Energy Requirements Research Articles

The revised elastic field of an edge dislocation

We modify the traditional linear-elastic field of an edge dislocation. The modifications stem from symmetry and energy requirements imposed in terms of embedded (deformed) coordinates. These requirements are satisfied if a line force is added to the dislocation field. The modification to the stress field is expressed by coefficients that are a function only of Poisson's ratio. Qualitatively, the field of the dislocation is increased in the glide direction and decreased in the climb direction. There are small changes to the field of a screw dislocation that do not entail the addition of a line force. Effects of nonlinearity, anisotropic elasticity, and image forces are briefly considered.

Energyscapes pinpoint marine megafauna feeding hotspots in the Mediterranean.

Ocean giants shape the structure and functioning of marine food webs via trophic top-down controls, landscapes of fear, vertical and horizontal redistribution of nutrients, energy, and matter. Yet, they face threats from overfishing, pollution, habitat degradation, and climate change, and one-third of marine megafauna species are at risk of extinction, ultimately endangering the resilience of entire ecosystems. In such a context, knowing when and where megafauna find resources to balance their substantial energy requirements is critical for their management. Through an energyscape approach integrating abundance censuses, diet, and energy requirements, we investigated the prey consumption patterns of Mediterranean marine megafauna during the summer. We thereby shed light on a diverse guild of species composed of fishes, mammals, reptiles, and birds and estimated that 4.1 million individuals consume 1.6 million tons of prey each summer, pelagic cephalopods being the primary food resource and cetaceans and tunas being key players in the community. Spatial patterns in prey consumption reflected the diverse distribution and needs of the megafauna species and underlined the critical importance of the western Mediterranean for the megafauna community. Conservation strategies should prioritize spatial and biological diversity to safeguard megafauna and ecosystem functions across the Mediterranean basin.

Use of Membrane Techniques for Removal and Recovery of Nutrients from Liquid Fraction of Anaerobic Digestate

This review focuses on the use of membrane techniques to recover nutrients from the liquid fraction of digestate (LFD) and emphasizes their role in promoting the principles of the circular economy. A range of membrane separation processes are examined, including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD) and new tools and techniques such as membrane contactors (MCs) with gas-permeable membranes (GPMs) and electrodialysis (ED). Key aspects that are analyzed include the nutrient concentration efficiency, integration with biological processes and strategies to mitigate challenges such as fouling, high energy requirements and scalability. In addition, innovative hybrid systems and pretreatment techniques are examined for their potential to improve the recovery rates and sustainability. The review also addresses the economic and technical barriers to the full-scale application of these technologies and identifies future research directions, such as improving the membrane materials and reducing the energy consumption. The comprehensive assessment of these processes highlights their contribution to sustainable nutrient management and bio-based fertilizer production.

The characteristics of temperature-responsive ionic liquids on the integrated operational effectiveness of water reclamation from semiconductor wastewater using forward osmosis.

Large amounts of wastewater are produced from semiconductor manufacturing, and the production energy consumption has skyrocketed with its global demand in recent years. Forward osmosis (FO) provides unique merits in reclaiming the wastewater if suitable draw solutes with high water flux, low leakage, and limited energy requirement in regeneration are available. Two lower critical solution temperature-ionic liquids (LCST-ILs), tetrabutylphosphonium trimethylbenzensulfonate ([P4444][TMBS]) and tetrabutylphosphonium maleate ([P4444][Mal]) were synthesized and systematically assessed as recycled draw solutes in FO for the water reclamation from the wastewater of Si-ingot sawing. The water flux of [P4444][TMBS] and [P4444][Mal] was 4.12 and 2.67 LMH in the FO for the authentic sawing wastewater, respectively. The characteristics of relatively higher hydrophobic and the structure configuration ensure the lower thermal-stimulus separation energy (Ets) of the spent [P4444][Mal] solution and its relative ease in recycling because of the higher regeneration ratio. The more hydrophilic [P4444][TMBS] based draw solution (DS) exhibits higher osmotic pressure, which is beneficial for water filtration but leads to higher Ets. The estimated energy required for the integrated processes, including FO filtration for the sawing wastewater, thermal separation of draw solute, and the reclaimed water polishing, for the system with [P4444][Mal] as draw solutes is 14.22 kWh m-3. The value significantly reduced to 1.33 kWh m-3 if low-grade waste heat (<100°C) was applied for the thermal separation.

The metabolic basis of cancer-related fatigue.

Although we are all familiar with the sensation of fatigue, there are still profound divergences on what it represents and its mechanisms. Fatigue can take various forms depending on the condition in which it develops. Cancer-related fatigue is considered a symptom of exhaustion that is often present at the time of diagnosis, increases in intensity during cancer therapy, and does not always recede after completion of treatment. It is usually attributed to the inflammation induced by damage-associated molecular patterns released by tumor cells during cancer progression and in response to its treatment. In this review, we argue that it is necessary to go beyond the symptoms of fatigue to understand its nature and mechanisms. We propose to consider fatigue as a psychobiological process that regulates the behavioral activities an organism engages in to satisfy its needs, according to its physical ability to do so and to the capacity of its intermediary metabolism to exploit the resources procured by these activities. This last aspect is critical as it implies that these metabolic aspects need to be considered to understand fatigue. Based on the findings we have accumulated over several years of studying fatigue in diverse murine models of cancer, we show that energy metabolism plays a key role in the development and persistence of this condition. Cancer-related fatigue is dependent on the energy requirements of the tumor and the negative impact of cancer therapy on the mitochondrial function of the host. When inflammation is present, it adds to the organism's energy expenses. The organism needs to adjust its metabolism to the different forms of cellular stress it experiences thanks to specialized communication factors known as mitokines that act locally and at a distance from the cells in which they are produced. They induce the subjective, behavioral, and metabolic components of fatigue by acting in the brain. Therefore, the targeting of mitokines and their brain receptors offers a window of opportunity to treat fatigue when it is no longer adaptive but an obstacle to the quality of life of cancer survivors.

Synergistic effects of temperature and light on photoprotection in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

Diatoms dominate phytoplankton communities in turbulent waters, where light fluctuations can be frequent and intense. Due to this complex environment, these heterokont microalgae display remarkable photoprotection strategies, including a fast Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ). However, in nature, several abiotic parameters (such as temperature) can influence the response of photosynthetic organisms to light stress in a synergistic or antagonistic manner. Yet, the combined effects of light and these other drivers on the photosynthetic and photoprotective capacity of diatoms are still poorly understood. In this work, we investigated the impact of short-term temperature and light stress on the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, combining NPQ induction-recovery assays or light curves with a broad gradient of superimposed temperature treatments (5 to 35°C). We employed mutant lines deficient in NPQ generation (vde KO) or recovery (zep3 KO) and wild type. We found that temperature and light have a synergistic effect: lower temperatures limited both the photosynthetic capacity and NPQ, while the general photophysiological performance was enhanced with warming, up to a heat-stress limit (above 30°C). We discuss the temperature effects on NPQ induction and recovery and propose that these are independent from the energy requirements of the cells and result from altered xanthophyll cycle dynamics. Namely, we found that de-epoxidation activity strongly increases with temperature, outweighing epoxidation and resulting in a positive increase of NPQ with temperature. Finally, we propose that in a short-term time frame, temperature and light have a synergistic and not antagonistic effect, with a positive relationship between increasing temperature and NPQ.

Application of Steel Waste as a Heterogenous Catalyst in Advanced Oxidation Processes—Preliminary Study

The suitability of steel shavings (SS) as a low-cost waste catalyst in catalytic ozonation and the heterogeneous Fenton process was evaluated. Three dyes were selected for the research: Indigo Carmine, Tartrazine, and Allura Red AC. Single processes (oxidation by H2O2, O3, and heterogeneous Fenton process) and hybrid processes (O3 + Fenton) were applied. The Fenton process had the highest efficiency at pH = 3 and with the highest dose of catalyst (5 mg of SS) and hydrogen peroxide (30 µL). More than 98% discoloration of the solution was observed in 10 min. Analyzing ozone-based processes, they can be ranked with the highest efficiency as follows: (O3 + H2O2 + SS) &gt; (O3 + H2O2) &gt; O3 &gt; (O3 + SS). The combination of the Fenton process (5 mg of SS + 15 µL of H2O2) with ozonation accelerated the reaction rate in the case of Indigo Carmine. In the hybrid process, only 5 min were enough for complete decolorization, while more than 98% in the Fenton process was reached after 30 min. Kinetic studies revealed that the degradation of dyes in an aqueous solution through advanced oxidation processes followed first- and second-order reaction kinetics. The calculation of the energy requirement confirmed that the most economic process for removing Indigo Carmine was the O3+Fenton process (SS dose = 5 mg, H2O2 dose = 15 µL, pH = 3).

Integrating renewable energy in sewage sludge treatment through greenhouse solar drying: A review.

Sewage sludge is the main by-product of wastewater treatment plants, requiring significant environmental and economic burdens for its management and disposal. Recently, solar drying processes, often performed through solar greenhouses, received interest due to their limited energy requirement and renewable energy exploitation. The dried sludge shows significant volume and mass reductions, reducing transportation and disposal costs. However, its physicochemical and microbiological characteristics must be properly assessed, especially if agricultural reuse is the final sludge destination, due to the possible accumulation of (micro)pollutants in the soil. This review depicts the state-of-the-art solar drying processes of sewage sludge, with a focus on the technological aspects and the sludge quality. The review discusses greenhouse-specific features, sludge composition (organic matter, pathogens, heavy metals and emerging pollutants) and drying conditions (seasonality, ventilation, sludge mixing and thickness, and drying speed). The economic aspects connected to sludge solar drying are presented. The limitations of this technology are discussed as well, including the limited applicability to wet sludge and the environmental issues connected to greenhouse structure degradation. A wider application of sludge solar drying is recommended to increase the sustainability of small and medium wastewater treatment plants, especially in areas with high amounts of solar radiation and dry weather conditions, while thermal drying still appears preferable for large plants. More agronomic studies must be conducted to assess the possible pollutant accumulation in crops, and alternative uses of the dried sludge (e.g., energy recovery through incineration, pyrolysis or gasification; utilization in construction materials) should be explored, also using life cycle assessment.

Transferability of bioprocessing modes for recombinant protease production: from fed-batch to continuous cultivation with Bacillus licheniformis

BackgroundProteases are essential in various industries due to their unique substrate specificities and robustness in different operational conditions. Bacillus strains consist of a genotype favorable for rapid growth whilst secreting enzymes extracellularly, thereby simplifying recombinant protease production. Despite the widespread use of batch and fed-batch fermentations for their ease and robustness, these cultivation types are often marred by significant energy requirements and prolonged downtimes. The switch towards continuous cultivation methods promises reduced carbon footprints and improved equipment efficiency. Yet, research focusing on Bacillus strains is limited, therefore we aimed to establish a continuous cultivation as a competitive alternative to fed-batch.ResultsTherefore, this study aimed to explore the potential of chemostat cultivations for producing a protease from Bacillus licheniformis utilizing a derepressed induction system, and comparing specific productivities and space-time yields to fed-batch cultivations. The continuous cultivations were described in a hybrid model, considering the effect of productivity as function of the applied dilution rate as well as the generation time. The workflow of this study demonstrates that screenings in a fed-batch mode and chemostat cultivations conducted at the same growth rate, result in different specific productivities for derepressible systems.ConclusionThe results of this study highlight that the feeding rate’s impact on specific productivity varies significantly between fed-batch and chemostat cultivations. These differences suggest that fed-batch screenings may not be adequate for developing a continuous process using a derepressed promoter system in B. licheniformis. Although the space-time yield of fed-batch cultivations has not been surpassed by stable continuous operations—achieving only a third of the highest space-time yield observed in fed-batch—valuable mechanistic insights have been gained. This knowledge could facilitate the transition towards a more sustainable mode of cultivation for industrial protease production.

Metabolomic Insights into Energy Utilization Strategies of Asiatic Toads (Bufo gargarizans) During Hibernation

Hibernation is a crucial adaptive strategy for amphibians, facilitating survival in harsh environmental conditions by lowering metabolic rates and reducing energy use. This study employed GC-MS and LC-MS metabolomics to systematically analyze the serum metabolome of Bufo gargarizans during hibernation, aiming to uncover its metabolic adaptation mechanisms. A total of 136 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified, of which 115 were downregulated and 21 upregulated, mainly involved in amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis showed that most metabolic pathways were inhibited in the hibernating group, underscoring a significant reduction in overall metabolic activity. Notably, while amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were significantly reduced, lipid metabolism exhibited a distinctive adaptive response. Enhanced β-oxidation of fatty acids, including palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and sodium caprylate, suggests a metabolic shift toward lipid-based energy utilization. The reduction in key metabolites like fumaric acid and succinic acid in the TCA cycle further supports the hypothesis of reduced energy requirements. These results enhance our current understanding of amphibian hibernation metabolisms and provide a targeted approach for future mechanistic investigations.

Design of 2-DOF Thrust Vector Control System for Rockets and Missiles

This paper outlines the development and implementation of a Thrust Vector Control (TVC) system specifically designed for solid propellant rocket engines, aiming to enhance the portability of hybrid and liquid propellant rocket systems. The proposed system ensures trajectory stability and rapid response to flight emergencies by effectively counteracting external perturbations such as wind. Key components include gyroscopic (GYRO) sensors, a high-performance microcontroller, and servo motors, collectively referred to as thrust vectoring components, which dynamically adjust thrust direction opposite to the rocket’s trajectory to maintain stability. Drawing from an extensive literature review of existing TVC system designs, with a focus on thrust characteristics and engine combustion timing, the design integrates geometric properties, kinematics, forces, energy requirements, safety, cost, and control methods, aligning with both mechanical and avionic design principles. The anticipated outcome is an advancement in rocket propulsion technology, characterized by improved angular speed control, trajectory linearity, and rapid response capabilities.

Optimizing the oil and natural gas industry: The role of ai and data analytics in ERP integration

Global energy requirements depend on the oil and natural gas industry which deals with efficiency issues and must meet both regulatory standards and environmental protection needs. Our research shows how adding artificial intelligence and data analysis tools into ERP systems solves industry problems. Enterprise resource planning systems powered by artificial intelligence make better supply chain decisions while helping businesses predict equipment maintenance needs leading to lower costs and more efficient operations. Research findings from case studies and industry data show that businesses reducing maintenance costs by 25% and improving logistics savings by 15% through AI-ERP implementation. While legacy systems, high costs and data security risks pose challenges the positive outcomes of merging AI with ERP systems prove greater in value. The research shows how these systems help energy companies operate more sustainably and emit less carbon in our modern energy environment. The sector will progress further as new developments like generative AI plus blockchain and edge computing enter the market. Companies need to train their teams, work with experts in the field and use clean technology solutions to stay ahead in today's changing market.

Effect of Workload and Pedalling Rate on Physiological Response for Male Worker

Until about two and half centuries ago, muscle power was the prime source of energy for performing all the physical activities on our earth, and much of this power had been from human muscles. Because of the socio-economic conditions of farmers in developing countries including India, human muscle power is going to contribute energy requirements for performing many farm activities for the next two decades. Pedalling is the most efficient way of utilising power from human muscles. Pedal power enables a person to drive devices at the same or higher rate as that achieved by hand cranking, but with far less effort and fatigue. However, the use of pedal power for occupational work such as stationary farm operations has got scant attention in the past. Keeping these points into consideration a study was planned for Effect of workload and pedalling rate on physiological response for male worker. Physiological responses of 20 male subjects were studied on a computerised bicycle ergometer at four levels of power output (60, 70, 80, 90 W) four levels of pedalling rates (40, 50, 60, 70 rev/min). Analysis of data indicated that physiological responses were significantly affected with power output as well as pedalling rate. Increases in physiological responses (heart rate and oxygen consumption rate) over rest were significantly higher when pedalling frequency was 50rev/min and above 60rev/min. There was no significant difference between physiological responses at 50 and 60 rev/min. Physiological responses increased linearly with power output and were significantly different at different power outputs. The average value of physiological responses at 60W power output at male agriculture worker at 50rev/min pedalling rate were within acceptable limits for continuous pedalling work.

Energy-Related Assessment of a Hemicellulose-First Concept—Debottlenecking of a Hydrothermal Wheat Straw Biorefinery

A hemicellulose-first approach can offer advantages for biorefineries utilizing wheat straw as it combines lignocellulose fractionation and potentially higher added value from pentose-based hemicellulose. Therefore, a tailored hydrothermal concept for the production of xylooligosaccharides and xylan was investigated. The focus was on assessing the energy requirements and potential improvements based on experimental results. The wheat straw pretreatment and the downstream processing of hemicellulose hydrolysate were modeled at a scale of 30,000 tons of wheat straw dry mass per year. The results confirmed that the hydrothermal concept can be implemented in an energy-efficient manner without the need for additional auxiliaries, due to targeted process design, heat integration and a high solids loading during hydrolysis. The resulting specific energy requirements for pretreatment and hydrolysate processing are 0.28 kWh/kg and 0.13 kWh/kg of wheat straw dry mass, respectively. Compared to thermal hydrolysate processing alone, the combination of a multi-effect evaporator and pressure-driven ultrafiltration can reduce the heating and cooling energy by 29% and 44%, respectively. However, the ultrafiltration requirements (e.g., electrical energy, membrane area and costs) depend heavily on the properties of the hydrolysate and its interactions with the membrane. This work can contribute to the commercially viable ramp-up of wheat straw multi-product biorefineries.

Effect of medium-chain fatty acids supplementation on feed intake, rumen fermentation, blood profile, and milk production of dairy cows in the transition period.

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are rapidly utilized by the liver as an energy source. However, the effects of feeding MCFAs to dairy cows during the transition period and the subsequent effect on postpartum performance is not well clear. Therefore, this study was to evaluate the effects of MCFAs supplementation on feed intake, rumen fermentation, blood profile, and milk production in dairy cows during their transition period. Twenty-one multiparity Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 2 dietary groups: one group received a diet supplemented with MCFAs calcium salts (MCFA-Ca) from 3 weeks relative to expected parturition to 5 weeks postpartum (MCFA; n = 10), and the other group received the same diet without supplements (control; n = 11). MCFA-Ca containing 80% caprylic acid and 20% capric acid were added to the mixed diet at 1.5% dry matter. During the close-up period (from 3 weeks relative to expected parturition until parturition), cows were fed a TMR with restricted intake to provide 100% of the metabolic energy requirement. Subsequently, the cows were fed a TMR ad libitum from parturition to 5 weeks postpartum. The dry matter intake and body weight did not differ throughout the experimental period between groups. Rumen fermentation and protozoa counts remained unaffected during the experimental period. Supplementation of MCFA had no effect on the plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and total ketone bodies in cows throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, postpartum plasma glucagon concentration was higher in the MCFA group than in the control group, and milk yield tended to increase in the MCFA group. In conclusion, our results suggested that MCFA-Ca supplementation enhances the catabolic state by affecting pancreatic hormone secretion, resulting in an increase in milk yield during the fresh period without an excessive negative energy balance in dairy cows.

Assessment of Commercial Baby Food Quality and Promotion in Malaysia for Policy Development.

Nutritional quality of food for infants and young children (FIYC) is key to optimum development and health. To evaluate commercial FIYC products, the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO-EURO) has defined a Nutrient and Promotion Profile Model (NPPM). Although FIYC is commonly used in Malaysia, its quality is largely unknown. We evaluated the nutrient profiles and on-pack promotions of FIYC available in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, using the NPPM. Among the 285 products sampled from a range of retail outlets, none met all NPPM promotional recommendations; only 24% satisfied all relevant nutrition criteria. Several products failed on sugar (29%) and sodium (26%) criteria, with around half having added sugar. In addition, 3%, 6%, and 9% of FIYC failed relevant fat, protein, and energy requirements, respectively. Although 98% had inappropriate health claims, 36% missed appropriate breastfeeding statements. There is an urgent need to improve the quality of FIYC in Malaysia.

Biphasic lipid extraction from microalgae after PEF-treatment reduces the energy demand of the downstream process

BackgroundThe gradual extrusion of water-soluble intracellular components (such as proteins) from microalgae after pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment is a well-documented phenomenon. This could be utilized in biorefinery applications with lipid extraction taking place after such an ‘incubation’ period, i.e., a post-PEF-treatment step during which the biomass is left undisturbed before any further processing. The goal of this work was to further explore how this incubation could improve lipid extraction.ResultsExperiments were conducted on wet, freshly harvested Auxenochlorella protothecoides, treated with 0.25 or 1.5 MJ/kgDW and incubated for 24 h. Lipid extraction took place with a monophasic ethanol:hexane:water, 1:0.41:0.04 vol/vol/vol mixture with a 75.6 mL solvent per 1 g of dry biomass ratio. The kinetics of the extraction were studied with samples taken between 10 and 1080 min from fresh and incubated biomass. The yields at 10 min were significantly increased with incubation compared to without (31.2% dry weight compared to 1.81%, respectively). The experimental data were fitted with the Patricelli model where extraction occurs in two steps, a rapid washing of immediate available lipids and a slower diffusion one. During Nile-Red staining of microalgae and microscopy imaging, a shift of emission from both GFP and RFP channels to mostly RFP was observed indicating an increase in the polarity of the environment of Nile-Red. These led to an adaption of a biphasic ethanol:hexane:water 1:6:0.4 vol/vol/vol solvent with 37 mL solvent per 1 g of dry biomass ratio which while ineffective on fresh biomass, achieved a 27% dry weight yield from incubated microalgae. The extraction efficiency in the biphasic route was lower compared to the monophasic (i.e., 69% and 95%, respectively). It was compensated however, by the significant solvent reduction (37 mL to 75.6 mL respectively), in particular the ethanol minimization. For the extraction of 1 L lipids, it was estimated that the energy consumption ratio for the biphasic process was 1.6 compared to 9.9 for monophasic, making clearly the most preferential one.ConclusionsThis biphasic approach significantly reduces solvent consumption and the respective energy requirement for solvent recovery. Incubation thus could majorly improve the commercialization prospects of the process.Graphical abstract

Exploring the growing phase forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) dietary energy requirements based on growth performance and gut microbiota analysis.

This study underscores the significance of identifying the optimal dietary digestible energy (DE) for growing forest musk deer (FMD). Pelleted diets with a DE level of 11.86 MJ/kg enhanced growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health, while reducing diarrhea and enriching beneficial gut bacteria, offering valuable insights for improving FMD farming practices.

Structural insights into the role of reduced cysteine residues in SOD1 amyloid filament formation

The formation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) filaments has been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although the disulfide bond formed between Cys57 and Cys146 in the active state has been well studied, the role of the reduced cysteine residues, Cys6 and Cys111, in SOD1 filament formation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of reduced cysteine residues by determining and comparing cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of wild-type (WT) and C6A/C111A SOD1 filaments under thiol-based reducing and metal-depriving conditions, starting with protein samples possessing enzymatic activity. The C6A/C111A mutant SOD1 formed filaments more rapidly than the WT protein. The mutant structure had a unique paired-protofilament arrangement, with a smaller filament core than that of the single-protofilament structure observed in WT SOD1. Although the single-protofilament form developed more slowly, cross-seeding experiments demonstrated the predominance of single-protofilament morphology over paired protofilaments, regardless of the presence of the Cys6 and Cys111 mutations. These findings highlight the importance of the number of amino acid residues within the filament core in determining the energy requirements for assembly. Our study provides insights into ALS pathogenesis by elucidating the initiation and propagation of filament formation, which potentially leads to deleterious amyloid filaments.

Ringing suppression design for pulse parameter controllable transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Pulse parameter controllable transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTMS) devices with fully-controlled semiconductor switches are increasingly being developed, but the primary waveform they generate is often accompanied by ringing, which is due to the resonance between the stimulation coil inductance and the snubber capacitors paired with the switches at the end of the pulse. This study provides a ringing suppression design method to effectively suppress it and reduce its impact on stimulation efficacy. A three-pronged design method is developed to suppress the ringing at its source. Firstly, laminated busbars are designed to connect main components, reducing parasitic inductance and thus decreasing the snubber energy requirement and the energy stored in the snubber capacitors, which is the main source of ringing energy. Secondly, the snubber circuit structure is improved by employing unidirectional snubber circuits to cut off the ringing loop. Lastly, a specially designed converter is used to transfer the energy stored in the snubber circuit, which to some extent represents the energy of the ringing, back to the cTMS storage capacitor. The suppressed ringing duration has been significantly reduced from around 1000μs to within 30μs. The proposed method effectively suppresses ringing, making the realized waveform much closer to the ideal waveform, which minimizes the impact of ringing on the stimulation effect and reduces the uncontrollable deviation between the actual activated region and the ideal target activation region. The method can be easily transferred to other cTMS devices, enhancing the controllability of stimulation efficacy.