Test Requirements Research Articles

인공발 제품의 사용적합성 평가 지침 개발 및 시험적용

Artificial foot is an assistive device worn by calf or thigh amputees to enable walking. Orthotic prosthesis including artificial foot are internationally classified as medical devices, but in Korea, they are still classified as assistive devices for the disabled rather than medical devices. All medical devices under the the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety regulation are required to conform to the international standard IEC 62366-1 since 2021. However, prosthetic orthotic products such as artificial foot are not classified as medical devices, so their usability test requirement has not yet been mandated. In this study, four prosthetic orthosis experts formed an advisory committee and applied IEC 62366-1, an international standard for medical device usability evaluation, to develop the usage scenarios for artificial foot products, in indoor and outdoor environments. After selecting 16 tasks in usage environments, we developed guidelines consisting of 52 questionnaires to determine the product's usability, including safety, effectiveness, and satisfaction. Three lower-leg amputees participated in the test application and responded to the survey of the guidelines for a prosthetic foot product while performing 16 tasks. this product received an average score of 3.42 out of 5, and the usability evaluation score was lower on unpaved roads and slippery tiles than on flat surfaces. It is expected that the experience in developing user suitability evaluation guidelines for artificial feet developed in this study can be usefully applied to the development of usability evaluation guidelines for other prosthetic and orthotic products.

Testing Multi-Subroutine Quantum Programs: From Unit Testing to Integration Testing

Quantum computing has emerged as a promising field with the potential to revolutionize various domains by harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics. As quantum hardware and algorithms continue to advance, developing high-quality quantum software has become crucial. However, testing quantum programs poses unique challenges due to the distinctive characteristics of quantum systems and the complexity of multi-subroutine programs. This article addresses the specific testing requirements of multi-subroutine quantum programs. We begin by investigating critical properties by surveying existing quantum libraries and providing insights into the challenges of testing these programs. Building upon this understanding, we focus on testing criteria and techniques based on the whole testing process perspective, spanning from unit testing to integration testing. We delve into various aspects, including IO analysis, quantum relation checking, structural testing, behavior testing, integration of subroutine pairs, and test case generation. We also introduce novel testing principles and criteria to guide the testing process. We conduct comprehensive testing on typical quantum subroutines, including diverse mutants and randomized inputs, to evaluate our proposed approach. The analysis of failures provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of our testing methodology. Additionally, we present case studies on representative multi-subroutine quantum programs, demonstrating the practical application and effectiveness of our proposed testing principles and criteria.

Exploring student learning outcomes in physics learning using a problem-based learning model with a differentiated learning approach

This study aims to determine differences in student learning outcomes in physics lessons by applying a problem-based learning (PBL) model that uses a differentiated learning approach compared to conventional learning. This research uses quasi-experimental methods in the form of a two-group pretest-posttest design. This study used a sample of 40 students from 2 classes of XI PMIPA: 20 students for the control class and 20 for the experimental class. Research data consists of student learning outcomes using descriptive and comparative analysis supported by test requirements analysis that includes normality, homogeneity, and N-Gain. The results indicated that student learning outcomes score higher with the PBL model using a differentiated learning approach than the conventional learning model. The difference in scores between the two is significant. It means that implementing the PBL model based on a differentiated learning approach can improve student learning outcomes. Thus, this research suggests that the PBL model uses a differentiated learning approach that can be relied upon to improve student learning outcomes, so teachers need to use the PBL model more intensively based on a differentiated learning approach to encourage increased student learning outcomes in physics.

Cohort profile: Improved Pregnancy Outcomes via Early Detection (IMPROvED), an International Multicentre Prospective Cohort

Background Improved Pregnancy Outcomes via Early Detection (IMPROvED) is a multi-centre, European phase IIa clinical study. The primary aim of IMPROvED is to enable the assessment and refinement of innovative prototype preeclampsia risk assessment tests based on emerging biomarker technologies. Here we describe IMPROvED’s profile and invite researchers to collaborate. Methods A total of 4,038 low-risk nulliparous singleton pregnancies were recruited from maternity units in Ireland (N=1,501), United Kingdom (N=1,108), The Netherlands (N=810), and Sweden (N=619) between November 2013 to August 2017. Participants were interviewed by a research midwife at ~11 weeks (optional visit), ~15 weeks, ~20 weeks, ~34 weeks’ gestation (optional visit), and postpartum (within 72-hours following delivery). Findings to date Clinical data included information on maternal sociodemographic, medical history, and lifestyle factors collected at ~15 weeks’ gestation, and maternal measurements, collected at each study visit. Biobank samples included blood, urine, and hair collected at each study visit throughout pregnancy in all units plus umbilical cord/blood samples collected at birth in Ireland and Sweden. A total of 74.0% (N=2,922) had an uncomplicated pregnancy, 3.1% (N=122) developed preeclampsia, 3.6% (N=143) had a spontaneous preterm birth, and 10.5% (N=416) had a small for gestational age baby. We evaluated a panel of metabolite biomarkers and a panel of protein biomarkers at 15 weeks and 20 weeks’ gestation for preeclampsia risk assessment. Their translation into tests with clinical application, as conducted by commercial entities, was hampered by technical issues and changes in test requirements. Work on the panel of proteins was abandoned, while work on the use of metabolite biomarkers for preeclampsia risk assessment is ongoing. Future plans In accordance with the original goals of the IMPROvED study, the data and biobank are now available for international collaboration to conduct high quality research into the cause and prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Accuracy and Functionality of Select Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems Are Not Impacted by Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Devices.

Increasing numbers of individuals with diabetes are adopting use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in their daily self-management. Many of these individuals have advanced heart disease. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) devices can effectively reduce arrhythmic death and all-cause mortality in individuals with advanced heart disease. However, the potential impact of ICD devices on CGM system accuracy and functionality has not been well studied. This evaluation assessed whether FreeStyle Libre (FL) CGM systems can coexist and function within the same patient in the presence of wireless interference devices, including current ICD devices. Interferer sources included Wi-Fi devices, Bluetooth devices, cellular mobile devices, implantable medical devices, Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) devices, BLE accessory devices and BLE mobile devices, and ICD-programmer interferers. Five testing methodologies were used to evaluate the accuracy and functionality of the CGM systems when exposed to ICD functions: high-energy emergency shocking, pacing modes, anti-tachycardia pacing mode (ATP), and DC Fibber mode. All acceptance criteria and testing requirements were met for the CGM and ICD system for wireless coexistence evaluation. Our findings demonstrated that coexisting ICD devices and FL CGM systems provide safe and effective wireless communications with functional and accurate transfer of data during scenarios expected in clinical use.

Development of Static Test Equipment and a System for Lever-Loaded Air Springs

In light of the heavy load applied by traditional air spring test equipment and its complex structural system design, a lever-type torque loading air spring test system is designed. It adopts the principle of Chinese scales to apply the load on the air spring in the form of proportional amplification, which can apply a simulated load on the air spring of 500–800 kg, using the vertical sliding shaft as the transverse limit to make the air spring elongate and compress by 280 mm in the longitudinal direction. The measurement and control system of the test equipment is then developed based on the LabVIEW platform, and the required sensors are selected and installed. The system can achieve real-time data acquisition of the air pressure, load, height and other parameters of the air spring and air spring charging and discharging control. Following the debugging of the function of the test equipment, the function of each subsystem is normal and able to meet the requirements of air spring characteristic and pressure tightness tests. For small spaces, such as laboratories, by reducing the installation of hydraulic and other oil source systems, avoiding the use of large mass blocks to simulate the loading of air spring loads and optimizing the complex installation and debugging process, this miniaturized design for air spring test equipment has benefits for practical applications.

Energy performance of a residential zero energy building energy system – R-CELLS at solar decathlon China 2022

The energy system and its energy performance of R-CELLS, a residential zero energy building from team Tianjin U+ in the Solar Decathlon China 2022, is introduced in this paper. When designing and constructing the R-CELLS energy system, two sets of challenges are encountered. Firstly, from an architectural perspective, the limited construction timeframe (only 21 days) and constrained space for housing the equipment, also ease of maintenance should be taken into account. Secondly, from an operational perspective, a constrained period for tests before the competition, a large number of devices dependent on electricity, heat and hot water supply should be considered. In consideration of the ease of assembly and maintenance of the energy system components and the aesthetic requirements of R-CELLS, an improved “photovoltaics, energy storage, direct current, flexibility” based energy system is utilized in R-CELLS. The R-CELLS energy system integrates various renewable energy sources (building integrated photovoltaics, photovoltaic-thermal, and building integrated wind turbines). Furthermore, it incorporates energy storage systems such as battery energy storage system, hot water tank, and phase change material thermal storage. In order to satisfy user requirements in grid-connected, off-grid and outage scenarios, including electricity, heat and domestic hot water, a tri-period energy management strategy based on optimized scheduling and rule-based control is proposed to achieve weekly, daily, and hourly net zero goals. Furthermore, the energy performance of R-CELLS is simulated for a whole year, including typical days in winter and summer, as well as the competition period. During the Solar Decathlon China 2022 competition, R-CELLS was subjected to testing by the committee. The results demonstrated that R-CELLS can be operated off-grid and with zero energy consumption, while meeting the test requirements for indoor environment, heating and cooling, and home life.

Challenges in non-destructive X-ray CT testing of riveted joints in the automotive industry

Despite recent advancements, contemporary laboratory-based industrial computed tomography (CT) technology has not yet achieved the status of an efficient and economically viable in situ non-destructive method for examining riveted joints that are commonly used in the automotive industry. 2D X-ray or 3D CT systems can only reliably assess a rivet joint’s condition in rare, and favorable circumstances. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis to identify the obstacles preventing CT from efficiently capturing high-resolution, and contrast-rich scans of riveted joints in general is lacking. This work delves into the challenges and limitations of the technology that prevent operators from reaching the desired precision required for rigorous quality control. The study specifically addresses questions concerning in situ reachability and positioning of the sample structure, radiodensity and beam hardening, the relationship between spot size and power, and economic feasibility—all within the context of analyzing riveted joints in the automotive industry. Additionally, we provide an abstracted overview of the current industrial X-ray tube market, which informs our discussion on these specific aspects. Through a combination of experimental findings, analytical insights, and deductions, we shed light on the persistent difficulties in achieving resolutions comparable to macro-sectioning and microscopy, which are currently considered the gold standard in examining riveted joints. Our investigation further explores the potential of a photon-counting detector paired with a conventional, laboratory-based X-ray source. Furthermore, we investigate the use of a synchrotron beamline as an X-ray source in conjunction with a custom-designed detector optimized for such beam geometries. This detector employs scintillators coupled with optical magnification, functioning similarly to an X-ray microscope. Our findings and data collection conclusively reveal that commercially available CT systems still fail to meet the requirements for efficient testing, underscoring the urgent need for further research and development to enable widespread implementation.

Artificial-weathering test requirements for fire-retardant-treated wood to reproduce optimal chemical retention and moisture conditions

Despite the increasing outdoor use of fire-retardant-treated wood, methods for predicting its service life remain poorly established. With the aim of establishing a method to predict chemical losses from fire-retardant-treated (FRT) wood caused by humid atmospheres and rain outdoors, this study examined the preferable conditions for artificial-weathering tests and demonstrated the acceleration coefficients in these tests (i.e., the ratio of equivalent time to reach the same retention of chemicals in artificial weathering and outdoors) based on the EN927-6 standard. To determine the moisture absorption and desorption levels of FRT exposed to outdoor conditions, an outdoor exposure experiment was conducted. The moisture content was higher in the FRT wood than in untreated wood, regardless of the type of coating, and ranged between 11% (in March) and 50% (in September) of the untreated wood’s weight. EN927-6 artificial weathering tests were performed on two groups of specimens with initial moisture contents of 0% and 25%. Retention rates of fire-retardant chemicals after a 2520-h test were compared with those retrieved from 4-year outdoor exposure reported elsewhere. Comparison of these two experiments demonstrated that the acceleration coefficients were 4.1–11.3 in the case of specimens with 0% initial moisture content and 5.1–11.4 in the case of specimens with 25% initial moisture content. The higher initial moisture content produced a more uniform acceleration coefficient. Nevertheless, larger acceleration coefficients were derived from specimens with penetrating or semi-film-forming coatings in both cases. The relationships between the uniformity of this acceleration coefficient and the initial moisture content are discussed from the moisture absorption experiment under constant temperature and humidity and under condensation conditions.

Elevating Recycling Standards: Global Requirements for Plastic Traceability and Quality Testing

Globally, we produced 489 million tonnes of plastic in 2023 and we recycled only 8.17%. This study navigates the landscape of recycling practices, highlighting the imperative to reevaluate and upgrade industry-standard protocols. The central focus of this study is on integrating more robust traceability criteria and advanced quality testing methodologies to improve recycled plastics with intrinsic value, particularly in anticipation of future market applications. The investigation examines the prevailing industry standard traceability and quality framework. It then assesses the applicability of those standards using technical datasheets for recycled high-density polyethylene resin grades. This study proposes a paradigm shift toward a more sophisticated analytical approach. This comprehensive framework aims to transcend traditional quality and traceability evaluation. This paper employs a mixed methodological approach, including a thematic analysis of relevant industry standard regulations and an in-depth literature review, to address the need for an operational framework for recycling quality. This study highlights that recycling quality depends on technical attributes determining functionality and application suitability. While some properties are measured, the conventional framework does not address the degradation level of recycled plastic. This study concludes with broader considerations, emphasising the need for a traceability model to disclose material history and composition. This study advocates an industry-wide upgrade in recycling standards, prioritising traceability and quality testing. The proposed enhancements in testing grids and the improved understanding of recycling quality collectively contribute to a holistic framework, unlocking the intrinsic value of recycled plastics for future market applications.

High Wideband Digital Oscilloscope Design

In most test applications, acquisition and analysis involving simultaneous processing of analog and digital signals. However, the bandwidth of most mainstream digital oscilloscopes is limited to 100 MHz, which is unable to meet the testing needs of high-frequency signals in complex electronic systems [1], and therefore, high-bandwidth digital oscilloscopes have emerged. Based on this background, this paper designs a digital oscilloscope hardware platform with high bandwidth by integrating FPGA and ARM technologies, aiming to meet the rigorous testing requirements of modern electronic systems. The FPGA module is based on the xc7s75fgga676 chip, which is mainly responsible for ADC control, data processing and frequency measurement functions. AM5708 is selected as the ARM module to realize the trigger, time base, amplitude and automatic setting functions of the oscilloscope. In order to ensure the accuracy and fidelity of waveform changes, the Sinc function interpolation method is used. This design further improves the acquisition bandwidth and processing speed on the basis of traditional MSO (Mixed Signal Oscilloscope) oscilloscopes, which is of great significance for the acquisition and processing of high-speed signals.

Highly Uncertain Methane Leakage from Oil and Gas Wells in Canada Despite Measurement and Reporting.

Leakage of fluids from oil and gas wells is a source of the key greenhouse gas methane, and presents environmental risks, including groundwater contamination. A loss of well integrity can result in fluid leakage into the annular space between subsequent well casings (which is often vented to the atmosphere) or into the surrounding subsurface. In Canada, industry reporting on well integrity is often incomplete, leading government inventories to disagree on emission magnitudes. In this study, we model wellbore methane emissions using industry data in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, finding that differing model assumptions to handle unclear/missing data have a strong influence on estimated emissions. Considering estimates derived from industry reporting and from independent measurement, wellbore emissions in the two provinces range anywhere from 23 to 176 kt of methane, representing 1.7-11.4% of their upstream sector methane emissions. Further, finding over 130 examples of measured leaks seemingly missing from industry reporting, we conclude that wellbore emissions, groundwater contamination, and broader environmental risks are underestimated. We provide recommendations to improve well integrity tracking through data quality assurance measures and increased testing. Finally, we find that ongoing optical gas imaging camera surveys could be an effective tool to augment wellbore testing requirements to minimize industry burden.

Experiment-free exoskeleton assistance via learning in simulation.

Exoskeletons have enormous potential to improve human locomotive performance1-3. However, their development and broad dissemination are limited by the requirement for lengthy human tests and handcrafted control laws2. Here we show an experiment-free method to learn a versatile control policy in simulation. Our learning-in-simulation framework leverages dynamics-aware musculoskeletal and exoskeleton models and data-driven reinforcement learning to bridge the gap between simulation and reality without human experiments. The learned controller is deployed on a custom hip exoskeleton that automatically generates assistance across different activities with reduced metabolic rates by 24.3%, 13.1% and 15.4% for walking, running and stair climbing, respectively. Our framework may offer a generalizable and scalable strategy for the rapid development and widespread adoption of a variety of assistive robots for both able-bodied and mobility-impaired individuals.

Outcome-based analytical performance specifications: current status and future challenges.

Analytical performance specifications (APS) based on outcomes refer to how 'good' the analytical performance of a test needs to be to do more good than harm to the patient. Analytical performance of a measurand affects its clinical performance. Without first setting clinical performance requirements, it is difficult to define how good analytically the test needs to be to meet medical needs. As testing is indirectly linked to health outcomes through clinical decisions on patient management, often simulation-based studies are used to assess the impact of analytical performance on the probability of clinical outcomes which is then translated to Model 1b APS according to the Milan consensus. This paper discusses the related key definitions, concepts and considerations that should assist in finding the most appropriate methods for deriving Model 1b APS. We review the advantages and limitations of published methods and discuss the criteria for transferability of Model 1b APS to different settings. We consider that the definition of the clinically acceptable misclassification rate is central to Model 1b APS. We provide some examples and guidance on a more systematic approach for first defining the clinical performance requirements for tests and we also highlight a few ideas to tackle the future challenges associated with providing outcome-based APS for laboratory testing.

Understanding the Complexity of Microbiology Method Validation to Meet State-Specific Requirements for Cannabis.

Federal legislation still prohibits the cultivation, sale, and consumption of cultivars of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol cannabis (>0.3%); however, as of November 2022, 39 states have legalized cannabis and cannabis derived products for medicinal consumption and 21 states have legalized for adult-use consumption. This state-by-state approach has produced a patch work of regulations that multi-state operators (MSOs) must learn to navigate. Furthermore, cannabis laboratories often lack the space and skill needed to perform method validations, adding another layer of complexity. While these barriers exist, it is paramount for MSOs to demonstrate the fitness of purpose of their methods. This review presents the complexity that an MSO navigated in developing microbiology method validation study designs for two proprietary real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays to meet four state (California, Florida, Michigan, and Oklahoma) testing requirements. The testing in each state was conducted in addition to certification of the assays through the AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM (PTM) program. Matrix studies were conducted targeting three analytes (Aspergillus spp., Salmonella spp., and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli) as directed by the state regulatory authorities. For California, inclusivity and exclusivity studies were performed. The number of contamination levels, test portion replicates, and total target organisms evaluated varied by state. Culture confirmation was not performed outside of the AOAC PTM studies. Data from each study was collected, summarized, and provided to the state regulatory agencies. Review of the data consisted of identifying discrepant results and verification of controls. After review, each assay was certified for use in the respective state. Requirements from each of the states demonstrate the complexities MSOs face and emphasize the need for a more standardized approach to streamline acceptance of alternative methods. While varying state regulations can be complex, validation studies performed for the candidate methods have led to adoption across 31 states.

Double-Duty Carers' Health and Wellbeing during COVID-19: Exploring the Role of Mobility of the Care Economy in Southern Ontario, Canada.

Double-Duty Carers (DDCs) refer to people who work in the healthcare industry while also providing unpaid care to relatives, friends, or neighbours. The expectations placed on DDCs is expected to grow, and these employees already experience a high caring burden. As such it is important to understand how best to support their health and wellbeing. This paper explores DDCs' wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing an understudied factor: their mobility constraints. Following the Mobility of the Care Economy framework and a qualitative research design, it does so through a thematic analysis of 16 semi-structured interviews with female DDCs in Southern Ontario, Canada. Once data saturation was reached, three mobility pathways during the pandemic were identified, all of which negatively affected DDCs wellbeing. First, some COVID-19 policies (e.g., testing requirements) resulted in increased mobility demands and increased spatiotemporal constraints. Second, the closure of institutions that care for dependents (schools, daycares, day centres) resulted in forced reduced mobility, which increased financial stress. Finally, indirect mobility effects were identified: the reduced mobility of other informal carers increased the workload and emotional strain on DDCs. The paper concludes with a discussion of mobility-related policies that could improve DDC wellbeing.

Public health policy impact evaluation: A potential use case for longitudinal monitoring of viruses in wastewater at small geographic scales

Public health policy impact evaluation is challenging to study because randomized controlled experiments are infeasible to conduct, and policy changes often coincide with non-policy events. Quasi-experiments do not use randomization and can provide useful knowledge for causal inference. Here we demonstrate how longitudinal wastewater monitoring of viruses at a small geographic scale may be used in a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 public health policies on the spread of COVID-19 among a university population. We first evaluated the correlation between incident, reported COVID-19 cases and wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations and observed changes to the correlation over time, likely due to changes in testing requirements and testing options. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we then evaluated the association between university COVID-19 public health policy changes and levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater. We did not observe changes in SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations associated with most policy changes. Policy changes associated with a significant change in campus wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations included changes to face covering recommendations, indoor gathering bans, and routine surveillance testing requirements and availability.

An equivalent target plate damage probability calculation mathematics model and damage evaluation method

Aiming at the requirement of damage testing and evaluation of equivalent target plate based on the explosion of intelligent ammunition, this paper proposes a novel method for damage testing and evaluation method of circumferential equivalent target plate. Leveraging the dispersion characteristics parameters of fragment, we establish a calculation model of the fragment power situation and the damage calculation model under the condition of fragment ultimate penetration equivalent target plate. The damage model of equivalent target plate involves the fragment dispersion density, the local perforation damage criterion, the tearing damage model, and the damage probability. We use the camera to obtain the image of the equivalent target plate with fragment perforation, and research the algorithm of fragment distribution position recognition and fragment perforation area calculation method on the equivalent target plate by image processing technology. Based on the obtained parameters of the breakdown position and perforation area of fragments on equivalent target plate, we apply to damage calculation model of equivalent target plate, and calculate the damage probability of each equivalent target plate, and use the combined probabilistic damage calculation method to obtain the damage evaluation results of the circumferential equivalent target plate in an intelligent ammunition explosion experiment. Through an experimental testing, we verify the feasibility and rationality of the proposed damage evaluation method by comparison, the calculation results can reflect the actual damage effect of the equivalent target plate.

Time-to-treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer in the era of biomarker testing.

e20623 Background: In 2011, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommended biomarker testing in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) based on improved survival with targeted therapies and immunotherapy reported in clinical trials. The requirement for biomarker testing before the commencement of treatment could inadvertently contribute to delays in treatment initiation. We investigated the time to treatment for mNSCLC in the US general population in the era of advanced therapies for lung cancer. Methods: We obtained data from 32,518 adults with mNSCLC between 2004 and 2019 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We categorized time to treatment to < 1 month or ≥ 1 month, and period of diagnosis to 2004-2011 and 2012-2020. We used separate logistic regression models to investigate the relationship between time to treatment, period of diagnosis, and year of diagnosis, adjusting for age, sex, household income, residence, and race. Results: The mean age of the study population was 66 (SD 10) years, 41% Female and 76% White. The majority (84%) were Metropolitan dwellers. A total of 23,322 (76%) were diagnosed between 2004 and 2011, and 9,186 (28%) from 2012 to 2019. Overall, 40% of patients initiated cancer therapy within a month of diagnosis, with no significant difference between patients who commenced treatment between 2004-2011 (40.2%) and 2012-2019 (39.9) (chi2 = 0.3492 P = 0.555). In both logistic regression analyses, there was no significant relationship between time to treatment and period or year of diagnosis. However, race/ethnicity and age independently predicted the time to treatment. Compared to Whites, Blacks (Odds ratio (OR) 1.08, 95% CI 1.01- 1.16, p = 0.04) and Hispanics (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03-1.24, p 0.01) were more likely to initiate treatment ≥ 1 month from the time of diagnosis. The odds of initiating treatment ≥ 1 month also increased with age (Age/year OR 1.01 (95% CI 1.01-1.01). Conclusions: We did not identify delays in treatment initiation for mNSCLC in the current era of biomarker testing. Biomarker testing has become an essential diagnostic tool for mNSCLC, guiding targeted therapies that have been shown to improve treatment outcomes. However, some vulnerable populations continue to experience delays in treatment initiation, which could lead to poorer survival. Improvements in cancer therapeutics must be complemented by service delivery improvements to optimize treatment outcomes.

P‐224: Late‐News Poster: Development of 660Hz LCD with Low Resistance Gate LTPS Backplane

16‐inch FHD+ (Full High Definition Plus, 1920*1200) LCD featuring LTPS TFTs with a new low‐resistance alloy gate metal and fast response AFFS (Advanced Fringe Field Switching) liquid crystal technology has been developed, which achieves a ClearMR value of 9000 at 480Hz frame rate and fulfills the requirement for product reliability test. These technologies, including the new gate metal TFTs and employing Fast‐Response time liquid crystal, have also been implemented in a 17.3‐inch FHD (Full High Definition, 1920*1080) gaming laptop LCD. This larger panel operates at an even higher frame rate of 660Hz and higher ClearMR values with GtG (Gray to Gray) liquid crystal response time within 1ms. These advancements mark significant progress in the field of high‐performance gaming displays.