Test Requirements Research Articles

Model-based interactive visualization for complex systems requirements and design in joint tests.

This study presents an interactive visualization-based Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) technique that is especially designed to handle requirements analysis and design issues in joint test settings. Standardized operational requirement description, test requirement analysis, test design, and first test system plan generation are the four primary phases that make up the technique. This method provides a more thorough and approachable depiction of both operational and test requirements by utilizing interactive visualization techniques. This makes it possible for test staff to more accurately and efficiently develop, visualize, and improve test plans. The methodology's efficacy in augmenting the capabilities of joint testing platforms is demonstrated through a thorough case study of a joint test. Higher levels of accuracy and dependability in test results are eventually a result of this approach's strong support for requirements analysis, test design, and the general execution and assessment of joint tests inside complex systems.

A Structural Equation Model For Adopting Additive Manufacturing in the Footwear Firms Supply Chains

Goal: The objective of this research is to present a theoretical framework and explore how additive manufacturing (AM) techniques affect supply chain complexity (SCC) in the footwear sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study developed theoretical framework that includes AM best practices and SCC through extensive literature review. Using 1-5 likert scale surveys, data were gathered from 205 professionals working in 29 Ethiopian footwear industries in the period October 20 to December 23, 2023. The collected questionnaires were tested for reliability and validity, measurement and structural model fit test were checked using confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modeling using AMOS v23 was used to evaluate the proposed correlations. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis test result revealeld that measurement and structural equation model fit test fulfill the model fit test requirements, i.e. χ2/df < 5, CFI, GFI and TLI > 0.9, RMR and RMSEA < 0.08. The findigs of the study confirmed that additive manufacturing best practices (time, inventory, operation, and resource, energy and waste related factors) have positive effects on static and dynamic supply chain complexity. Practical implications: This study helps the firm to focus on adoptation of AM for improving supply chain complexity. Furthermore, this study extended earlier research in the domains of SCM by building a theoretical framework that connects AM best practices with supply chain complexity factors. Originality/value: This work bridges the scientific knowledge gap by combining supply chain complexity and AM best practices. Among others, it can contribute to the existing literature by illustrating the benefits of adopting AM technology particularly in footwear sector.

Daphnids can safeguard the use of alternative bioassays to the acute fish toxicity test: A focus on neurotoxicity.

Assessment of potential impacts of chemicals on the environment traditionally involves regulatory standard data requirements for acute aquatic toxicity testing using algae, daphnids and fish (e.g., OECD test guidelines (TG) 201, 202, and 203, respectively), representing different trophic levels. In line with the societal goal to replace or reduce vertebrate animal testing, alternative bioassays were developed to replace testing with fish: the fish cell line RTgill-W1 acute toxicity assay (OECD TG249) and the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test (zFET, OECD TG236). However, previous studies revealed the lower sensitivity of the RTgill-W1 cell line assay and zFET for some neurotoxic chemicals and allyl alcohol, which is presumably biotransformed in fish to the more toxic acrolein (which is predicted well through the cell line assay). To provide an additional alternative to acute fish toxicity, in this study, we analyzed historic ecotoxicity data for fish and daphnids from the EnviroTox Database. We found a considerable variability in acute fish LC50 and acute daphnids EC50 values, particularly for neurotoxic chemicals. Comparing sensitivity of these taxonomic groups according to different neurotoxicity classification schemes indicates that fish rarely represent the most sensitive trophic level of the two. Exceptions here most prominently include a few cyclodiene compounds, which are no longer marketed, and a chemical group that could be identified through structural alerts. Moreover, daphnids are more sensitive than fish to acrolein. This analysis highlights the potential of the Daphnia acute toxicity test, which is usually a standard regulatory data requirement, in safeguarding the environmental protection level provided by the RTgill-W1 cell line assay and the zFET. This research, rooted in decades of efforts to replace the fish acute toxicity test, shifts the focus from predicting fish toxicity 1-to-1 to emphasizing the protectiveness of alternative methods, paving the way for further eliminating vertebrate tests in environmental toxicology.

Updating pile bearing capacity estimation using multiple piling data and spatial correlation

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a method to comprehensively capture the variability of pile bearing capacity from the piling data within a site by Bayesian Gaussian process regression. The approach, based on the assumption that multiple piles are installed under controlled piling conditions, involves steps from obtaining piling data to calculating a credible interval on pile bearing capacity, considering spatial variability, piling variation and estimation error. To validate the proposed method, a field test was conducted with rotary cutting press-in piles. Three different input data and estimation methods were used, and their estimates were compared with rapid load test measurements. The proposed method successfully provided credible intervals that appropriately contained the measured values, and the estimated variances were generally in good agreement. The residuals of the estimation error fit the log-normal distribution well. The validity of the proposed method was confirmed for all three piling data inputs, demonstrating its versatility. Furthermore, the proposed method reduces the statistical error when identifying bias from comparisons with load tests. It would also increase the value of piling data, which has traditionally been difficult to use for small projects due to the requirement of additional load tests to identify inter-site errors in the piling data.

Functional Capacity Incorporating Dynamic Ventilation in Systemic Sclerosis: Agreement Analysis Between Performance on the 6-Minute Walk Test and Glittre–ADL Test

Background Functional capacity at submaximal exercise levels has become more popular as an outcome measure in systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, it is necessary to know the ventilatory requirements of the different field tests. Objectives To verify the agreement of the ventilatory dynamics measured at submaximal exercise between the the Glittre-ADL test (TGlittre) and the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and, secondarily, to evaluate the correlations of these measurements with clinical and functional variables in women with SSc (wwSSc). Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which 30 wwSSc underwent the 6MWT and TGlittre while hooked to a device reading their ventilatory demand. Physical function was assessed on the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and lung function was assessed by spirometry. Results The median 6-min walking distance (6MWD) was 344 (282–410) metres, and 25 (83.3%) participants did not reach 80% of the predicted distance. The median TGlittre time was 147 (107–188) seconds, and 18 (60%) participants exceeded 120% of the predicted time. There was agreement between the two tests on the following variables: heart rate (ICC = 0.883, P < 0.0001), breathing reserve (ICC = 0.816, P < 0.0001), peripheral oxygen saturation (ICC = 0.752, P = 0.0009), inspiratory capacity (ICC = 0.690, P < 0.0001), and peak minute ventilation (ICC = 0.433, P = 0.007). There was a weak correlation between 6MWD and TGlittre time ( rs=–0.353, P = 0.05). 6MWD correlated significantly with the HAQ-DI score ( rs=–0.606, P = 0.0004) and forced vital capacity (FVC, rs = 0.427, P = 0.018). TGlittre time correlated significantly with HAQ-DI ( rs = 0.440, P = 0.015) and FVC ( rs=–0.404, P = 0.026). Conclusion In wwSSc, the 6MWT and TGlittre have almost the same ventilatory requirements, although these patients perform worse in the 6MWT. 6MWD and TGlittre time are weakly correlated. Both 6MWD and TGlittre time are associated with physical function and lung function. Therefore, both tests should be used in clinical practice for the monitoring of these patients as they are complementary.

Impact of Functional Training on Injuries After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction for Return-to-Duty Status in U.S. Naval Academy Midshipmen: A Retrospective Analysis.

Acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries can be disabling because of prolonged rehabilitation process following surgical reconstructions. Rates of ACL injuries among military service members are close to 10 times greater than the general civilian population, likely because of the operation tempo and the unique physical requirements. Studies debated functional testing requirements for return to sports, but no study investigated the impact of functional training and re-injury rates following ACL reconstruction and their association with functional testing outcomes and time to return to full duty in United States Naval Academy (USNA) Midshipmen. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review all ACL reconstructions with and without meniscal injury at USNA, the functional training and testing, timing of return to military training, and associations with postoperative re-injury rates. A retrospective chart review of all Midshipmen who sustained ACL reconstructions between 2015 and 2019 was performed. Demographic variables, type of surgeries, functional training/testing outcomes, timing to return to full duty and postoperative re-injury rates were recorded up to January 1, 2022. Of 204 ACL reconstructions, 87 were excluded, resulting in a sample size of 117 including 76 (65%) men and 41 (35%) women aged 20.4 ± 1.4 years. Fifty-one (44%) Midshipmen sustained a re-injury to the postoperative knee or complication. Thirty-three out of 76 (43%) men and 18 out of 41 (35%) women sustained complication or re-injury to the surgical knee. Of those re-injuries or complications, 12 Midshipmen (10%) sustained graft failures,12 (10%) anterior arthrofibrosis, 7 (6%) meniscus tears, 17 (15%) patella tendinopathy, and 3% other ligament injuries (MCL, PCL, etc.). Fifty participants (43%) followed a functional training program while 67 (57%) lacked documented functional training. There was a significant difference in Midshipmen who participated in functional training, displaying fewer postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) re-injuries or complications to the surgical knee as compared to those who did not (0.027). Nineteen Midshipmen (16%) performed functional testing while 98 did not. Of the 98 Midshipmen who did not perform functional testing, 57 (58%) had re-injury or complications to the surgical knee postoperatively compared to 9 (48%) who performed functional testing sustained a re-injury or complication. The average return to full duty was 37.1 ± 25.8 weeks versus 63.8 ± 35.8 weeks for Midshipmen who sustained postoperative injuries. Within 1 year of return to duty, 6 of 12 (50%) ACL graft failures occurred. Postoperative injuries and complications following ACLR can delay the ability to return to duty by twice as long, consequently effecting military manpower capability. A functional training and testing program resembling both an athletic and military/operational environment can reduce re-injury and complication rates, resulting in faster return-to-duty rates. Future studies should assess the impact of military rehabilitation participation following ACLR and functional testing protocols to assess physical readiness of Midshipmen to return to full duty. Additionally, methods to assess psychological readiness to return to duty should be further investigated.

Beyond Language Barriers: Rethinking English Proficiency Requirements for Nigerian Graduates

The debate surrounding whether Nigerians should be exempted from international English proficiency tests to study in English-speaking countries in the West has gained significant media attention. It is argued that English is already the official language, widely used in Nigeria for government, media, and education, making it the everyday language for many Nigerians. Consequently, they find it offensive and demeaning to mandate English proficiency tests, particularly for graduate students seeking to study abroad. As part of an academic inquiry into the issue, this paper aims to investigate the perceptions of Nigerian graduates regarding international English proficiency tests. This study offers insights into Nigerian graduates’ views, potentially informing educational policy and addressing fairness in international language testing requirements for English-speaking nations. The authors obtained responses through a six-question structured questionnaire and evaluated the perception of Nigerian graduates concerning these tests. Using a quantitative approach, the participants’ responses were analyzed and triangulated by situating them in real-life contexts. The findings indicate that a majority of Nigerian graduates believe Nigerians should be exempted from these proficiency tests due to the prevalence and familiarity of the English language in Nigeria compared to indigenous languages. However, an average of 11% of respondents believe that Nigerians should not be exempted from taking standardised English proficiency tests. This is significantly lower than 89% of respondents who believe that Nigerians should be exempted from these tests. This suggests a reconsideration of English proficiency tests for Nigerians, potentially influencing policy changes in language testing and supporting equitable access to international education. The findings also have broader implications for international educational policies and the recognition of linguistic diversity in a global academic environment.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI MUTU FISIK SEDIAAN KRIM WAJAH DARI EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH DELIMA (Punica granatum L.) SEBAGAI ANTIACNE

Acne is one of the most common skin diseases, especially in teenagers because it can damage self-confidence. Acne is caused by inflammation by pilosebaseae molecules characterized by the presence of nodules, papules, blackheads, and pustules. One alternative that can be used as a treatment using herbs is with red pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.). Pomegranate peel contains quercetin compounds contained in flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. This study was conducted to determine the physical quality and the effect of variations in the concentration of Triethanolamine (TEA) as an emulgator in face cream preparations. This research uses experimental methods to obtain research data. Anti-acne cream preparations from pomegranate peel extract were made with TEA concentrations of 2%, 3% and 4%. The results of pomegranate peel extract cream preparation meet the requirements of organoleptical physical quality test, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability and viscosity. Statistical test results show that the variation of TEA affects the physical quality of spreadability with a sig value (p=<0.05). Statistical test results showed that the variation of TEA had no effect on the physical quality of spreadability with a sig value (p => 0.05). Formulation 3 with 4% TEA concentration produced the most intense color preparation.

FORMULASI DAN UJI STABILITAS FISIK FACIAL WASH EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MELINJO (Gnetum gnemon L.) DENGAN VARIASI PERBANDINGAN EMULGATOR

Soap is a mixture of sodium compounds with fatty acids used as a body cleansing agent, solid, foam, with or without other additives and does not cause irritation to the skin. One of the soaps often used by the community is facial wash to get rid of acne. One plant that is often used is melinjo leaf (Gnetum gnemon L.). Melinjo leaves contain flavonoid compounds that function as antioxidants that will interfere with the metabolic functions of microorganisms such as bacteria. This study was conducted to determine the physical stability test of melinjo leaf ethanol extract facial wash with variations in emulgator ratio. The emulgators used were Stearate Acid, Na CMC, and Trietylamine. The test results show that the comparison of emulgator variations can affect the stability of the preparation. The physical stability tests carried out include organoleptic test, viscosity test, specific gravity test, pH test, foam height test, and homogeneity test. The test results of Formulation I have met all these requirements, in Formulation II and Formulation III the preparation has not met the requirements of the specific gravity test and viscosity test.

The instructional and learning quality: The effect of four teacher competencies

Teacher competence is directly proportional to student learning quality. The purpose of this study was to prove whether teacher competence positively impacts the quality of learning. The study was conducted on 127 state madrasah teachers in Malang Regency and Batu City. Data was collected using a questionnaire via Google Form with a semantic differential scale (1-10). The instrument was developed in accordance with the teacher competence law and has met the quality requirements of content testing by experts and obtained empirical evidence in the SEM analysis with CFI (Comparative Fit Index) results, 0.926, RMSEA 0.110, CI (Confidence interval) 0.0937-0.126, and Reliability 0,95. The test of the influence of teacher competence on the quality of learning was carried out using linear regression analysis. The results of the data analysis obtained in the study showed a positive influence of teacher competence on the quality of learning by 90.8%. The results of measurements with the instrument used by the researcher can be a reference in measuring teacher competence;; the better the teacher's competence is, the more directly proportional it is to the quality of learning.

The effect of additional bitter gourd seed oil on the effectiveness of zinc oxide sunscreen cream

Background: Sunscreen can protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) exposure. This study formulated sunscreen cream using a combination of zinc oxide (ZnO) and bitter gourd seed oil. Objective: This study was to determine the effect of adding bitter gourd seed oil in various concentrations on the characteristics of the cream, the effect of irritation on the skin, and the effectiveness of sunscreen in vitro. Method: The ZnO cream combined with bitter gourd seed oil was prepared in various concentrations of F0 (0%), F1 (6%), F2 (9%), and F3 (12%). After that, the physical characteristics and in vitro sunscreen activity were evaluated. Result: The results showed that all formulations met the requirements of organoleptic and homogeneity tests. Cream indicates the type of oil in water (O/W) with a pH of 4.5-8. Spreadability tests are in the range of 5-8 cm, while the irritation test on the skin of the rat's back showed no signs of erythema or oedema. The SPF (Sun protection factors) were 5.64, 10.3, 16.1, and 22.8, with %TE (Erythema transmission) values of 0.983, 0.764, 0.182, and 0.006, while the %TP (Pigmentation Transmission) were 0.981, 0.885, 0.211, and 0.006. LSD results in each test showed that the four formulations had significant differences (p <0.05). Conclusion: The analysis concluded that adding bitter gourd seed oil could increase the in vitro effectiveness of ZnO sunscreen cream preparations and did not cause irritation to the skin.

Physician-Patient Communication about Novel Drugs and High-Risk Medical Devices.

After a new drug or medical device is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), physician-patient communication about benefits and risks is critical, including whether the product was approved through an expedited pathway based on limited evidence. In addition, physician reporting of drug- and device-related adverse events in real-world use is necessary to have a complete safety profile. We studied physician-reported communication and safety-reporting practices related to drugs and devices. We surveyed a random national sample of American Board of Internal Medicine-certified internists, cardiologists, and oncologists between October 2021 and September 2022 about the sources of information used to prescribe a drug or medical device, details of communication with patients, and reporting of adverse events. Among 509 respondents (39% response rate), 387 (76%) reported that FDA approval influenced their decision "a lot" to prescribe a new drug or recommend use of a medical device. Half (122; 50%) of the 244 physicians randomized to receive a question about their own communication of trial endpoints reported "usually" telling patients when products were approved based on surrogate measures and 126 (52%) "usually" reported telling patients if a postapproval trial was required to evaluate safety and effectiveness. Two-thirds (165) said they were likely to report drug- or device-related adverse events to FDA. Physician self-reporting of communication with patients about drugs and devices suggests that half include characteristics of the pivotal trials such as use of clinically meaningful endpoints or continued requirement for evidence generation. More consistent discussions with patients about the quality of evidence supporting new drugs and devices and increased reporting of adverse events could ensure optimal use of these products in clinical practice. Among 509 board-certified internists, cardiologists, and oncologists, half reported telling patients when drugs or medical devices were approved based on surrogate measures and when there was an FDA-mandated postapproval trial to further evaluate safety and effectiveness.As drugs and medical devices are increasingly approved by the FDA through expedited pathways based on data with lingering uncertainties, discussion with patients about issues such as the nature of the endpoints assessed and existence of postapproval testing requirements can help inform patient decision making.

THE EFFECT OF FLIPPED CLASSROOM LEARNING ON LEARNING OUTCOMES

The impact of flipped classroom learning on student learning outcomes is investigated in this study. The research technique is a scientific approach to data collection that aims to accomplish a particular objective. The quasi-experimental research approach will be the methodology employed in this investigation. The following are the variables in this study: The study's independent variable (free variable) is the learning model, specifically the traditional and flipped classroom models. In this study, student learning outcomes are the dependent variable (bound variable). The t-test and One-Way Anova are two examples of the quantitative analysis techniques used in data analysis to process field-sourced data using normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis tests. The significance value table (sig.) illustrates that the post-test value data in the social studies topic is normally distributed, as determined by the computations above. The post-test results indicate a value higher than 0.05, specifically 0.091 in the experimental class and 0.055 in the control class. According to the test requirements, t table = 1.99 and t count = 6.62. As a result, at a level of 0.05, 6.62>1.99, rejecting H0 and accepting Ha. It is possible to conclude that classes using the flipped classroom learning approach have a higher average value on the post-test of geography learning outcomes than classes utilizing the conventional method. With a 5% confidence level (α=0.05), the calculation of F count> F table (45.06> 3.97) indicates that there is a difference in the average value of learning outcomes (there is an influence on learning outcomes). Ho is rejected, while Ha is approved. It is possible to draw the following conclusion from the data analysis results: "The flipped classroom learning paradigm has a positive and significant influence on learning outcomes.

Acceleration of Chronic Wound Healing With Galenic cream of Snail Seromucoid, Durian Peel Extract Polysaccharides And chitosan

The treatment of chronic wounds take a relatively long time so a wound care process or wound management using traditional or modern medical therapy is needed. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of galenic cream of snail seromucoid, durian peel extract and chitosan as anti-inflammatories in vitro and in vivo for chronic wound healing. Theoretical Framework: Snail seromucoid, durian peel extract, and chitosan and their combinations can be developed as galenic cream preparations for the treatment of chronic wounds Method: The research method was based on the experimental design with the research stages covering bioformulation of galenic cream preparations of snail seromucoid, durian peel extract, and chitosan as well as testing the quality of galenic preparations physically, chemically, and microbiologically. Results and Discussion: Bioformulation galenic preparation of 2% snail seromucoid, 2% polysaccharide of durian peel extract; 2% chitosan and their combination with ratio 1:1:1 according to the requirements of Food and Drug Monitoring Agency, Republic of Indonesia No. 32 of 2019, it meets the requirements for the quality test of cream preparations in a physicochemical manner including pH, antioxidant activity, dispersion, and adhesion and microbiologically includes Total Plate Number, Yeast Mold Number, and no microbial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Candida albicans. Research Implications: The galenic of 2% snail seromucoid, 2% polysaccharide of durian peel extract and 2% chitosan 2% is effective as an anti-inflammatory cream. The results of this study indicate implications for the acceleration of chronic wound healing rates. Originality/Value: Harti et al's research results of the Basic Research Program Higher Education, Ministry of Research and Technology Republic of Indonesia, 2019-2022 fiscal years and the Simple Patent No. S00202010479 showed a synergistic effect of bioactive compounds seromucoid snails and chitosan as biological response modifiers or bioimmunostimulators and antimicrobial agents so that it can be developed as anti-inflammatory galenic preparations

TRISO Fuel’s Safety Functions, Contributions to Reactor Safety, and Necessary Safety Limits

Safety functions are the actions, passive or active, that structures, systems, and components of a nuclear facility contribute to the safety of the workers, the public, or the environment. Well-defined safety functions are the foundation of a solid safety case for a reactor. For reactors that use tri-structural isotropic (TRISO)-coated particles, the TRISO fuel plays an important part in the safety case because of its ability to contain radionuclides in the fuel itself. This ability enables the use of a functional containment strategy for the reactor where radionuclide retention is the primary safety function supported by the safety functions of controlling reactivity control and controlling heat rejection. This paper establishes at a deeper level the role that TRISO fuel plays in each of these safety functions and the associated quality assurance and testing requirements for TRISO particle manufacturing to ensure these safety functions. Safety limits necessary to protect these safety functions include manufacturing specifications, operational limits, time-at-temperature limits, and fission gas release activity limits. This approach demonstrates the role that specific aspects of TRISO fuel play in protecting the safety of workers, the public, and the environment.

Analytical quality-by-design guided development of a novel and robust HPTLC method for quantifying plumbagin from Plumbago species

The study utilizes an analytical quality-by-design (AQbD) approach to establish a robust and efficient HPTLC method for plumbagin quantification in plumbago species. The highest-risk critical method parameters (CMP; concentration of plumbago and composition of mobile phase) and most appropriate critical analytical attributes (CAA; Peak area and retention factor [Rf]) were employed in the AQbD methodology. These CMP were tuned for higher plumbagin recovery using the central composite design (CCD) experiment. The created approach was validated by the requirements outlined in the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2 (R2). Every plate involved in the proposed method validation has been subjected to the passing requirements of the system suitability test (SST). The low LOD (16.93 ng/mL) and LOQ (49.68 ng/mL) values and the minimal divergence in intra- and inter-day studies validate the developed method’s high precision and sensitivity. Further experiments employing the proposed method to determine the amount of plumbagin from the two distinct plant sources harvested under two different climate conditions determined the highest plumbagin content in P. indica, which is in line with the results. To summarize, the AQbD method may be used in other plant systems to optimize various factors and get a greater concentration of the desired plant metabolite.

Nonclinical safety assessment of vaccines: Up to date applications

Vaccines have a great impact on global health. These pharmaceutical products are prophylactic agents administered to healthy individuals, involving infants and children. Therefore, it is important to demonstrate the safety of them with nonclinical studies before the start of clinical trials. Nonclinical assessment includes product characterization, both in vitro and in vivo testing of vaccines, adjuvanted vaccines or vaccine adjuvants. In vivo safety studies contain pharmacology studies, pharmacokinetic studies, general toxicity studies, developmental and reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies, and immunogenicity assessment. These tests should be conducted in compliance with GLPs. Nonclinical studies are conducted to determine the safety and appropriate dose to induce an immune response in animal models. A benefit-to-risk profile is considered for each vaccine because of many factors that affect nonclinical and clinical toxicities. Herewith, the non-clinical safety evaluation of vaccines, including toxicity testing, has been focused. Nonclinical testing requirements are an essential tool to determination of the safety and efficacy of vaccines.

Study on Self-tuning of Robot Parameters for EMC Vehicle Steering Test

With the continuous advancement of electric vehicles and smart internet technologies, ensuring vehicle safety through electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing in complex electromagnetic environments has become increasingly critical. However, due to the significant variability in vehicle response characteristics under electromagnetic interference, traditional PID control methods for steering robots struggle to meet the high-precision requirements of such tests. In this study, a novel fuzzy PID parameter self-tuning method is proposed, leveraging a Sparrow Search Algorithm-Back Propagation (SSA-BP) neural network. This method optimizes the fuzzy controller's quantization factor by constructing a neural network system where the expected motor angle serves as the input and the quantization factor as the output. The quantization factor is then calibrated online through iterative training.The proposed approach enables the steering robot to achieve real-time, adaptive tuning of the PID parameters for the drive motor by adjusting the steering torque according to different vehicle characteristics, thereby enhancing the robot's anti-interference capability and robustness in EMC testing. The effectiveness of this method is validated through Matlab/Simulink simulations, experiments conducted on the Sensodrive platform, and tests performed in an EMC anechoic chamber. The results indicate that the method offers substantial improvements in control accuracy and anti-interference capabilities, highlighting its strong potential for practical application.

Regulation of artificial intelligence in healthcare: Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) as a model.

To assess the potential to adapt an existing technology regulatory model, namely the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), for clinical artificial intelligence (AI). We identify overlap in the quality management requirements for laboratory testing and clinical AI. We propose modifications to the CLIA model that could make it suitable for oversight of clinical AI. In national discussions of clinical AI, there has been surprisingly little consideration of this longstanding model for local technology oversight. While CLIA was specifically designed for laboratory testing, most of its principles are applicable to other technologies in patient care. A CLIA-like approach to regulating clinical AI would be complementary to the more centralized schemes currently under consideration, and it would ensure institutional and professional accountability for the longitudinal quality management of clinical AI.

Research on Airworthiness Requirements for Function and Reliability Flight Test of Civil Aircraft

Function and reliability flight testing is an important trial for civil aircraft airworthiness certification, and is a part of the qualified acceptance flight tests that confirm that the aircraft, components, and equipment are reliable and functioning properly. This article studies the airworthiness requirements for function and reliability flight testing in CCAR21 and Appendix B of AC25-7D, and combines practical experience with civil aircraft models to analyze the requirements for flight testing time, configurations, procedures, and problem requirements, and provide recommendations for civil aircraft function and reliability flight testing.