Requirements Of IEC Research Articles

Development of a flexible composite based on vulcanized silicon casting with bismuth oxide and characterization of its radiation shielding effectiveness in diagnostic X-ray energy range and medium gamma-ray energies

The study aims to develop a novel, lead-free, flexible and lightweight composite shielding material against ionizing radiation. For this, it was used bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) in RTV-2 silicon matrix. The shielding tests were carried out in both diagnostic X-ray energies and intermediate gamma-ray energy range of up to 662 keV to determine the radiation attenuation properties of this material in terms of attenuation ratio, half value layer, tenth value layer, mean free path and lead equivalency of samples in weight of 30%, 40%, 50% in Bi2O3. In the diagnostic X-ray energy range, half value layer, tenth value layer and lead equivalency (in mm Pb) of the produced samples were measured at 80 and 100 kVp narrow beam conditions according to the requirements of EN IEC 61331-1 standard. The results show that lead equivalent values of the produced novel sheets was measured to be 0.16 mm Pb, corresponding to a 6 mm thickness of the flexible sample when it contains 30% wt. Bi2O3 in RTV matrix. The experimental findings for durability and flexibility also indicated that this new RTV-based flexible, lead -free shielding composite can be used safely for especially for manufacturing aprons, garments and thyroid guards used in mammography, radiology, nuclear medicine and dental applications in practice.

Analysis Of Soap, Kie, And Icd X Writing Completeness In Medical Records At General Poly And Maternal And Child Health Family Planning

<p><em>The health service information system in individual health efforts consists of a clinical information system, a health service administration system, a health service support system, and a health service decision support system. The aim of this research is to analyze the completeness of writing SOAP, KIE and ICD. This research is a descriptive study with a cross sectional research design which was carried out at the Darussalam Health Center in Medan in June-August 2022. The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula, namely the number of data listed was 3772 data and the data used as a sample was 97 samples. Data were analyzed using descriptive survey univariate analysis and bivariate analysis with the chi-square test. The results of the research were that the majority of SOAP fillings in General Poly and Maternal And Child Health Family Planning were fully filled, the majority of ICD fillings in General Poly and Maternal And Child Health Family Planning were fully filled, the majority of ICD X filling in General Poly and Maternal And Child Health Family Planning were fully filled. - Maternal And Child Health Family Planning is not complete, there is no increase in filling in the requirements for SOAP, IEC and ICD X at the General Poly and Maternal And Child Health Family Planning Poly. The suggestion in this research is that the results of this research can be used as input for conducting evaluations and training for all employees so that there will be improvements in writing clinical documentation.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: General poly, Maternal And Child Health Family Planning, Medical records</em></strong></p>

A torus source and its application for non-primary radiation evaluation

Objective. Non-primary radiation doses to normal tissues from proton therapy may be associated with an increased risk of secondary malignancies, particularly in long-term survivors. Thus, a systematic method to evaluate if the dose level of non-primary radiation meets the IEC standard requirements is needed. Approach. Different from the traditional photon radiation therapy system, proton therapy systems are composed of several subsystems in a thick bunker. These subsystems are all possible sources of non-primary radiation threatening the patient. As a case study, 7 sources in the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system are modeled in Monte Carlo (MC) code: tandem injector, injection, synchrotron ring, extraction, beam transport line, scanning nozzle and concrete reflection/scattering. To accurately evaluate the synchrotron beam loss and non-primary dose, a new model called the torus source model is developed. Its parametric equations define the position and direction of the off-orbit particle bombardment on the torus pipe shell in the Cartesian coordinate system. Non-primary doses are finally calculated by several FLUKA simulations. Main results. The ratios of summarized non-primary doses from different sources to the planned dose of 2 Gy are all much smaller than the IEC requirements in both the 15–50 cm and 50–200 cm regions. Thus, the P-Cure synchrotron-based proton therapy system is clean and patient-friendly, and there is no need an inner shielding concrete between the accelerator and patient. Significance. Non-primary radiation dose level is a very important indicator to evaluate the quality of a PT system. This manuscript provides a feasible MC procedure for synchrotron-based proton therapy with new beam loss model. Which could help people figure out precisely whether this level complies with the IEC standard before the system put into clinical treatment. What’ more, the torus source model could be widely used for bending magnets in gantries and synchrotrons to evaluate non-primary doses or other radiation doses.

Comparison of OSL and TL dosimetry systems against IEC and ICRP standards

Personal and environmental radiation monitoring services are widely used through luminescent techniques. In this paper, we practiced performance testing on thermoluminescent and optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters by assessing their homogeneity, linearity, energy, and angular dependence tests. The IEC and ICRP requirements were used to compare the performance response of dosimeters. Based on the experimental results, we realized that both detectors comply with the international criteria. The homogeneity percentage was 8.9% and 13.7% for TL and OSL detectors, respectively. The percentage deviation of the linearity test does not exceed 10% for both dosimeters except for the TL dosimeters at low irradiation dose. For the angular dependence, deviations were less than 2% for TLDs and 5% for OSLDs. These detectors display mean values of the relative energy response of −15.29% and −6.51% for OSL and TL detectors. Generally, TL materials manifested low sensitivity to radiation dose levels. On the other hand, the OSLDs demonstrated a more pronounced under-response to energy beam qualities than TLDs. Regarding COV tests, TL and OSL dosimeters have passed the c2 test.

On the Feasibility of Wireless Communications for Safety Applications in Industry

This article presents a methodology to characterize the reliability and safety capabilities of redundant wireless systems planned for an industrial application. The equations that describe the residual error are presented and studied in situations that model an industrial wireless scenario. We propose different voting systems and their performance is evaluated analytically and by simulations. Likewise, a voting system based on a combination of filtering and cross-checking techniques is proposed. This solution significantly reduces the probability of undetected dangerous events while maintaining availability under control. Moreover, an improved version with triple redundancy is also presented. The results demonstrate that it is possible to fulfill the requirements of standard IEC 61508 without compromising system availability statistics. The solutions have been implemented on hardware wireless prototypes to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed voting systems.

ESD試験器の気中放電に基づくIEC規格波形のさらなる検証

To further validate the IEC specified waveform as an ideal contact discharge current presented in 2008 IEC 61000-4-2, a comparison is made with air discharge waveforms from an ESD generator measured under different temperature and humidity conditions by newly introducing the IEC non-specified waveform parameters of 60% time width T of the first peak and falling depth D from the first peak. The result shows that the air discharge waveform is closer to the IEC specified waveform than the contact discharge waveform in both T and D when the rise time and the first peak value meet the IEC requirements. This verifies that the IEC specified waveform has the validity in a sense of well representing the air discharge waveform from the generator.

Assessing the long-term stability of laser enhanced contact optimization (LECO) treated PERC cells in PV modules by extended indoor and outdoor durability tests

It was previously shown that the Laser Enhanced Contact Optimization (LECO) Process is a promising boost for PERC and TOPCon cell manufacturing enhancement. In this contribution, a method is developed to assess the long-term stability of industrial LECO treated PERC cells in a module compound. Therefore, extended accelerated aging tests as well as outdoor measurements were performed on modules comprising LECO treated cells as well as untreated references. It is described, how data can be evaluated to separate typical, known aging and degradation effects from presumable LECO specific effects. The results of this work show that test modules comprising LECO treated cells did not show a different behavior in the accelerated aging or degradation compared to the reference. The same conclusion was found for thermal cycling and damp heat tests, both far in excess of IEC requirements, as well as in a sequential test sequence. In addition, their outdoor performance with local and integral measurements has been evaluated. We can conclude that for the tested PERC cells, aging and degradation effects appeared, but none of them could be attributed to the LECO process. Hence, improvements in the efficiency and/or yield on cell level due to LECO can be translated to the module or even system level considering typical aging and degradation behavior, independently of a prior LECO process.

Optimization for energy response characteristics of plastic scintillators based on genetic algorithm

To address the problem that the energy response of the plastic scintillator detector is very low in the low energy range, this paper proposes a method to optimize the energy response characteristics by combining the CaWO4 energy compensation layer and the genetic algorithm. First, the energy deposition of X/γ rays in a plastic scintillator with a CaWO4 energy compensation layer is modeled and simulated using MCNP software; then, the thickness and hollow radius of the compensation layer are optimized by using genetic algorithm to run this simulation program. The results show that after adding a CaWO4 compensation layer with a thickness of 45 µm and a hollow radius of 1 cm at the front of the plastic scintillator, its energy response characteristics are consistent in the range of 50 keV to 1.5 MeV, which meets the requirement of IEC 61584:2001 for the energy response coefficient less than ±30%. The maximum deviation of the energy response coefficient at the energy point of 0.662 MeV is reduced from 44% to 13%.

ABAC-Based Security Model for DDS

Security is increasingly critical in data communication of distributed environments. DDS is a middleware standard for data-centric publish/subscribe communication in a large scale real-time environment. DDS provides a security model for secure data communication. A major service of the security model is authorization. The authorization is based on the contents of messages rather than the information about the participant which should be the subject for access control. In this article, we present a novel approach for improved authorization of the DDS security model using ABAC. We first analyze the DDS security model and identify integration points for ABAC. Based on the analysis, we incorporate ABAC entities into the security model with ABAC behaviors defined across RTPS and DCPS. We implemented the model in XACML and evaluated by applying it to a patient monitoring system in the healthcare domain for its effectiveness, scalability, and efficiency in a controlled environment. The evaluation on effectiveness demonstrates that the model successfully enforces access control during the discovery process in a dynamic changing setting. The evaluation on scalability and efficiency demonstrates that the model is capable of handling 1,050 access requests simultaneously under the average of 40.60 milliseconds which satisfies the TT3 requirements in IEC 61850-5 with the average ABAC overheads of 10.62 milliseconds accounting for 26.67 percent of the communication time.

Deep learning-based spectrum-dose prediction for a plastic scintillation detector

Dose-rate monitoring in workspaces plays an important role in protecting workers from radiation. Operational quantities are utilized to assess occupational exposures of workers. Typical detector materials for measuring these quantities include ion chambers or high-density materials. However, plastic scintillators are rarely used because of the absence of photo-peaks. We developed a deep learning–based method that can predict the ambient dose equivalent (H*(10))—a representative operational quantity—from measured spectra of plastic scintillation detectors to overcome their drawbacks in terms of spectroscopic dosimetry applications. To train the deep learning model, numerous gamma spectra with arbitrary energies of gamma rays and their H*(10) were calculated by Monte Carlo simulations and used as the dataset. Several neural network models were implemented by the Bayesian-based hyperparameter optimizations, and an ensemble model was used as the final model to enhance accuracy and generalization ability. The performance of the ensemble model was verified using simulated and measured spectra for representative radioisotopes. Furthermore, we confirmed that dose-rate prediction errors of the model were within acceptable uncertainty ranges suggested by the IAEA safety guide and that energy responses of the model satisfied IEC requirements.

Delay modeling for virtualization-based Co-simulation of IEC 61850 substations

Increasing digitization in station automation enables new applications for intelligent functionalities in substations of electrical power systems. The use of IEC 61850 as a uniform communication standard is an important requirement in this context, but also changes the vulnerability to cyber-attacks. Real-time cyber-physical co-simulation platforms are necessary to investigate cyber security threats and countermeasures in digital substations. Essential to the real-time capability and validity of the co-simulation is the compliance with requirements of IEC 61850 – especially the arising transfer times between the substation components. We present here a queue-based delay model for the used Software-Defined-Network architecture to derive a maximum permissible size of the virtual network. This model can capture various influences during the information exchange between OpenFlow-based switches and a centrally hosted controller. The dependency of the transfer time on the number of switches, considered data rates and handover probabilities between controller and switch limits the network size of the virtualization. We present here the adaption of well-known queueing delay models to our IEC 61850 substation use case and their usage in presented co-simulation approach, by taking the network topology, estimated network traffic and simplifications for single-controller architecture with uniformed Open-Flow Switches into account. In this context, the presented architecture of the co-simulation has a structurally limited area of validity, which is introduced and described here analytically. The work also complements already existing delay models by an input prioritization of packet-in events. We can approximate a theoretical limit of 16 sampled values streams in the current setup of co-simulation in a simple and completely interconnected star topology, which will have to highest impact on the transfer time delay.

Analysis of Optical Losses in Polymer Optoelectronic Bus of a New Generation Printed Circuit Boards

The article considers individual factors of loss growth in polymer planar optical waveguides, which are included in the composition of optical-electronic buses, introduced in perspective new generation printing boards. The article proposes several approaches to reducing losses in optical radiation, which include losses at the end of the optical waveguide and the light transition to the input/output element of the optoelectronic bus of the printed circuit board. According to the results of modelling the modal structure of a polymer planar optical waveguide, made from a polymer material, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), in the software environment of Comsol Multiphysics, the dimensions of the core optical waveguide are determined, providing a single-mode structure of an optical waveguide. A measuring stand was developed and assembled for calculating the transmission losses in polymer planar optical waveguides of the optoelectronic bus of a printed circuit board, which meets the requirements of IEC 62596-2: 2017. The minimum measured loss in the manufactured polymer planar optical waveguides was 20 dB, which corresponds to foreign analogues of the optical-electronic bus of the printed circuit board.

The.main types of wind turbines-generators in the power supply system

THE PURPOSE. This paper considers the problem of relay protection functioning when the current transformer reaches the saturation mode which is provided by transient processes.METHODS. MATLAB Simulink software environment allows reproducing the method of statespace representation by using structural blocks. The model is verified by comparison the time to saturation, obtained by calculation and according to the graphical data of the model. The separation of variables method extracts and graphically displays the investigated components.RESULTS. This paper reveals that applying the requirements of IEC 61869-2:2012 standard, which determines the worst combination of series of unfavorable factors for current transformers in transient mode, can influence a serious impact on the correct operation of relay protection based on current, reactance or differential principle of action. Saturation of the current transformer can lead to both negative results: false operation of relay protection devices and their failure.CONCLUSION. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the presence of a DC component in the primary short-circuit current has the greatest effect on the protection operation. The delays in the restoration of the RMS value of the short-circuit current reached up to 0.3 seconds, which is comparable with the response time of the second protection zones for microprocessor-based relay protection devices. The DC component of the primary current and the presence of residual magnetic induction of the current transformer provides the largest content of the magnetization current, the largest angular error and also the largest content of the second harmonic component in the secondary short-circuit current.

A Computer-Based IEC 61850 Sampled Values Analyzer for Parallel Power Quality Analysis

This paper introduces a system capable of characterizing on-site digital instrument transformers from the analysis of the IEC 61850/IEC 61869-9 frames injected by the Stand Alone Merging Units (SAMU) located in digital substations. Besides, the second objective of this work is to implement a suitable computation architecture to monitor distributed Power Quality (PQ) nodes. For that aim, capacity of calculating PQ from the information sent by the SAMU will be leveraged. In a first step, this approach relies on the implementation of an IEC 61000-4-30 class-A PQ library on an industrial-based computer. Concerning the first objective, several experimental tests were driven for a solid timestamping characterization of the received data. After that, different PQ tests were carried out to verify the suitability of the proposed solution by comparing the system against one traceable generator. The calculation of normalized error indexes (En) revealed that the developed system is compatible with respect to the reference generator. In this regard, the system can be used to calibrate digital instrument transformers (via SAMUs) against one analogue reference transformer. Later, the library is migrated to a more constrained hardware to identify the maximum number of parallel nodes that the analyzer can process. On this basis, several tests were conducted to stress the low-cost platform until reaching the thermal limit on CPU. In light of the results, the maximum number of nodes was 20. This fact indicates that the proposed low-cost analyzer meets the stringent class-A requirements of IEC 61000-4-30 for real-time parallel evaluations.

Assessing the suitability of I-V curve translation at varying irradiance and temperature range

Discrepancies in operating conditions while measuring I-V characteristics for a photovoltaic (PV) module produces inadequacies in further analysis and modelling. IEC 60891 presents a straightforward approach for translating I-V curves from measured to reference data points. The complexity arises while extracting parameters such as series resistance (RS), the diode thermal voltage (a) and curve correction factor (k), when the requirements of IEC 60891 are not adequately met. Accuracy of extracting unknown parameters through a modified IEC 60891 procedure 2, presented in literature for curve translation, is investigated for varying ranges of irradiance and temperature in this research work. Optimization tool is employed to determine optimal value of RS and k, deviating from the predefined incremental step change methodology. Experimentally measured I-V curves for a bifacial module were utilized for curve translation and subsequent error estimation. The errors in translated values for VOC, ISC, VMP, IMP and PMAX were estimated to validate the applicability of the modified IEC 60891–2 procedure. Results showed that least error was obtained for PMAX as well as VOC values (∼0%) for all ranges of irradiation, however, the errors increased for ISC, IMP and VMP (1%-9%) for large variations in irradiance and temperature conditions (>300 W/m2).

Specifics of modern security requirements for software of electronic machine control systems

The required level of safety of machines and mechanisms is achieved through the use of appropriate safety management systems for industrial equipment, including programmable electronic ones. Such systems usually include a variety of security devices for managing industrial equipment settings. Since electronic control systems are currently considered the most promising control systems in this area, the study of the security parameters of their application support determines the relevance of this study. This study analyses the main requirements of IEC 61508 and IEC 62061 standards for compliance with modern safety requirements of embedded and applied software for electronic control systems of machines and mechanisms. This study proposes an algorithm for step-by-step implementation of software for electronic machine control systems in accordance with basic security standards for both built-in and application software. Testing has been determined as the main method of verification of application software. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the specification of security requirements, both built-in and application software, should highlight the necessary characteristics of each subsystem, providing information that allows choosing the equipment that meets existing security requirements. Relevant recommendations are given on the specifics of practical application of these standards.

An Evaluation Method for Meeting the Requirement of IEC 60825-1 Laser Safety Standard for Viewing Temporally-varied Radiant Power.

There is no article discussing how to apply the International Electrotechnical Commission (EIC) 60825-1 standard to evaluate laser safety for irregular non-pulsed signal. Yet, as more and more laser applications are introduced, it is very possible that laser radiant power is irregular non-pulsed signal. Here, we present a method of laser safety evaluation for thermal damage under Requirement 3 of the IEC 60825-1 standard.

On safety issue of industrial control systems

There are several various methodological approaches well known for the current level safety ensuring of industrial control systems. Two worlds apart methodological approaches have been considered fundamentally over the past few years: the proposal to implement additional information security countermeasures without changing the basic IT-infrastructure, and creation of a new total isolation concept (for example, the Zero Trust Architecture). These methodological approaches do not lead to stability and security of industrial control systems as noted by the world centers of competence in Russia (Group-IB, Positive Technology) and in the world (IBM, MS, Cisco, CheckPoint). Reports of new and new critical vulnerabilities never stop, including a significant number in relation to industrial control systems. The problem of safety ensuring dates from the XX century, has passed several stages of maturity, and, presently, the approach “from functionality” is the most obvious. In general, this approach consists in the fact that the formation and solution of a problem begins when the manufacturer creates a solution based on a specification consisting of functional safety requirements. Then the safety assessment based on trust requirements is carried out. For the overall process of the safety ensuring of industrial control systems, unfortunately, it is typical, that, so far, the industry has not yet developed a holistic culture of consumption of secure IT-components with security evidence that can be traced to the required level. Only a few suppliers in the world and in Russia are ready to offer components that have a proven level of Safety Integrity Level in accordance with the requirements of IEC 61508 and/or 61511 series. The present publication considers the issue of the safety ensuring of industrial control systems in such technical aspects as: the required resources, the specified speed, the management quality, the validation methods, estimation of residual risks and other computable estimates. A brief overview of existing approaches is presented and some possible solutions for the defined problem are given.

RFID chip card modules from employee identity cards as OSL based retrospective dosimeters

OSL dosimetric studies have been carried out on wired chip card modules from employee identity cards (ID cards) from a premier government research institution. The OSL dose response of chip card modules shows a linear behavior upto a dose of 20 Gy and thereafter exhibited a sub-linearity. The homogeneity of OSL signal among different cards as well as the repeatability studies were carried out and were found to be satisfying the requirements of IEC. The signal was found to be stable after 4 days of storage. In addition, dose recovery methodology was suggested for RFID chip card module and the same has been validated with different chip card modules.

ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF THE EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR OPERATING ENERGY OBJECTS

Introduction: Within the framework of European integration of Ukraine, the international Standard IEC 62305 has been harmonized, which provides for a full inspection of lightning protection devices with a frequency of 0.5 – 4 years, which significantly increases the volume of work. Problem: The adopted Standard is stricter than those for which external lightning protection systems (LPS) of power plants and substations, which are objects of critical infrastructure, have been designed. There is no clear algorithm of actions to bring the existing LPS of existing energy facilities of Ukraine in accordance with the requirements of IEC 62305. Due to the need to modernize the existing LPS facilities, there is a need to develop a single algorithm for these works. Goal: Development of an algorithm for evaluation of the current state LPS for existing power plants and substations. Methodology: Based on the analysis of IEC 62305, three stages of evaluation are proposed: experimental (based on geodetic and electromagnetic method of determining the configuration of the object and components of LPS), calculation (based on the topographic survey method and the electromagnetic method for determining the configuration of the object and components of the LPS) and stage of analysis and development of recommendations. Results: Three stages, which are a basis of analysis of a condition of LPS based on the created algorithm, are considered in detail. An example of the analysis LPS condition of the existing substation with a voltage of 35 kV, created according to the specified method, is given. The program report in 3D form illustrates the unprotected parts of the object. Originality: For the first time, an algorithm for analysis the state of LPS of operating energy facilities according to the IEC 62305 standard has been developed. Practical value: Typical remarks to the existing LPS are formed. The results of the work can be used to inspection and modernize the LPS energy facilities, as well as buildings and structures of public importance.