Abstract
Simple SummaryNanoscience and nanotechnology offer a new life for conventional pesticides with superior qualities by virtue of the physicochemical properties of the nanosized materials. These properties will improve bioavailability through different kinetics, mechanisms and pathways on their target organisms; enabling them to properly bypass biological and other unwanted resistances and therefore increase plant disease control efficacy. Inorganic two-dimensional (2D) layered hydroxides and layered double hydroxides were used as hosts, to act as functional nanocarriers for the delivery of various pesticides in combating various pests and diseases, in order to aid plant protection. This leads toward a new generation of more effective agrochemicals which are safe to life, humans and the environment.The rapid growth in the human population has triggered increased demand for food supply, and in turn has prompted a higher amount of agrochemical usage to meet the gaps between food production and consumption. The problem with conventional agro-nanochemicals is the reduced effectiveness of the active ingredient in reaching the target, along with leaching, evaporation, etc., which ultimately affect the environment and life, including humans. Fortunately, nanotechnology platforms offer a new life for conventional pesticides, which improves bioavailability through different kinetics, mechanisms and pathways on their target organisms, thus enabling them to suitably bypass biological and other unwanted resistances and therefore increase their efficacy. This review is intended to serve the scientific community for research, development and innovation (RDI) purposes, by providing an overview on the current status of the host–guest supramolecular chemistry of nanopesticides, focusing on only the two-dimensional (2D), brucite-like inorganic layered hydroxides, layered hydroxide salts and layered double hydroxides as the functional nanocarriers or as the hosts in smart nanodelivery systems of pesticides for plant protection. Zinc layered hydroxides and zinc/aluminum-layered double hydroxides were found to be the most popular choices of hosts, presumably due to their relative ease to prepare and cheap cost. Other hosts including Mg/Al-, Co/Cr-, Mg/Fe-, Mg/Al/Fe-, Zn/Cr- and Zn/Cu-LDHs were also used. This review also covers various pesticides which were used as the guest active agents using supramolecular host–guest chemistry to combat various pests for plant protection. This looks towards a new generation of agrochemicals, “agro-nanochemicals”, which are more effective, and friendly to life, humans and the environment.
Highlights
Agrochemicals are multi-billion-dollar businesses for both the upstream and downstream agroindustries [1], providing significant employment to the population and providing important solutions in food security and other agro-related industries
Due to the intense development that has been made in this area of RDI, we only focus our review on the layered hydroxides and layered double hydroxides as the hosts and various types of pesticides as the guests or active ingredients (AI)
This review aims to give a general overview of the use of host–guest supramolecular chemistry for the synthesis of fungicide nanodelivery systems, nanopesticides, their advantages and limitations
Summary
Agrochemicals are multi-billion-dollar businesses for both the upstream and downstream agroindustries [1], providing significant employment to the population and providing important solutions in food security and other agro-related industries Attached to these industries are long- and short-term unwanted consequences, such as toxicities to nontarget crops and the users, life and environmental threats due to leaching and uncontrolled applications of the agrochemicals [2,3,4]. The demand for agrochemicals grows year by year due to the direct increase of food demand, which is in turn due to the high population, or due to indirect factors such as climate change, pesticide resistance, etc This can be overcome by producing a new generation of safer agrochemicals which are life, user and environmentally friendly, by understanding their mechanism of actions, dose–cytotoxicity relationship, translocation mechanisms and omics behavior so that the nature of soil–plant–nanoparticle interactions are fully understood [5]. The understanding of nanoscience and nanotechnology enables us to increase agrochemical efficacy and reduce the amount used, reduce the frequency of application, minimize nutrient or active-ingredient losses and improve plant tolerance to various biotic stresses such as drought, heat, and salt [7], and optimize the input–output balance of the agricultural products
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