Interoperability Requirements Research Articles

DC–DC Topology for Interfacing a Wireless Power Transfer System to an On-Board Conductive Charger for Plug-In Electric Vehicles

This article proposes a novel dc–dc topology, enabling a plug-in electric vehicle to charge its high-voltage battery using a wireless power transfer system. By interfacing the wireless power transfer system's receiver coil to the electric vehicle's on-board bidirectional conductive charger, a common rectifier and secondary matching capacitors are shared between the two subsystems. The bidirectional dc–dc converter within the on-board charger is optimized to operate over two frequency bands; thus, guaranteeing compliance with the working frequency and interoperability requirements proposed by the SAE J2954 for a wireless power transfer system without degrading the power density requirement of a bidirectional on-board charger. Through component sharing between the two subsystems, a reduction in the overall size and cost of the on-board electronics is achieved. Simulation results are provided to validate the fundamental operation of the proposed circuit. Finally, a prototype is built to validate the assumptions.

Machine Learning Algorithms for Urban Land Use Planning: A Review

Urbanization is persistent globally and has increasingly significant spatial and environmental consequences. It is especially challenging in developing countries due to the increasing pressure on the limited resources, and damage to the bio-physical environment. Traditional analytical methods of studying the urban land use dynamics associated with urbanization are static and tend to rely on top-down approaches, such as linear and mathematical modeling. These traditional approaches do not capture the nonlinear properties of land use change. New technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have made it possible to model and predict the nonlinear aspects of urban land dynamics. AI and ML are programmed to recognize patterns and carry out predictions, decision making and perform operations with speed and accuracy. Classification, analysis and modeling using earth observation-based data forms the basis for the geospatial support for land use planning. In the process of achieving higher accuracies in the classification of spatial data, ML algorithms are being developed and being improved to enhance the decision-making process. The purpose of the research is to bring out the various ML algorithms and statistical models that have been applied to study aspects of land use planning using earth observation-based data (EO). It intends to review their performance, functional requirements, interoperability requirements and for which research problems can they be applied best. The literature review revealed that random forest (RF), deep learning like convolutional neural network (CNN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms are best suited for classification and pattern analysis of earth observation-based data. GANs (generative adversarial networks) have been used to simulate urban patterns. Algorithms like cellular automata, spatial logistic regression and agent-based modeling have been used for studying urban growth, land use change and settlement pattern analysis. Most of the papers reviewed applied ML algorithms for classification of EO data and to study urban growth and land use change. It is observed that hybrid approaches have better performance in terms of accuracies, efficiency and computational cost.

THE ATTACKING METHODS INVOLVED IN CURRENT TREND ENVIRONMENT

The use of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) has become one of the answer to the requirement for interoperability among the rapidly increasing number of hardware and software products available nowadays. CORBA has been introduced as a mechanism in a distributed computing environment in order to overcome recent interoperability issue. This mechanism allows distributed objects to communicate with each other, whether operate on remote devices or local devices, written in different languages or platforms, or at different locations on a network. In this paper, the concept of CORBA application as a middleware is presented. In order to understand this concept, a simple program to handle auction sale. This system is developed using JAVA programming language. This application is implemented on Windows Operating System (OS) and its method is being invoked by a client from the other machine that also runs in Windows OS. Along with this, the benefits of CORBA and its limitation are discussed in this paper.Keywords—CORBA concept; client-server; benefits of Corba; Application example

Convergence application of handle platform for industrial data classification and grading and 5G technology

With the continuous upgrading of the national industrial Internet, the traditional application-centric data organization method has gradually been unable to meet the requirements of large-scale interoperability and sharing of industrial data and data security in the era of big data. With the help of the classification and grading of industrial data, cross-regional, cross-departmental, and cross-domain information query and sharing can be realized at the macro level; at the micro level, product information can be traced through identification analysis, and information can be achieved safely and controllably through its internal security management mechanism. In the field of industrial Internet, network equipment is usually required to have a large-scale connection expansion capability; in some fields such as telemedicine and industrial control, it requires the communication process to have low latency and high reliability capabilities; and in some areas such as autonomous driving and ultra-high-definition live transmission, the communication process requires the ability to transmit large-bandwidth data. Compared with 4G technology, 5G communication technology, its massive machine communication capabilities and high reliability and low latency characteristics make it a reliable technical guarantee for the Internet of Everything at this stage. Therefore, it is urgent to realize the integration of 5G technology and industrial data classification and grading technology. Based on the in-depth interpretation of the characteristics of 5G technology and the detailed description of the handle system, this paper proposes a method of fusion of the handle platform and 5G technology, laying the cornerstone for the effective implementation of industrial data classification and grading.

Health Data, Information, and Knowledge Sharing for Addressing the COVID-19

SummaryObjectives: To introduce the 2021 International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Yearbook by the editors. Methods: The editorial provides an introduction and overview to the 2021 IMIA Yearbook whose special topic is “Managing Pandemics with Health Informatics - Successes and Challenges”. The Special Topic, the keynote paper, and survey papers are discussed. The IMIA President's statement and the IMIA dialogue with the World Health Organization are introduced. The sections’ changes in the Yearbook Editorial Committee are also described. Results: Health informatics, in the context of a global pandemic, led to the development of ways to collect, standardize, disseminate and reuse data worldwide: public health data but also information from social networks and scientific literature. Fact checking methods were mostly based on artificial intelligence and natural language processing. The pandemic also introduced new challenges for telehealth support in times of critical response. Next generation sequencing in bioinformatics helped in decoding the sequence of the virus and the development of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines. Conclusions: The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic shows the need for timely, reliable, open, and globally available information to support decision making and efficiently control outbreaks. Applying Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) requirements for data is a key success factor while challenging ethical issues have to be considered.

CNC-C2: an ISO14649 and IEC61499 compliant controller

ABSTRACT Manufacturing systems in the present industry must be flexible and allow fast reconfiguration to supply increasing demands for diversified products. Thus, a standard model for data exchange should be employed in a manner that the same data can be interpreted and used in different machines. In this work the ISO14649 (STEP-NC) standard is used to fulfil this requirement. Also, CNCs must be easily reprogrammable and able to reuse code for different tasks to reduce programming time. The contribution of this work is presenting a manufacturing system which is compliant to IEC 61499 and to STEP-NC, integrating them to fulfil requirements of interoperability and flexibility. A system, named CNC-C2, was developed (Computerised Numeric Control Compliant to STEP-NC and Compliant to IEC61499) with several software tools and integrated them to a machining hardware, also developed and presented in this paper. Experiments were performed in a test workpiece including STEP-NC compliant drilling, planar facing, linear and circular cutting features while using IEC61499 Function Blocks networks to perform the computational task. CNC-C2 achieved unprecedented interoperability and flexibility thanks to its compliance to Function Blocks and STEP-NC standards.

Microgrid Systems: Towards a Technical Performance Assessment Frame

A microgrid is an independent power system that can be connected to the grid or operated in an islanded mode. This single grid entity is widely used for furthering access to energy and ensuring reliable energy supply. However, if islanded, microgrids do not benefit from the high inertia of the main grid and can be subject to high variations in terms of voltage and frequency, which challenge their stability. In addition, operability and interoperability requirements, standards as well as directives have addressed main concerns regarding a microgrid’s reliability, use of distributed local resources and cybersecurity. Nevertheless, microgrid systems are quickly evolving through digitalization and have a large range of applications. Thus, a consensus over their testing must be further developed with the current technological development. Here, we describe existing technical requirements and assessment criteria for a microgrid’s main functionalities to foster harmonization of functionality-level testing and an international conception of system-level one. This framework is proposed as a reference document for assessment frame development serving both microgrid research and implementation for a comprehensive understanding of technical microgrid performance and its current assessment challenges, such as lack of standardization and evolving technology.

A conceptual IoT-based early-warning architecture for remote monitoring of COVID-19 patients in wards and at home

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, health services around the globe are struggling. An effective system for monitoring patients can improve healthcare delivery by avoiding in-person contacts, enabling early-detection of severe cases, and remotely assessing patients’ status. Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have been used for monitoring patients’ health with wireless wearable sensors in different scenarios and medical conditions, such as noncommunicable and infectious diseases. Combining IoT-related technologies with early-warning scores (EWS) commonly utilized in infirmaries has the potential to enhance health services delivery significantly. Specifically, the NEWS-2 has been showing remarkable results in detecting the health deterioration of COVID-19 patients. Although the literature presents several approaches for remote monitoring, none of these studies proposes a customized, complete, and integrated architecture that uses an effective early-detection mechanism for COVID-19 and that is flexible enough to be used in hospital wards and at home. Therefore, this article's objective is to present a comprehensive IoT-based conceptual architecture that addresses the key requirements of scalability, interoperability, network dynamics, context discovery, reliability, and privacy in the context of remote health monitoring of COVID-19 patients in hospitals and at home. Since remote monitoring of patients at home (essential during a pandemic) can engender trust issues regarding secure and ethical data collection, a consent management module was incorporated into our architecture to provide transparency and ensure data privacy. Further, the article details mechanisms for supporting a configurable and adaptable scoring system embedded in wearable devices to increase usefulness and flexibility for health care professions working with EWS.

An ontology to represent synthetic building occupant characteristics and behavior

Since the introduction of the occupant behavior Drivers-Needs-Actions-Systems (DNAS) framework in 2013, researchers have used the framework or further developed it based on their case studies, which include efforts to collect new data on occupant behaviors. The effort is often costly for the relatively few new data points added. Problems emerge when the already collected data do not meet the modelers' interoperability requirements. Previous studies addressed this issue by developing more sophisticated ontologies that enable integration with other datasets and synthetic data methodologies that would meet unique research applications. This paper presents an extension of the DNAS framework for the representation of synthetic occupant data to support various applications and use cases across the building life cycle. An agent-based modeling application is one of our motivations that requires more elaborate characteristics of an occupant-agent or a group-of-agent. The extension, built upon a review of the literature, introduces new elements to the framework that fall into five categories, including socio-economic, geographical location, activities, subjective values, and individual and collective adaptive actions. On-going research includes identifying occupant datasets and developing data fusion methods to generate synthetic occupants, as well as to demonstrate its applications in agent-based modeling coupled with building performance simulation.

Endpoint-based optimal fractal interpolation for predicting BDS-3 system time offsets

In order to improve the interoperability within the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems published a joint statement in December 2019 that stated that all GNSS providers agree to monitor and broadcast the time offsets between each system timescale and the Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) or the rapid realization of UTC (UTCr). This commitment requires the study of precise prediction models for system time offsets. The prediction model of system time offsets is different from that of the atomic clock because of the control of the system timescale. The offsets between the system time of the Beidou Satellite Navigation System-3 (BDS-3) and the National Time Service Center (NTSC), called [UTC(NTSC)-BDT], have two main periods of 12 h and 24 h, according to the Fast Fourier Transform analysis. The rescaled range (R/S) analysis demonstrates that it has long memory, making it a fractal time series with a memory period of about 10.4 h. While using the fractal interpolation method to predict the [UTC(NTSC)-BDT] series, we found that the prediction error reaches its minimum value if adding disturbance on the estimated endpoint of the forecasted interval. After verifying the correlation between the estimated endpoints with the minimal interpolation error and minimal prediction error and proving the existence and uniqueness of the estimated endpoint with the minimal interpolation error, we established the endpoint-based optimal fractal interpolation prediction method. The experimental results indicate that the average prediction accuracy of the proposed prediction model is improved by 57.90% and 39.26% compared to that of a quadratic model and standard fractal prediction model, respectively. The accuracy analysis results of numerical tests indicate that the proposed prediction model can restrain the divergence of prediction error. Finally, we transform the [UTC(NTSC)-BDT] into [UTCr -BDT] using the [UTCr-UTC(NTSC)] published by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) to meet the requirement of GNSS interoperability. The prediction accuracies of daily [UTCr-BDT] using the proposed prediction model are no more than 1.5 ns with uncertainty about 6 ns.

Interoperability of LNG terminals and gas pipeline networks

The interchangeability between natural gas of different sources and LNG have been concerned and tackled to a certain extent at home, and the interconnection of gas infrastructures including LNG terminals and gas pipeline networks have also been lifted up to the national level since 2018. However, the research on the interoperability with overall-planning interchangeability and interconnection at a higher level is still in the blank stage at home. By extensively investigating EU's regulations and practices related to interoperability in the field of natural gas pipeline network, this paper put forward the conceptual definition of the interoperability of gas infrastructures including LNG terminals and gas pipeline networks for the first time. Then, the basic implementation framework and components of interoperability were set up. Finally, domestic latest typical cases which have presented the characteristics of interoperability in the recent two years were analyzed. And the following research results were obtained. First, interoperability and third-party access are two independent themes. Second, the target of interoperability is to realize the cross-system unimpeded flow of natural gas of all facility users between different facilities according to the uniform specification of specific technical standards, operation criteria and operation procedures of various facilities, based on interconnection, coordination and information interaction. Third, the framework of interoperability consists of 8 key elements, including gas quality standard & interchangeability, facility interconnection, facility interconnection agreement, unified measurement unit, unified electronic data exchange platform, technical capacity calculation method, approval procedure of LNG carrier entering the port and ship–shore compatibility unique to LNG terminals, and gas quality based LNG storage and tank loading rules. Fourth, it is recommended to give consideration to both target and requirement of interoperability and fully integrate 3 elements that are discussed more deeply and more crucial in EU countries (i.e., facility interconnection agreement, unified electronic data exchange platform and technical capacity calculation method) into the practice system of treatment reform of domestic natural gas industry chain.

Аналіз особливостей використання спеціального програмного забезпечення оборонного планування в НАТО

The paper reviews the state and retrospective analysis of special software used to support defense planning processes in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, namely: the Defense Resources Management Model (DRMM) and the subsystem of the Unified Management System for Administrative and Economic Processes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine based on the SAP ERP software platform.The paper reviews the state and retrospective analysis of special software used to support defense planning processes in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, namely: the Defense Resources Management Model (DRMM) and the subsystem of the Unified Management System for Administrative and Economic Processes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine based on the SAP ERP software platform. In accordance with the provisions of the Strategic Defense Bulletin, the Armed Forces of Ukraine are moving to capability-based defense planning. This type of planning is a standard type for NATO countries. The NATO planning structure outlined in the paper is a prototype for the future planning of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. There is a need for defense planning software tools that meet the requirements of interoperability with NATO defense planning systems. To this end, a general analysis of the special software of NATO's military planning systems was conducted during the study.The authors of the article have identified the main trends in the construction of modern foreign military planning systems. Classification of planning systems according to their purpose, which is common for NATO countries, was carried out. These technologies not only include the Dynamic Analysis and Rescheduling Tool (DART) and the Joint Defense Planning Analytical Request Toolkit (J-DARTS) but also in terms of its functional purpose and content, best meets the tasks of defense planning at the national level. Therefore, a comprehensive software tool for planning and analyzing defense planning in NATO has been explored in more detail. Given the broad functionality of J-DARTS, this tool is proposed to be considered to test the needs of defense planning in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Implementation of Resilient Self-Healing Microgrids with IEC 61850-Based Communications

Due to the high penetration of distributed energy resources (DER) and emerging DER interconnection and interoperability requirements, fast and standardized information exchange is essential for stable, resilient, and reliable operations in microgrids. This paper proposes fast fault detection, isolation, and restoration (F-FDIR) for microgrid application with the IEC 61850 Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) communication considering the communication/system failure. GOOSE provides a mechanism for lightweight low latency peer-to-peer data exchange between devices, which reduces the restoration time compared to conventional client-server communication paradigm. The proposed mitigation method for the communication/system failure can find an available restoration scenario and reduce the overall process time. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testbed is designed and implemented with real time digital simulator, microgrid control system, and protection and control intelligent electric devices (IEDs) for the validation. The experimental results show that the proposed F-FDIR and IEC 61850 models can enhance the reliability and interoperability of the microgrid operation and enable self-healing microgrids.

Developing a Transnational Health Record Framework with Level-Specific Interoperability Guidelines Based on a Related Literature Review

With the advent of digital healthcare without borders, enormous amounts of health information are captured and computerized. As healthcare quality largely depends on the reliability of given health information, personal health records should be accessible according to patients’ mobility, even as they travel or migrate to other countries. However, since all the health information is scattered in multiple places, it is an onerous task to carry it whenever people move to other countries. To effectively and efficiently utilize health information, interoperability, which is the ability of various healthcare information technologies to exchange, to interpret, and to use data, is needed. Hence, building a robust transnational health information infrastructure with clear interoperability guidelines considering heterogeneous aspects is necessary. For this purpose, this study proposes a Transnational Health Record framework, which enables access to personal health records anywhere. We review related literature and define level-specific interoperability guidelines, business processes, and requirements for the Transnational Health Record system framework.

Open Access, Interoperability, and the DTCC's Unexpected Path to Monopoly

In markets with significant scale economies and network effects, scholars and policymakers often tout open access and interoperability requirements as superior to both regulated monopoly and the break-up of dominant firms. In theory, by compelling firms to coordinate to develop common infrastructure, regulators can use these requirements to replicate scale and network economies without leaving markets vulnerable to monopoly power. Examples of successful coordination include the provision of electricity, intermodal transportation, and credit card networks. This Article analyzes the history of U.S. securities clearinghouses and depositories in order to offer a significant qualification to this received wisdom. This history demonstrates that open access and interoperability requirements can actually serve as instruments by which dominant firms obtain and entrench their monopoly power. Specifically, by imposing high fixed costs to connect to common infrastructure, allowing dominant firms to dictate the direction and pace of innovation and investment, and reducing the scope for product differentiation, these requirements can prevent smaller firms from competing with their larger rivals. In these ways, open access and interoperability can actually exacerbate the very problems that they were designed to address. Our analysis helps explain why important components of our financial infrastructure have become too-big-to-fail. It also helps explain why, despite their highly concentrated structure, U.S. securities clearing and depository markets have still been characterized by relatively high levels of innovation and investment. More broadly, our analysis suggests that coordination requirements will only constrain market power where the costs of building, maintaining, and connecting to common infrastructure are allocated in a way that does not discriminate against smaller firms, and where larger firms are not able to dictate decisions about innovation and investment. Where this is not possible, interoperability and open access are unlikely to forestall monopoly control, even though they may still improve market efficiency by exposing incumbents to the threat of new entry.

Central Bank Digital Currency: Principles for Technical Implementation

This document provides a high level overview of some principles of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) and key factors supporting those principles that should be considered when choosing and implementing a technology to support CBDC. In this paper, we discuss: ● Critical distinctions between CBDC and crypto assets, traditional and digital currency, and tokenization and digitization. ● Benefits for the Central Bank, policy makers, consumers, markets and institutions. ● Technology factors to consider prior to CBDC inception. ● Why interoperability is critical and must be considered from the start. ● Key advances in central bank ledger functionality, such as name-on-register protections, improved B2B settlement mechanisms, and B2C payment options. ● Protection of privacy while safeguarding compliance. ● How to create an effective foundation for CBDC with a smart contract application framework and digital ledger. The challenge of creating and implementing CBDC is large and complex, requiring a thoughtful approach and technology solutions that not only address current challenges but also facilitate future innovation and support yet-to-be known requirements and opportunities. The ability to start small, facilitate wide adoption, evidence controls, and maintain flexibility to maximize growth are essential. This paper particularly emphasizes the key requirements of privacy protection and interoperability. Digital Asset has undertaken extensive explorations of the technical aspects of CBDC, most recently presenting our approach at the OECD Policy Forum in November 2020. Digital Asset introduced an interoperability functionality, showing how CBDC can tie into any reasonably foreseeable workflow. Digital Asset has open sourced the code to make it broadly accessible and to reduce the risk of multiple CBDCs running on incompatible, siloed platforms.

Evaluation of Interoperable Distributed Energy Resources to IEEE 1547.1 Using SunSpec Modbus, IEEE 1815, and IEEE 2030.5

The American distributed energy resource (DER) interconnection standard, IEEE Std. 1547, was updated in 2018 to include standardized interoperability functionality. As state regulators begin ratifying these requirements, all DER—such as photovoltaic (PV) inverters, energy storage systems (ESSs), and synchronous generators—in those jurisdictions must include a standardized SunSpec Modbus, IEEE 2030.5, or IEEE 1815 (DNP3) communication interface. Utilities and authorized third parties will interact with these DER interfaces to read nameplate information, power measurements, and alarms as well as configure the DER settings and grid-support functionality. In 2020, the certification standard IEEE 1547.1 was revised with test procedures for evaluating the IEEE 1547-2018 interoperability requirements. In this work, we present an open-source framework to evaluate DER interoperability. To demonstrate this capability, we used four test devices: a SunSpec DER Simulator with a SunSpec Modbus interface, an EPRI-developed DER simulator with an IEEE 1815 interface, a Kitu Systems DER simulator with an IEEE 2030.5 interface, and an EPRI IEEE 2030.5-to-Modbus converter. By making this test platform openly available, DER vendors can validate their implementations, utilities can spot check communications to DER equipment, certification laboratories can conduct type testing, and research institutions can more easily research DER interoperability and cybersecurity. We indicate several limitations and ambiguities in the communication protocols, information models, and the IEEE 1547.1-2020 test protocol which were exposed in these evaluations in anticipation that the standards-development organizations will address these issues in the future.

Multimedia metadata modeling

In recent years, there is a significant growth of semantically related and distributed data on the Web. In this context, metadata standards recommended by the World Wide Web Consortium have been used to describe and represent multimedia resources, making it possible to expand access points and improve the management, organization and recovery of digital resources on the network. A problem commonly found in institutional databases is the integrated treatment of heterogeneous data and the lack of standardization in description formats. The description of numerous items is generally carried out independently, with idiosyncratic standards of description, emphasizing different characteristics to be described and different terminologies to describe them, disregarding interoperability requirements between communities. The present research sought to advance in the forms of representation of multimedia documents with texts, videos, images, 3D models, audios, proposing an Ontological Model of Multimedia Reference capable of semantically organizing types of metadata to describe multimedia content in different contexts and needs. Methodologically, the modeling proposal was based on multimedia ontologies better placed in a ranking obtained from the NeOn Methodology guide, which ensured the selection of adequate knowledge resources in light of functional and non-functional requirements. The Ontological Model of Multimedia Reference proposed fundamental ontological classes and relationships from mappings and semantic alignments between reused ontologies, promoting a comprehensive architecture for the semantic organization of multimedia metadata addressed mainly to applications that deal with information resources on the Web.

Continuity of Health, Citizen Empowerment as Key Driver.

Self-management for prevention and care will play a significant role in the transition to apply person-centered care. Interoperability requirements, an overarching care plan, integration of social determinants, and the focus on prevention are important ingredients in the vision on its implementation.

A Reference Architecture for Interoperable Reservation Systems in Electric Vehicle Charging

The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles faces the challenges of insufficient capacity and long charging duration. These challenges decrease the electric vehicle users’ satisfaction and lower the profits of infrastructure providers. Reservation systems can mitigate these issues. We introduce a reference architecture for interoperable reservation systems. The advantages of the proposed architecture are: it (1) considers the needs of the most relevant electric mobility stakeholders, (2) satisfies the interoperability requirements of existing technological heterogeneity, and (3) provides a classification of reservation types based on a morphological methodology. We instantiate the reference architecture and verify its interoperability and fulfillment of stakeholder requirements. Further, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept by instantiating and implementing an ad-hoc reservation approach. Our validation was based on simulations of real-world case studies for various reservation deployments in the Netherlands. We conclude that, in certain high demand situations, reservations can save significant time for electric vehicle trips. The findings indicate that a reservation system does not directly increase the utilization of the charging infrastructure.