolution’ UK investment is well below the OECD average More focus needs to be placed on full funding costs Permeability between different research institutes should be increased.

The geography of innovation in times of crisis: a comparison of rural and urban RDI patterns during COVID-19

ABSTRACT There is an evident research gap in the literature on the geography of innovation: very little is known about the innovation activities of rural enterprises in times of crisis. The topic is addressed here by analysing space–time differences in the receipt of research, development and innovation (RDI) funding by Finnish firms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic as a major economic shock. Using firm- and municipal-level panel regression analyses, the main goal was to identify key differences and temporal changes in RDI funding patterns across different region types. The empirical results show that firms located in urban regions have been generally more successful in applying for competitive public RDI funding than firms located in rural regions, but that rural firms have caught up to their urban counterparts during the COVID-19 pandemic. This narrowing of the rural–urban RDI funding gap (1) shows that easy and flexible access to RDI funding during the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be especially attractive for small rural enterprises, (2) points to the strategic flexibility of small rural enterprises in times of crisis, and (3) indicates that the innovation capacity of these firms/regions is more resilient to economic shocks than typically thought.

Does Smart Specialisation improve innovation subsidy effect on regional productivity? The Portuguese case

ABSTRACT Smart Specialisation is a place-based approach to innovation policy that underpins a significant amount of European Union funding. Following more than six years of implementation, this paper contributes to the evaluation of the Smart Specialisation approach based on the case of Portugal. This is done using the country’s main instrument to support corporate Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) that was launched in 2007 and adapted to accommodate Smart Specialisation in 2014. Using aggregate corporate data at NUTS 3 level from 2008 to 2018 and spatial econometric analysis, the results display a positive effect on regional productivity from the RDI subsidies over the two programming periods under analysis (2007 to 2013 and 2014 to 2020), and a higher return of subsidies in the second period, suggesting that Smart Specialisation was able to generate an additional effect. We also found that Smart Specialisation has only been able to generate this additional effect in regional productivity when the Research & Development funding instrument is combined with other types of innovation subsidies.

WORLD MILITARY HIGH-TECH COMPETITION TO IMPLEMENT THE MOSAIC WARFARE CONCEPT

There is a fierce struggle worldwide to seize and dominate the international high-tech market. This struggle fits perfectly into the political disputes over the new post-pandemic world order, where competition between the great powers is becoming more and more acute. Recently, research, development and innovation (RDI) in the military field has become particularly important by accepting the increase in funds allocated to 20% of defence budgets. This fact is also reflected in the civilian field, through the importance that all developed countries, including the European Union and Romania, attach to digitization at national level. And dual-use RDI products are the most sought-after in the global high-tech market. As a result, this paper is intended to continue to present the recent progress made in the RDI, in terms of developing the capabilities for the future Mosaic Warfare, in the light of the competition for global and regional power.

A case for establishment of the Ferrous Materials Development Network (FMDN) in South Africa

South Africa is known to be one of the mineral endowed countries in the world, bearing large quantities of iron, chrome, manganese and vanadium reserves that are key to iron and steel industries. It is thus vital to leverage on this natural resource endowment to build a dynamic industrial economy capable of creating sustainable jobs. Central to achieving this goal is the need to derive greater economic value from these natural resources, which will reduce import levels and create export opportunities. Currently, however, the local iron and steel industry is forced to navigate some of the known challenges such as the cost of energy, transportation, labour and steel, in order to remain competitive and operational. These matters which hamper the realization of beneficiation aspirations do not only have a huge impact on the downstream value-adding steel industry but also make the cost of doing business in SA unattractive. Consequently, based on its capability, relevancy and experience in supporting the iron and steel sector for many years, Mintek has been entrusted with the responsibility to host the Ferrous Materials Development Network (FMDN) by government through advanced materials initiative (AMI) programme to coordinate research on ferrous materials in the country. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the need for interdependent research activities in ferrous materials in South Africa, which is underpinned by collaborative research, development and innovation (RDI) efforts between science councils, academia and industry. These activities are aimed at generating local know how, fostering local and international collaboration, development of human capital (HCD), supporting job creation through beneficiation, identification of relevant advanced technologies to improve competitiveness, localization of designated castings, design and development of new ferrous materials with enhanced properties to enable access to niche export markets as well as improving local capability to produce high-end ferrous products for critical sectors of the economy such as petrochemical, energy generation, transportation, mining, etc.

Lessons Learned from Developing an Industry 4.0 Mobile Process Management System Supported by Artificial Intelligence

Research, development and innovation (RDI) projects are undertaken in order to improve existing, or develop new, more efficient products and services. Moreover, the goal of innovation is to produce new knowledge through research, and disseminating it through education and training. In this line of thinking, this paper reports and discusses the lessons learned from the undertaken project, regarding three areas: machine learning (artificial intelligence), computational intelligence, and database management systems (DBMS). As nowadays, a numerous of the RDI projects are oriented towards the development of dataintensive solutions, the authors are confident that these lessons will be valuable not only for data engineers, but also for those researchers and practitioners who are dealing with the issues related to building and validating machine learning models, applications of moving averages to high-frequency data streams, and the implementation and deployment of DBMS.

Ecological cleaning of PV panels by exploitation of dew water in Morocco

This work presents an ecological solution for cleaning of photovoltaic (PV) modules and a continuity of our first experience. It consists on using the dew water formed on the surface of the front glass. The study site is in Rabat city in the Northwest of Morocco, at the RDI (Research, Development and Innovation) Solar Energy Platform of ENS. In order to examine the effect of the angle change combined with the formation of dew water, and consequently on the cleaning of PV modules, systematic measurements of soiling ratio were made. The experiments were performed on glass plates that were exposed in real outdoor conditions. The soiling ratio was calculated by measuring the transmitted and received irradiance by the glass. At approximately sunrise, the subsequent permutation of the glass from the horizontal position to a 30° tilt angle promotes the dew droplets flow. The efficiency of cleaning is then investigated. A comparison of the soiling losses of fixed glass and variable glass with dew water flow was presented. It was found that the soiling losses for fixed glass averaged 9.3% during the exposure period while variable glass only marked 3.3%. In other words, the losses due to soiling for the fixed glass generate three times the losses compared to a variable glass with cleaning using dew water.

Business as usual? Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to research, development and innovation (RDI) activities of universities of applied sciences

Universities of applied sciences (UAS) have a strong mandate to carry out research, development and innovation (RDI) activities in collaboration with local stakeholders. Geographical proximity is one of the key factors for the creation and success of RDI activities because of the positive balance between costs and benefits of local knowledge transfer, but they also depend on the networks of individual staff members. This paper aims to explore how maintaining and developing purpose-built and individual RDI partnerships during the COVID-19 pandemic has been managed. An enhanced conceptual framework for assessing contextual dimensions of the RDI activities beyond academic entrepreneurship as business ventures has been developed. The paper focuses on a single case study drawing on semi-structured research interviews investigating how the swap to remote working have affected RDI activities at Tampere University of Applied Sciences, one of the biggest UAS in Finland with intense regional linkages. The contribution of the study is twofold; firstly, the paper introduces an expanded theoretical approach for assessing the external and internal factors having an impact on the RDI activities beyond academic entrepreneurship. Secondly, by testing the proposed framework, it shares insights and good practices derived from empirical evidence, namely binary data and semi-structured interviews revealing experiences of RDI personnel and project managers involved with different phases of RDI process, for optimising high-quality innovation support, knowledge transfer activities and co-creation of new knowledge in exceptional circumstances.

A Review on Nanopesticides for Plant Protection Synthesized Using the Supramolecular Chemistry of Layered Hydroxide Hosts.

Simple SummaryNanoscience and nanotechnology offer a new life for conventional pesticides with superior qualities by virtue of the physicochemical properties of the nanosized materials. These properties will improve bioavailability through different kinetics, mechanisms and pathways on their target organisms; enabling them to properly bypass biological and other unwanted resistances and therefore increase plant disease control efficacy. Inorganic two-dimensional (2D) layered hydroxides and layered double hydroxides were used as hosts, to act as functional nanocarriers for the delivery of various pesticides in combating various pests and diseases, in order to aid plant protection. This leads toward a new generation of more effective agrochemicals which are safe to life, humans and the environment.The rapid growth in the human population has triggered increased demand for food supply, and in turn has prompted a higher amount of agrochemical usage to meet the gaps between food production and consumption. The problem with conventional agro-nanochemicals is the reduced effectiveness of the active ingredient in reaching the target, along with leaching, evaporation, etc., which ultimately affect the environment and life, including humans. Fortunately, nanotechnology platforms offer a new life for conventional pesticides, which improves bioavailability through different kinetics, mechanisms and pathways on their target organisms, thus enabling them to suitably bypass biological and other unwanted resistances and therefore increase their efficacy. This review is intended to serve the scientific community for research, development and innovation (RDI) purposes, by providing an overview on the current status of the host–guest supramolecular chemistry of nanopesticides, focusing on only the two-dimensional (2D), brucite-like inorganic layered hydroxides, layered hydroxide salts and layered double hydroxides as the functional nanocarriers or as the hosts in smart nanodelivery systems of pesticides for plant protection. Zinc layered hydroxides and zinc/aluminum-layered double hydroxides were found to be the most popular choices of hosts, presumably due to their relative ease to prepare and cheap cost. Other hosts including Mg/Al-, Co/Cr-, Mg/Fe-, Mg/Al/Fe-, Zn/Cr- and Zn/Cu-LDHs were also used. This review also covers various pesticides which were used as the guest active agents using supramolecular host–guest chemistry to combat various pests for plant protection. This looks towards a new generation of agrochemicals, “agro-nanochemicals”, which are more effective, and friendly to life, humans and the environment.

Wicked problems: university research topic convergence despite divergence in local educational and innovation policies

PurposeThis study aims to determine how sustainable development (SD) demands (according to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s (UNECE) SD themes from 2005) are connected to the contents of education, research, development and innovation (RDI) in higher education institutions (HEI). Education and the RDI nexus may affect HEI’s capability to handle SD-related wicked problems and enhance their societal impact.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examined SD-oriented curricula contents of two universities (Brazil and Finland) and counted the number of SD-related research outcomes. In addition, conceptual modelling was used to analyse the mechanisms that may be directing HEIs’ SD work in local innovation.FindingsThe data showed a convergence deviation in the RDI of SD-related subjects between the two HEIs. There was no correlation between SD-oriented education and RDI-work in either HEI. Education and RDI processes have different UNECE SD themes at the focal point, and the education-research nexus is lacking. This difference indicates that new SD-related knowledge produced through RDI was not effectively used in education. Modelling revealed that the convergence in RDI outcomes arose from the same kind of local business, industry and societal challenges, implementing effective stakeholder pressures into HEIs. The results may indicate that stakeholder SD needs were not directly transferred into the competence qualification of the curriculum.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first quantitative study to reveal the independence of universities’ SD-related RDI subjects on educational curricula.

Assessment of research, development and innovation in occupational health and safety in Spain

The evolution of the Spanish Occupational Health and Safety Strategy, within the EU Strategic Framework on Health and Safety at Work 2007–2012 and 2013–2020, highlights the strategic interest in increasing the success rate of research, development and innovation (RDI) projects in this area. This study aims to assess RDI on occupational health and safety being conducted in Spain.To achieve this objective, a Delphi analysis was conducted with eight experts in research and occupational health and safety. The conclusion was that there was insufficient promotion of and support for RDI in occupational health and safety, compared to similar areas such as the environment and quality, and that it must become a research priority to promote new programmes that boost and fund innovative projects in this area. The panel also highlighted that developing these projects in coordination would increase the prospect of obtaining more funding and achieving more ambitious goals.Considering the results obtained, future lines of research that might improve RDI in occupational health and safety are proposed.

Comprehensive evaluation of plastic flows and stocks in South Africa

There is an urgent need to tackle the major challenge of plastic waste, as the increase in production and consumption of plastics is generating higher levels of waste. The South African government formulated a Waste Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Roadmap to facilitate the transition to a circular economy. To support this roadmap, this paper defines the plastic material flows within the country to enable the benchmarking of plastic footprints and to inform the transition to a circular economy. The flows and stocks of plastic were quantified using material flow analysis for a reference year with the most complete and recent data available. The paper presents the first known case of a Sankey diagram for plastic materials in South Africa and pioneers an approach to embed data uncertainty in a Sankey diagram and resource flows. The flow results for 2017 show an estimated 1,350,000 tons of primary plastic (24 kg/capita) and 2,742,970 tons of plastic product (49 kg/capita) were produced in South Africa, about 1,805,780 tons of primary plastic (32 kg/capita) were consumed and 2,247,323 tons (40 kg/capita) of plastic waste were generated. Furthermore, the study identified data and information gaps and underlying assumptions on waste evaluation that need to be revisited, and also proposes a new approach for a comprehensive evaluation of the recycling rate in South Africa.

Odgovorno istraživanje i inovacije (RRI) u Mađarskoj - zapadni model, istočni neliberalni režim i slučaj odložene institucionalne adaptacije

Responsible research and innovation (RRI) is a mode of research, development and innovation (RDI) governance which has proliferated primarily in European states with a tradition and/or culture of participatory and deliberative technology governance. It assumes the existence of open, transparent and accessible policy-making processes, and a culture of responsibility and accountability in government and in the private domain. In Hungary, where RDI is supposed to be the key to economic competitiveness, RRI has never taken root. Examining the regulation of the Hungarian RDI system, it becomes clear that there is a significant degree of institutional incompatibility with the solutions promoted by RRI. More significantly, the contemporary system of government and administration and the prevailing model of policy-making and governance prevent or exclude deliberately the implementation of RRI.

Regional Dimension in Knowledge Production in Hungary

Know­ledge flow is de­scribed by two con­tra­dict­ing the­or­ies. One of them claims that know­ledge can only be put in prac­tice if in ad­di­tion to writ­ten ele­ments, its tacit parts can also be trans­ferred. This is why prox­im­ity and a com­mon cul­ture mat­ter, and RDI (re­search, de­vel­op­ment and in­nov­a­tion) in­tense activ­it­ies tend to spa­tially con­cen­trate. Ac­cord­ing to the other the­ory, gov­ern­mental RDI ex­pendit­ure is a good way to re­duce re­gional gaps. In this paper EU’s Ho­ri­zon 2020 re­search fund­ing frame­work data is ana­lysed and ef­forts are made at de­cid­ing which the­ory is con­firmed by them. Should the lead­ers in in­nov­a­tion have a dif­fer­ent RDI policy than those with poorer RDI res­ults? An over­view is given of the main policy de­bates that form and in­flu­ence na­tional and supra­na­tional re­search, de­vel­op­ment and in­nov­a­tion policy frame­works and sub­sid­ising sys­tems. The cur­rent state of the Hun­garian RDI sec­tor is de­scribed and con­clu­sions are drawn on sub­sid­isa­tion policy in light of the H2020 data.

Spanish Scientific Network for LifeWatch-ERIC, e-Science Infrastructure for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research

The main aim of the development of a Spanish Network of Excellence on Biodiversity is to strengthen the Spanish Scientific Network Community participating in LifeWatch, the E-Science European Infrastructure for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research ERIC (https://www.lifewatch.eu). Through this e-infrastructure several resources and services are provided to the scientific community working on this field (catalogues of virtual labs (VREs), data and services) (https://www.lifewatch.eu/web/guest/catalogue-of-virtual-labs). The LifeWatch ERIC Statutes foresee the creation of National Nodes, which in Spain has been translated into the creation of the Joint Research Unit LifeWatch Spain (JRU - LW.ES) in 2014. This brings together several organizations and institutions carrying out research, development and innovation (RDI) activities in this field. Among others, to date the JRU - LW.ES counts on the participation of Public Research Organizations (Center for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research (CIEMAT), The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), National Institute of Aerospace Technology (INTA)); International Excellence Campus & Universities (ANDALUCIA TECH Universities of Seville and Málaga, Universities of Cantabria, Navarra, Extremadura, Granada, Huelva, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Pablo de Olavide); Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing, Food and Environment (Spanish Inventory for Natural and Biodiversity Heritage, Fundación Biodiversidad, Directorate-General for Water-River Basin Authorities, Green Infrastructure); Technology and Innovation Parks-Institutions (Andalusica Technological Park (PTA), Cartuja93, Technological Institute Galicia (ITG)); Regional and Local Authorities (Junta Andalucía), and Port Authorities (Cartagena, Huelva, Seville). These organizations have expressed their interest in integrating into a network of excellence to promote biodiversity research, addressing major environmental challenges, and supporting knowledge-based strategic solutions for environmental preservation. This scientific network, associated with the e-infrastructure LifeWatch ERIC, aims to bring together the critical mass of resources and experience in the field of biodiversity present within Spain, taking advantage of the information and communication technology (ICT) tools and facilities that offer the necessary infrastructure, operating in synergy with national research plans. In essence, the creation of this network aims to consolidate a focus of excellence in Spain in the field of biodiversity, promoting the implementation of joint European projects and contributing to the objectives set in the LifeWatch ERIC.

Researching learning environments and students’ innovation competences

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an example of pedagogical strategy, called innovation pedagogy, and study whether its learning environments (activating teaching and learning methods, working life orientation and research, development and innovation (RDI) integration, multidisciplinary learning environments, flexible curricula, entrepreneurship and internationalization) can be associated with students’ innovation competences (creativity, critical thinking, initiative, teamwork and networking).Design/methodology/approachIn this case study, the electronic self-assessment questionnaire was distributed to third- and fourth-year bachelor students (n=236) from one Finnish university of applied sciences at the end of the Spring semester in 2017.FindingsTwo profiles of students concerning their level of innovation competences can be identified. The level of students’ innovation competences is associated with all the six elements of learning environments. The more students have experience with learning environments of innovation pedagogy, the higher they scored when assessed for their innovation competences.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the case study setting and a limited sample, there are limitations to the generalizability of the findings.Originality/valueFocusing on different levels of innovation competences of students and approaching their study path in more detail, it could be better understood how to develop more effective education, and thus, respond to the demands of an innovation society. This study extends approaches on research in education and innovation and strengthens the understanding that learning environments should be versatile and include many-sided learning opportunities. It also shows that implementing pedagogical strategy needs lot of work to be revealed in practice.