Rescue Unit Research Articles

Research and justification of the time for conducting operational actions by fire and rescue units to rescue people in a fire

The paper conducts research to determine and justify the total time of rescuing people in a fire in case of threat to their lives. It is established that the total time of rescuing people in a fire consists of the time before the report of the fire, the time of collection and departure of the unit, the time of departure and the time of operational deployment. Which in turn are determined depending on such indicators as the number of fire and rescue units and their location, their tactical capabilities and equipment of fire and rescue vehicles and fire equipment, population density, road coverage, terrain and operational and tactical characteristics of the area departure of the unit. Graphically shows the components of the total time of rescuing people in a fire, depending on these indicators. Also, a comparative analysis of the total time of rescuing people in a fire, taking into account the scheme number, period and place of use of the fire and rescue unit with the safe time of people in the room before the fatal concentration of carbon monoxide. The obtained results allow researchers to determine the total time of rescuing people in a fire with the appropriate adjustment of its components and the introduction of their relevant documentation. The paper also substantiates the choice of the scheme of operational deployment of the fire and rescue unit upon arrival at the scene of the fire.

MULTI-TASK CONDITIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FIRE AND RESCUE UNITS DURING ROLLING STOCK EXTINGUISHING AT METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES

The article defines algorithms for assessing the cognitive capabilities of the head of a fire and rescue unit and also considers the managerial task of minimizing the decision-making time of the head in the field of extinguishing fires of railway trains at a metallurgical enterprise based on the conditions of multitasking, the factors of decision-making in the conditions of operational multitasking are considered. The results obtained can be used to adjust the existing model of fire and rescue units management when extinguishing fires of rolling stock at metallurgical enterprises. This work is intended for those who make managerial decisions and manage forces and means when extinguishing fires.

Simulation of the Impact of the Wakes of an Emergency Rescue Unit’s Nozzles on the Surface of a Manned Spacecraft

Simulation of the Impact of the Wakes of an Emergency Rescue Unit’s Nozzles on the Surface of a Manned Spacecraft

Математическое моделирование одновременной занятости пожарных автомобилей при обслуживании вызовов в городе

Purpose. The article deals with the analysis of fire and rescue unit activities and the simulation of the process of simultaneous engagement of operational departments on main fire trucks that provide reliable urban fire protection. As far as is known, mathematical simulation is at the heart of forecasting the operational situation in the city and, consequently, the activities of its fire and rescue units. Probabilistic-statistical methods make it possible to calculate the amount of equipment needed for emergency responses, and also to establish the law of distributing the number of responses within 24 hours, the probability of simultaneous engagement of fire trucks and the most probable number of refusals to respond to emergencies. Optimization of the listed indicators contributes to the increase in the efficiency of fire and rescue units. Methods. To achieve the goals of the study mentioned above, we have carried out simulation of the process of simultaneous engagement of operational departments on main fire trucks by means of the methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics. This article presents a mathematical model for the simultaneous engagement of the main fire trucks during emergency responses on the example of Donetsk City. To justify the number of fire trucks needed for the city to respond to emergencies timely and efficiently, it is convenient to use an approach based on summation of a random number of random variables. Findings. We have carried out a detailed analysis of the current operational situation in one of the cities of the region with the highest level of fire and rescue unit engagement. The number of cases requiring the involvement of additional departments has been established, and the total duration of engagement of these departments to respond to emergences in the city within a year has been calculated. Research application field. The results obtained will make it possible in the future to develop recommendations for the reorganization and improvement of fire protection of cities under study. Conclusions. In the future, using the method presented in the article allows substantiating the number of main fire trucks, water tankers and turntable ladders in other big cities of the region, and for the long term as well. To do this, it is necessary to set the prognostic values of the parameters of the operational situation of each city under study.

Особенности работы звеньев газодымозащитной службы при массовом спасении людей

Introduction. It is well known that in case of fire at facilities with a massive presence of people, there are difficulties in evacuating or rescuing the victims. The reason is the following factors: 1) Visitors do not know the location of the emergency exits, in addition to this, people experience a feeling of fear that suppresses logical thinking; 2) Due to the time spent on concentrating the forces and means of fire departments, rescue of people from smoky premises is not organized in time, which can lead to tragic consequences; 3) Insufficient time of the protective action of breathing apparatus with compressed air and dense smoke do not allow to quickly find the victims. This paper presents the results of modeling and an experiment carried out by the authors to rescue the victims. During the experiment, the necessary number of gas and smoke protection service units was concentrated in advance and ready to rescue the victims, which is almost impossible in a real fire. The paper investigates the difficulties of the work of gas and smoke protection service units in rescuing people at facilities with a massive stay of people, not taking into account the impact of fire hazards. The aims and objectives. The aim of the work is to investigate the features of functioning of the gas and smoke protection service units during mass rescue operations. Methodology. The mechanism of the work of the gas and air search and rescue units during mass rescue works is studied. The work time of the gas and smoke protection service units, spent on the rescue of victims, is described. The experiment was carried out practically under ideal conditions, allowing to concentrate the forces and means of the fire-rescue garrison in the amount hypothetically sufficient for carrying out rescue operations in an unbreathable environment at facilities with mass stay of people. The results of the study. The mechanism of link operation is investigated and presented during mass rescue operations. Difficulties of mass rescue are visually shown. In the conditions of the largely idealized experiment within twenty minutes on two routes simultaneously could be conditionally extracted from the smoke-filled rooms no more than 18 people. The time difference between the first and the last rescued was more than 20 minutes. Conclusion. The results of the study determine the need for significant adaptation of methods and development of technical means for solving problems during mass rescue operations in an unbreathable environment. Keywords: rescue works, gas and smoke rescue unit, breathing apparatus, time, distance, victim.

CRITERIA OF ACTUALITY OF EQUIPMENT IN SOLVING OF THE PROBLEM OF COMPLETING OF EMERGENCY AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY

The problem of rescue equipment compilation was analyzed, which showed such features as the existing limited financial resources, a significant increase in the capacity of the element base, decision making processes based solely on the experience and intuition of those responsible person was carried out. It is shown that the previously proposed solutions were based on the cost of equipment, its reliability, functionality and capacity, while the aspect of its applicability or relevance was ignored. Taken into account the significant number of potential elements of equipment that may be included in the kit, limitations that will reduce the number of possible variants based on the method of sequential analysis of variants are proposed. It is proposed to determine the priority of equipment elements of a certain class using the method of analytic hierarchy process on the prioritization of criteria and procedures for determining the competence of experts. Since the task of compilation is multi-criteria, it is proposed to include the criterion of relevance in the criteria for determining the optimal kit. Models of equipment relevance indicators are constructed, as well as the relevance rate of the equipment element is determined and a model to determine the relevance rate of the set of emergency rescue equipment for a certain emergency situation is developed. It is proposed to calculate the total relevance rate of the equipment set for all emergencies as the average value of the relevance rate of the kit for each emergency, provided they are equivalent, or as a weighted value otherwise. Numerical modeling based on the developed algorithm allowed to draw conclusions about the relevance and, as a consequence, the priority of equipment elements, as well as to assess the degree of provision of rescue unit with rescue equipment in various emergencies

ANALYSIS OF RISK AND NO-RISK INTERVENTIONS BY MEMBERS OF FIRE AND RESCUE UNITS UNDER MULTI-RISK CONDITIONS

The issue of occupational safety and health of the members of fire and rescue units has been continuously studied by numerous authors. Their interest stems from the constant need to improve the methods and procedures of occupational safety and health assessments for fire and rescue unit members, all for the purpose of preventing injuries, primarily the fatal ones. The fact that a certain number of high-risk situations in which firefighters avoid an injury or death remain unreported poses a serious threat to the firefighters’ safety. This threat has been unjustifiably neglected and it is what motivated the research discussed in this paper, which reveals the results of three discriminant analyses.

Evaluation of the consumption of two integral diets for psittacines in captivity in a wildlife rescue unit

Objective: To evaluate the consumption of nutrients intake in a traditional and aproposed diet for parrots in captivity.Design / methodology / approach: The study took place at Pachuca de Soto,Hidalgo, Mexico. Twelve parrots were assessed in captivity. The traditional diet(TD) provided to the birds was evaluated and a proposed diet (PD) was thealternative. The consumption and the amount of waste of each diet were recordedfor five weeks. PD formula contained fruits, vegetables, and seeds. Data wereanalyzed with the Student's t-test at p< 0.5 significance.Results: TD lacked homogeneity in the ingredients offered during the five weeksevaluation. There were significant differences in the consumption between the two 2 evaluated diets. The individual bird consumption was 349 g for TD and 314 g forPD. The TD was 41.87% fruits and 58.12% vegetables. The PD diet includedseeds supplements. From the second to the fifth week of the evaluation PD hadless waste.Limitations of the study: The age, weight, sex and excreta collection from theparrots were not registered due to restriction rules in the conservation area.Findings / conclusions: The PD offered the requirements that parrots need. It isnecessary to train technical personnel on diet preparation. Feeding frequenciesand food diversity stimulated consumption and waste decreased, improving thenutritional balance of the birds in captivity.

Previous Military Medical Exposure as a Motivator for a Medical Career.

A variety of factors influence the motivation to choose a medical career; however, the influence of premedical experiences on health professional trainees' choices is a neglected one. We hypothesize that medical exposure during service in the Israeli Air Force special operations forces (SOFs) has an impact on motivation for medical studies. The Israeli scenario, in which career choice is anteceded by substantial military experience, allows us to examine this hypothesis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among physicians and medical students who served as operators in the Israeli Air Force SOF; Unit 669 (an airborne combat search and rescue unit), and Shaldag (an airborne SOF unit). All medical students and physicians enlisted between January 2001 and December 2010 were eligible for enrollment. Of over 700 operators screened, 3.7% of Shaldag veterans and 11.1% of Unit 669 veterans had started or finished medical school (P-value < 0.001). Overall, 49 veterans answered the questionnaire and enrolled in the study, of whom 17 (34.7%) were Shaldag veterans and 32 (65.3%) were Unit 669 veterans. Subjective questions implied a significant effect of the service in Unit 669 on career choice. Paramedics had a relative risk of becoming physicians of 7.37 when compared to nonparamedic operators, irrespective of their original unit. Medical exposure of Unit 669 operators during military service significantly contributed to their motivation for becoming physicians. Thus, military service in this setting acts de facto as an effective medical immersion program. This adds another factor to the myriad of factors that motivate young adults in their choice of a medical career.

Оценка параметров оперативного реагирования пожарно-спасательных подразделений в зависимости от времени суток

Introduction. The change in the speed of the fire and rescue subdivisions to the place of call, depending on the time of day, is studied. The study is related to the determination of the locations of fire departments. Goals and objectives. The study of the parameters of the rapid response of fire and rescue units was carried out. For cities of the Russian Federation with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants of the Russian Federation for the period 2019-2021, statistical distributions by hours of the day of the number of trips to fires of fire and rescue units, the speed of mobile vehicles, the time of travel to the place of call are constructed. The share of departures for which the arrival time of the first fire and rescue unit exceeds the standard value established by Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ is determined. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the maximum value of the speed of following fire and rescue units is observed in the daytime from 10 to 15 hours - 34 km/h, the minimum value is reached at night during the period from 1 to 3 hours - 31 km/h. A study of the parameters of the functioning of fire and rescue units in cities with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants showed that the operational load on fire and rescue units in the daytime increases significantly, which can lead to an adjustment of the plan for attracting forces and resources, when, when a call is received, the guard on duty will be already busy serving another call. These circumstances lead to an increase in the travel time of fire and rescue divisions. As a result, the share of calls for which 123-FZ norms are not met is increasing. The share of such trips during the daytime increases to 18 % versus 8-10 % at night. Conclusions. When determining the locations of fire and rescue units, it is necessary to take into account peak loads that occur during the day. Keywords: fire and rescue subdivisions, speed of following, time of following, area of normative service, composition of forces and means

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ ДЕСТРУКТИВНЫХ СОБЫТИЙ НА ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ РЕГИОНА С ВЫСОКИМ УРОВНЕМ ЗАНЯТОСТИ ПОЖАРНО-СПАСАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПОДРАЗДЕЛЕНИЙ

Purpose. The main objectives of the article include the analysis of fire and rescue units activities and emergence process simulation of destructive events on the territories of the region with a high level of workload. The main principle of organizational design is to respond timely to any destructive event which has happened in the settlement, when it is sufficient to eliminate this event with a set of means and forces. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the operational situation, simulate the conditions in which fire and rescue units operate, and then take into account the obtained results when making recommendations for fire and rescue units reorganization of towns and regions on the proposed territories. Methods. To achieve the objectives stated above applying mathematical and statistical models, the emergence process of events including fires, traffic accidents, emergencies has been described. Findings. The detailed analysis of the current operational situation on the studied territories with high engagement level of fire and rescue units has been carried out. Applying probabilistic-statistical modeling, it has been found that the emergence process of destructive events comply with Poisson’s distribution with the corresponding parameter. Research application field. The obtained results will make it possible to develop recommendations on reorganizing and improving fire protection of towns on the studied territories. Conclusions. In future, it is of interest to simulate the time characteristics of fire and rescue units’ operation in the region: to build an appropriate mathematical model, to study the employment time and arrival time of fire and rescue unit at the scene.

COMMAND SUPPORT SYSTEM EMS (SWD PRM)

Poland is the only country in the world, which has a uniform nationwide command support system for medical rescue, integrated with the command support systems of the National Fire Service and the Police. SWD PRM is un-derstood as an ICT system that enables receiving alarm notifications from emergency notification centers and noti-fications about incidents, dispatching of emergency medical services, recording medical incidents, presentation of geographical location of the incident site, positioning of emergency medical services and support of tasks execution by emergency medical services and provincial coordinator of medical rescue. The purpose of this paper is to present assumptions of the SWD PRM system and history of its implementation as well as available technical and system capabilities. Its greatest advantage is the fact that it is a uniform nationwide teleinformatic system collecting data about medical events. Its functioning in terms of information and data collection allows for improvement of plan-ning and organization of the PRM system, which enables effective management of available forces and resources, which translates into shortening the waiting time for assistance for a person in a state of emergency by reducing the time of arrival of the Medical Rescue Unit at the scene of the event.

VPLYV HORSKEJ ZÁCHRANNÉJ SLUŽBY NA BEZPEČNOSŤ

The paper describes the key intervention component included in the integrated rescue system of the Slovak Republic - the Mountain Rescue Service. It represents its inclusion within the integrated rescue system with the definition of the main tasks. Moreover, it specifies in detail the specific activities that this rescue unit performs in the Slovak Republic. In the Conclusions, based on processed statistical data illustrated by graphs, it points out the most frequent interventions of the Mountain Rescue Service and their number. It also highlights the justification for the interventions and their growing number over the years. In the final summary, it points to the fact that within the natural and terrain conditions of the Slovak Republic, the Mountain Rescue Service is an irreplaceable professional rescue component

A Logistic Regression model of Road Traffic Fatalities in Benue State: Implication to Public Health

Road accident fatalities remain one of the major causes of deaths in Nigeria. These accidents sometimes appear to occur at some flashpoints where there are sharp bends or curves, Potholes due to bad roads, and bad sections of the highways. The study aimed to model road traffic fatalities in Benue State with implications for public health. The data used for the study was sourced from the department of the rescue unit, Federal Road Safety Corps, Benue State Command from July 2011-December 2019. To better comprehend the impact of sex on successfully having a non-fatal accident, we employed a logistic regression analysis. The results indicated that for the 3,545 RTAs used in the model, the model correctly predicted whether or not someone will have a fatal accident 81.7% of the time. The results further showed that females have .970 times the odds of not having a fatal accident compared to males with statistically significant value (P =.015, 95% C.I .652, .956). The results also stated that males demonstrated a greater likelihood to be involved in a fatal accident than the female with statistically significant difference (P =.015, 95% C.I .652, .956). The study, therefore concluded that sex or gender is an influential predictor and as such, has a significant effect on the status of an accident. The implication of the results to public health is that people are likely to spend more money on hospital bills with an increased number of disabilities caused as a result of these accidents which may result to a reduction in physical activity in the next decade if the rate of accidents is not controlled.

Comparative Analysis of Emergency Rescue Exercises for Large-Scale Disasters in Korea and Japan

Korea is conducting emergency rescue drills led by fire agencies in preparation for a major disaster. On the other hand, in Japan, when large-scale disasters occur, Emergency Fire Response Teams (EFRTs) from national fire headquarters are mobilized by requests or orders from the director-general of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency. EFRTs perform emergency rescue together with the Inter-Prefectural Emergency Rescue Unit of the National Police Agency, a disaster relief unit of the Self-Defense Forces, Technical Emergency Control Force of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and the Disaster Medical Assistance Team of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Thus, EFRTs perform these exercises in collaboration with these working institutions. This study suggests the introduction of national mobilization of EFRTs and mobilization by various means such as transport planes of Self-Defense Forces or large helicopters, hutment training, and self-sufficient rear support exercises, such as Japan has done national exercises, and annual joint exercises of emergency fire response teams in block units.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HEALTH-BASED EMERGENCY REPORTING MOBILE APPLICATION

Every human being in distress or in health emergency cases will try to contact any available emergency and rescue services to get help from rescue services using their phone to call for help. However, the constraints of using the conventional method exits when they are in shock and they cannot communicate effectively to explain their position and condition. Thus, mobile applications are developed due to the fact that it can help people who are in emergency cases. This paper provides an application that can help any individual to immediately contact the direct emergency rescue unit of the health center. The application automatically adds the individual online and extract the user details embedded in their SIM and also provides message alert to the contact for urgent medical aids. This is built on a cross platform mobile app that runs on both android and iOS.

Organizational Commitment Of Afad Istanbul Search And Rescue Unit

Abstract Background Our study is intended to evaluate the Organizational Commitment of the Istanbul AFAD Search and Rescue Unit (AKB) employees operating at national and international level during disasters and to serve as a model for the other organizations that conduct national and international operations in the area of search and rescue. Methods This research was carried out with a total of 75 employees from Istanbul AFAD AKB from 02.11.18 to 01.01.2019. Introductory Information Form and Organizational Commitment Scale were used for data collection. Findings of the study were evaluated via IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Results Among 71 persons who participated in the study, it was determined that 91.5% were male, 50.7% were at the age of 40 or older, 81.7% were married, 67.6% had bachelor's degree, 63.4% were search and rescue technicians, and 50.7% were employed by their current organization for 10 years or less. Regarding the employees, it was found that 25.4% had very good organizational commitment while 54.9% faced issues in relation to the organizational commitment. OCS point average of the employees was 3.07±0.20 and the obtained Cronbach Alfa internal consistency coefficient of the scale was 0.678. OCS points of those employed for 12 years or longer in total were determined to be high at statistically significant level. Also, OCS points of those who did not face any issue in relation to the Organizational Commitment were found to be high at a statistically significant level against those who faced issues. Conclusions It is important to ensure work satisfaction, provide harmonization, and avert chaos and stress for boosting the organizational commitment. Therefore, the managers should conduct activities intended to boost the employee commitment levels within the organization. Key messages Disaster is a significant public health issue and disaster employees are special. The issues faced by the employees that perform search and rescue operations must be considered important and resolved.

Info-analytic technologies in the work of fire and rescue units using infrared technologies

Purpose The salvation of human life is the goal of work for all rescue units. At the same time, a significant part of rescue operations is carried out in buildings or premises, which themselves are often in a state of destruction or are emergency ones. This paper aims to find how it is possible to carry out rescue operations in the face of the threat of constant collapse of the building. Design/methodology/approach To study the collapse hazard of the building, the information systems are used that display the process of rescue measures in case of a threat of deformation of the building in which there is a risk of burnback or destruction. Findings The findings show that the analysis of destruction parameters online allows using infrared sensors to form a picture of the allocation of places where people can be and thus saves lives while reducing the risk for the fire and rescue unit. To implement the presented format, it is proposed to use infrared sensors. Originality/value The use of infrared sensors allows online interaction with foci of dangerous situations and identifies the main aspects of the stratification of the preparation of the fire and rescue unit’s activities in conditions of increased danger.

Analysis of Emergency Rescue Responses in Large-Scale Disasters in Japan

This study analyzed emergency rescue responses in large-scale disasters in Japan using White Paper on Japan Fire Service, White Paper on Japan Police, Defense of Japan (Annual White Paper), White Paper on Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in Japan, and Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report published by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA), the National Police Agency (NPA), the Ministry of Defence (MOD), the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLITT), and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), to contribute to establishing emergency rescue responses during large-scale disasters in Korea. When the resources of disaster areas in Japan are inadequate for emergency response during a disaster due to its large-scale, prefectural governors request to mobilize the Emergency Fire Response Team (EFRT) of FDMA, the Inter-Prefectural Emergency Rescue Unit (IERU) of NPA, the Self-Defense Force of MOD, the Technical Emergency Control Force of MLITT, and the Disaster Medical Assistance Team of MHLW. These teams mobilized from the entire country perform emergency rescue activities through strong connection and collaboration under the command of prefectural governors.

A Randomized Cross-Over Field Study of Pre-Hydration Strategies in Dogs Tracking in Hot Environments.

The objective of this study was to evaluate 4 pre-exercise hydration strategies (oral water, chicken-flavored water, chicken-flavored oral electrolyte solution, and subcutaneous electrolyte solution) in working dogs conducting rigorous tracking operations in hot and arid conditions. In a randomized cross-over field study, 7 Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue (BORSTAR) Unit dogs working/training out of Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas were randomly assigned to one of 4 different hydration strategy treatments each day for 4 days of study participation. Dogs were provided hydration treatment prior to running 2 separate one-mile tracks and were offered water while tracking. Body weight, blood, and urine were collected at the beginning of the study day and at the completion of each track. Core body temperatures were recorded using internal temperature sensing capsules. The impact of hydration strategy on change in weight, peak temperature, and serum chemical, hematological, and urinary parameters were analyzed using the COIN procedure in Ra. Compared to the other 3 hydration strategies, dogs receiving chicken-flavored water had higher blood creatine kinase values at the end of the second track (p = 0.0361). Otherwise, hydration strategy had minimal effects on blood or urine parameters. Total fluid intake was lower with water only compared to the other three hydration strategies. Dogs developed elevated core body temperatures (median 41°C; 106°F) without signs of heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Alternate hydration strategies increased total fluid intake compared to water alone; however, chicken-flavored water resulted in increased markers of muscle injury suggesting electrolyte-enriched strategies may have an advantage as a hydration strategy. Additionally, electrolyte-enriched fluids before exercise may help these dogs maintain lower peak temperatures.