Environmental Protection Requirements Research Articles

Application of Particle Swarm Optimisation in Multi-Objective Cost Optimisation of Engineering Enterprises under the Background of Digital Economy

Engineering projects must meet quality and schedule requirements during construction. This is a typical multi-objective problem and a difficult point in the management of engineering enterprises. To address these issues, a research study proposes an intelligent multi-objective optimisation technique. First, analyse the optimisation objectives of the enterprise in the context of digitalisation. Then, construct a multi-objective cost optimisation model for engineering enterprises. Second, the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimisation (MOPSO) algorithm is introduced to solve multi- objective problems. To improve the multi-objective optimisation effect of the model, the inertia weight parameters and particle learning behaviour are optimised and adjusted, as the model is prone to getting stuck in local optima. In the performance test of the algorithm model, the optimised MOPSO model can accurately search for the minimum value of 0 at the position (0, 0) under the Rastrig in function, and at the same time, the number of iteration convergence is the least. The GA, ACOM, and traditional MOPSO models have more iterative convergence times, and the optimisation results are 0.10, 0.15, and 0.14, respectively. It can be seen that the performance of the optimised MOPSO model is better. In the specific example analysis, using the optimised MOPSO solution, the project cost was reduced from 31 million yuan in the contract to 30.52 million yuan, and the construction period was shortened from 588 days to 540 days, and met the environmental protection and quality requirements. The research content can provide important decision support for engineering project managers.

НОВАЦІЇ У ВІТЧИЗНЯНІЦЙ НОРМАТИВНІЙ БАЗІ З ПИТАНЬ БУДУВАННЯ АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ДОРІГ ІЗ ЦЕМЕНТОБЕТОННИМ ДОРОЖНІМ ПОКРИВОМ

Introduction. The article deals with the issues of expanding the regulatory and technical base of the road sector for the construction of roads with cement concrete pavement. The article covers the issues of improving the existing and developing new requirements for the construction of cement concrete pavements with pin-connected slabs, reinforced slabs with pin connection, with continuous reinforcement and using rolled cement concrete mixtures using modern technologies. Improvement of the national regulatory framework is carried out on the basis of the analysis of existing legal acts, regulatory documents, technical literature related to the objects of standardization and, of course, taking into account the requirements of safety and environmental protection and the factors and features established by the current martial law in Ukraine. The work concerns the developed national standards for the installation of cement concrete pavements, namely those innovations that have already been agreed upon and are planned to be submitted to the National Standardization Body for adoption in the near future. Problem statement. Implementation of a unified technical policy to ensure the reliability and durability of roads, increase the efficiency of capital investments, implementation of scientific and technical achievements of science and best domestic and international practices in the practice of construction of roads with cement concrete pavement, issues of saving material, labor, financial and energy resources, improving the quality of construction work, labor safety and health conditions, rational use of land and other types of natural resources. The fact of constant growth in the intensity of heavy vehicles traffic, which is associated with the transportation of heavy machinery, agricultural products, metallurgical products, etc., significantly affects the reduction of the service life of roads with non-rigid pavement. This necessitates the search for alternative solutions for the construction of more durable pavement structures, one of which is the improvement of existing and introduction of new technologies for the construction of cement concrete pavements.

EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL FOR OPERATIONAL OVERSIGHT OF REMAINING RECOVERABLE RESERVES THROUGHOUT VARIOUS PHASES OF OIL PRODUCTION FACILITY DEVELOPMENT

Assessing oil recovery rates through geological and hydrodynamic modeling incurs significant financial and time investments. Consequently, recalculations of recoverable hydrocarbon reserves occur infrequently, leading to potential discrepancies between approved factors and actual conditions. To ensure accuracy in assessing residual recoverable reserves, it's crucial to promptly monitor the validity of oil recovery factors, especially concerning their achievability within specific timeframes. This article examines the practice of annually assessing geological and economic reserves according to international standards. Operational monitoring methods include analog-statistical techniques, displacement characteristics, and production decline rate analysis, each reliant on initial data quality and production object development stages. The effectiveness of these methods is illustrated through specific examples. Analog-statistical dependencies, tailored to operational facilities' geological indicators, prove most effective for early-stage development. In advanced stages, methods based on displacement characteristics and production decline rates gain reliability, factoring in economic development profitability limits. Statistical dependencies incorporating technological indicators can enhance control measures. Integrating diverse methodological approaches ensures a more dependable assessment of production object residual recoverable reserves. When determining residual recoverable reserves and designing the development of oil fields, the main characteristic that determines the reliability of forecast calculations is the accuracy of estimating the oil recovery factor. The value of the oil recovery factor characterizes the share of initial recoverable reserves that can be extracted from the subsoil from the initial geological reserves when developing a deposit using modern proven technology and production techniques to the limit of economic profitability while complying with the requirements of subsoil and environmental protection. The most common method for estimating the oil recovery factor is digital geological-hydrodynamic modeling, in which the processes occurring during the development of oil deposits are simulated using software. This method has been introduced in the Russian oil industry since the mid-90s. XX century, recommended for use by current regulations [1]. Based on digital geological and hydrodynamic modeling, various options for the development of oil deposits are calculated, differing in the number of production and injection wells, the rate of reserve withdrawal, etc. Examples of the effective use of digital geological and hydrodynamic modeling in designing the development of oil fields are given in works [2–4], in including for the territory of the Perm region [5–10]. The most economically feasible option for field development is approved by the authorized government bodies, and each production facility is characterized by a design oil recovery factor. There is no doubt that the construction of digital geological and hydrodynamic modeling in the presence of standard geological and technological data is the most reliable way to determine the oil recovery factor. However, this method requires very large financial and time costs, which leads to significant time intervals between calculations of the Oil Recovery Factor, which in most cases exceed 10 years. As a result, over time, the approved Oil Recovery Factor may significantly lose relevance both due to the discrepancy between the design development indicators and the actual ones, and due to changes in the economic conditions of development. Taking this into account, it is extremely important for production facilities to quickly monitor the validity of the Oil Recovery Factor, including its objective achievability in a specific time frame. Keywords: Remaining recoverable reserves, efficiency of oil extraction, operational facility, design of oil field development, evaluation of geological and economic reserves, displacement patterns, decline in oil production rate.

Study on the Principle of Cost Calculation and Economy of Steel Screw Anchors

With the popularization of mechanized construction of transmission line engineering and the improvement of environmental water protection requirements, some new foundations have been popularized, and have great advantages. The steel spiral anchor foundation has the advantages of short construction period, quick mechanization construction speed, and zero concrete and zero earthwork construction. According to the construction process and test requirements of steel screw anchor, the principle of calculating the construction and test cost of steel screw anchor is put forward, the economic critical point of steel screw anchor is obtained.

A Multi-Objective Scheduling Strategy for a Hybrid Energy System for Antarctic Coastal Research Stations

A large number of research stations have been established to provide members of Antarctic expeditions with logistical support. A previous study confirmed that the wind and solar energy resources of the Chinese Zhongshan Station, a coastal station located in an area of Lassmann Hills in East Antarctica, are highly synergetic and complementary. Considering the demand for a renewable energy power supply in Zhongshan Station, this paper introduces a hybrid energy system with wind–solar–diesel–battery co-generation used as a power supply scheme. Based on the 2015 climate data for Zhongshan Station, the wind–solar resources, conventional energy system, and annual diesel consumption of the station area were analyzed. The annual electrical load demand of each building in the station area was quantitatively expounded. Compared with the original power supply system, and combined with the analysis results of the thermal load and electrical load demands of the station, an objective function based on the requirements of economy, reliability, and environmental protection was presented. According to the constraint conditions of the heat energy and electrical energy load balance in the station area, a multi-objective scheduling strategy for the system was designed. Finally, the effects of this scheduling strategy were analyzed under three different application scenarios. The results indicated that the annual load demand was significantly lower than before the scheduling, and that a 50% reduction in diesel consumption could be achieved, demonstrating that the multi-objective scheduling strategy proposed in this paper could achieve optimal energy scheduling and management of the renewable hybrid energy system.

Physical and mechanical properties of deflection-hardening hybrid fibre-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has been gaining a large interest in recent years due to the depletion of natural aggregates and environmental protection requirements. To improve the ductility of RAC for structural applications and to avoid corrosion risks involved with utilising steel fibres, this study proposes a deflection-hardening hybrid fibre-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (FRRAC) by combining newly developed macro-basalt fibre (BF, 0.67 % by volume) and recycled macro-polypropylene fibre (PF, 0.67 % by volume). Its fresh, static and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated and compared with the mix containing macro-BF only (1.34 % by volume). A Ø 100 mm split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system was used to determine the dynamic mechanical properties in compression and tension. The hybrid FRRAC retained up to 90 % of its average first peak load at 3.5 mm crack width and showed better cracking bridging performance under dynamic splitting tension than the specimens with the same volume of macro-BF. Empirical formulae for dynamic increase factors and energy absorption capacities against varying strain rates have also been proposed for the newly developed hybrid FRRAC.

STRAIN MEASUREMENT AND ADHESIVE SELECTION FOR STRAIN GAUGES ON CARBON ROVING IN TEXTILE-REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is a promising building material that meets modern environmental protection and sustainability requirements. For the widespread use of this innovative building material, empirical models based on material properties determined by laboratory tests are needed. This study investigated the ability to measure the strain of carbon rovings with small strain gauges during standard tensile tests. The measured values were compared and validated using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. Another component of this study is the investigation of a suitable adhesive for the application of the sensors to SBR-coated (styrene-butadiene rubber) carbon roving. Three test series with three different adhesives, cyanoacrylate adhesive, epoxy resin, and polychloroprene, were produced and tested for tensile strength. The validation tests showed that a strain loss occurs in the adhesive joint of the strain gauges. It was found that cyanoacrylate adhesives, such as M-Bond 200, suffered the lowest losses and are recommended for further investigations. The epoxy resin influences the stiffness of the carbon fibers at the contact surface too strongly, while the polychloroprene adhesive could not transfer the actual roving strain due to insufficient stiffness of the bond line.

STRAIN MEASUREMENT AND ADHESIVE SELECTION FOR STRAIN GAUGES ON CARBON ROVING IN TEXTILE-REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is a promising building material that meets modern environmental protection and sustainability requirements. For the widespread use of this innovative building material, empirical models based on material properties determined by laboratory tests are needed. This study investigated the ability to measure the strain of carbon rovings with small strain gauges during standard tensile tests. The measured values were compared and validated using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. Another component of this study is the investigation of a suitable adhesive for the application of the sensors to SBR-coated (styrene-butadiene rubber) carbon roving. Three test series with three different adhesives, cyanoacrylate adhesive, epoxy resin, and polychloroprene, were produced and tested for tensile strength. The validation tests showed that a strain loss occurs in the adhesive joint of the strain gauges. It was found that cyanoacrylate adhesives, such as M-Bond 200, suffered the lowest losses and are recommended for further investigations. The epoxy resin influences the stiffness of the carbon fibers at the contact surface too strongly, while the polychloroprene adhesive could not transfer the actual roving strain due to insufficient stiffness of the bond line.

Heat exchange characteristics between u-shaped butted well and reservoir

The geothermal resources in Shandong are relatively abundant. However, due to geological conditions, the high pressure of formation water reinjection makes it difficult and costly to achieve a 1:1 ratio of formation water extraction/reinjection during geothermal resource extraction. This causes waste of formation water resources and does not meet environmental protection requirements. The U-shaped butted well heat exchanger at the bottom of the well can achieve “heat extraction without water extraction”, effectively solving the problems of difficult formation water reinjection, pipeline reservoir corrosion, and reservoir damage in Shandong. Therefore, to explore the heat exchange characteristics between the U-shaped butted well heat exchanger at the bottom of the well and the reservoir, it is necessary to study various parameters of the heat exchanger operation. To better reflect the heat transfer status between the butted well and the soil, FLUENT software was used for simulation. Through simulation, the operation diagram of the generator after the comprehensive renovation was analyzed, guiding the operation of the U-shaped butted well heat exchanger.

Highly effective MFe2O4 (M=Zn, Mg, Cu and Mn) spinel catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

A series of spinel catalysts, including ZnFe2O4, MgFe2O4, CuFe2O4, and MnFe2O4, were prepared and applied to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). Zn, Mg, Cu and Mn easily form spinels with Fe. Among them, Zn and Mg can significantly maintain the spinel structure during the pretreatment and reaction, resulting in a low CO conversion. Cu and Mn are beneficial to the formation of iron carbide during the reaction, resulting in an apparent influence on FTS performance. ZnFe2O4 has little effect on the hydrocarbon distribution and the olefin/paraffin (O/P) ratio of C2–C4. MgFe2O4 exhibits low selectivity for C5+ hydrocarbons, and the selectivity of C= 2−C= 4 and the O/P ratio of C2–C4 in the product are increased due to the alkaline effect of Mg. Cu can promote the carbonization of the catalyst, so that CuFe2O4 has higher activity. Meanwhile, CuFe2O4 can significantly improve the selectivity of C5+ hydrocarbons. Moreover, Cu can promote the dissociation and activation of H2, which is beneficial to the secondary hydrogenation of olefins, thereby reducing the selectivity of C= 2−C= 4 and the O/P ratio of C2–C4. Mn promotes carbonization during the reaction, but MnFe2O4 has little effect on the chain growth of hydrocarbon. However, Mn can promote the generation of a certain amount of ɛ-Fe2C, which may explain the higher selectivity of C= 2−C= 4 and the O/P ratio of C2–C4 for MnFe2O4. All spinel catalysts exhibit low CO2 selectivity, which meets the current green environmental protection requirements.

Прецизно животновъдство: същност и приложение при едри и дребни преживни. Обзор

In the new program period 2021-2027, the strategic goal for the development of European agriculture is defined as „stimulating and sharing knowledge, innovation, digitization and promoting their use to a greater extent“. The increasing number of animals on farms, the requirements for humane treatment and environmental protection, as well as the implementation of production systems with limited use of resources require new solutions that can be found in digital technologies used throughout the livestock system. Precision livestock farming involves the use of digital technologies. It aims to improve production and reproduction, animal welfare and facilitate targeted use of resources to reduce the impact on the environment and human health by precisely controlling processes.The implementation of PLF depends on: socio-demographic factors, size of the farm, production system, specialization of the farm, type of animals, animal husbandry technology, age of the farmer, country and region, etc.

Exploring Issues and Strategies of Rural Land Use and Environmental Protection

Land resources play a crucial role in the overall development of society, but the irrational exploitation and use of these resources have significant adverse effects on the natural ecological environment, which is detrimental to the effective construction of a harmonious society. There is an inseparable relationship between rural land use and ecological security, and in current rural land use practices, environmental protection issues are increasingly emphasized. In some rural areas, in pursuit of short-term economic benefits, the importance of environmental protection is often overlooked, leading to excessive development and use of land resources, posing a great threat to the sustainable development of rural society. The reduction of vegetation signifies a deterioration of the ecological environment, and soil erosion leads to a decrease in land resources and a decline in land productivity, while soil degradation directly affects the growth of crops and the income of farmers. Therefore, it is essential to integrate environmental protection concepts throughout the entire process of rural land use. In the development and utilization of land resources, environmental protection requirements must be fully considered, adopting scientific and reasonable planning and measures to ensure the full utilization of land resources and achieve sustainable development of rural society.

Isomerization performance of n-hexane in hydrogen atmosphere over the multistage porous composite NixPy-MCM-41/MOR catalyst

With the increasingly strict environmental protection requirements and the continuous improvement for the performance of clean fuel, it is imperative to develop technology for producing high octane gasoline blending components. Alkane isomerization was one of the important ways due to it contain little olefin and aromatic components which are harmful to the environment. In this study, the multistage porous composite NixPy-MCM-41/MOR catalysts were synthesized in the hydrogen atmosphere, the conversion rate and selectivity of n-hexane hydrogen isomerization with different conditions was tested in a fixed bed reactor. The results shown that the loading volume of active components is 4.0 wt%, nickel-phosphorus ratio of 0.5, reaction temperature of 250 °C, reaction pressure 3.0 MPa and volume space velocity is 2.0 h−1 with the hydrogen condition showed good catalytic activity for the n-hexane isomerization. The conversion rate of n-hexane is 73.0 % and the selectivity of 84.0 %, respectively. The isomerization stability of the Ni2P-MCM-41/MOR catalyst was investigated. After the long period test, the catalytic activity of the catalyst could keep good. Based on the study of reaction effect with different test conditions in hydrogen atmosphere, the mechanism of alkane isomerization for Ni2P-MCM-41/MOR catalyst was proposed.

The Anthropocenic Cupola

Abstract One of the future challenges of law is to create possibilities for dealing with conflicts in ways that meet the fundamental requirements of environmental and climate protection. Climate responsibility, as a collective ecological responsibility, is not only expected socially from state policymakers and business enterprises, but also increasingly claimed legally. With the perspective of an ecological private law that thinks of interests worthy of protection and of legal subjectivity from the point of view of vulnerability, new legal channels open up for those affected to take action against impending climate hazards or damage and to demand compensation. Fatefully connected by jointly-suffered climate catastrophes, life communities assemble as associations of human and non-human beings that all incur injury. Legal protection for these injured beings can thus no longer be directed exclusively to human needs but must be based on the ubiquitous vulnerability of all forms of life – a vulnerability that is particularly evident in the face of climate change. The ecological private law of the future will have to ensure that those living entities affected can sue on the basis of their own right. In this way, an effective ecological climate law protection would be created, whose essential task is to help enforce climate policy decisions made in the interest of society.

Human Resource Green Practices Towards Sustainability: The Case of Foxconn Company in China

This paper mainly studies whether Foxconn's green human resource management can bring benefits to Foxconn and puts forward suggestions on the problems existing in the implementation of green human resource management in Foxconn. The data for this chapter comes from Foxconn employees in Yantai, Shandong Province. Foxconn's HR green practices include green recruitment, green training, green performance, green compensation and green participation. After analysis, it is concluded that the education level of Foxconn employees is generally low, which is not conducive to the implementation of green human resources practices. Foxconn did not give full play to the leading role of supervisors in green participation practices. This study believes that enterprises should play the role of supervisors when implementing human resource green practices, and supervisors should give support and guidance when employees participate in environmental protection activities. Foxconn should focus on improving the education level of its employees. The research results of this paper are helpful for enterprises to achieve the goal of green development, help enterprises to further understand the green practice strategy of human resources, make the development of enterprises meet the requirements of green environmental protection, and improve the competitive advantage of enterprises.

Іntensification of ion exchange processes in water supply systems

In today's environment, special attention is paid to various methods of intensifying natural and wastewater treatment processes, improving existing treatment technologies, and introducing new methods and techniques to improve the quality of wastewater treatment and reduce the anthropogenic impact on the ecosystem. It is important to take into account not only the effectiveness of cleaning, but also its environmental friendliness and compliance with modern standards and requirements for environmental protection. This approach helps to ensure the sustainability of ecosystems and preservation of water resources for future generations. The article highlights the issues related to the use of physical methods of water treatment in water supply systems. To intensify the processes of ion exchange in water supply systems, a method of adjusting the mineral composition of natural and waste water using modified ion exchangers is proposed, which involves the simultaneous action of a magnetic field on the ion exchanger and the water to be treated. The use of magnetic modification of ion exchangers allows to increase the productivity of water treatment facilities by an average of 25-30%, with the receipt of filtrate of the required quality, to increase the duration of the filter cycle, to reduce the consumption of regenerative solutions, which indicates an increase in the efficiency of water treatment as a result of the use of magnetic modification. An increase in the dynamic volume capacity of ion exchangers by 15-20% was found, which indicates an improvement in ion exchange capacity due to the intensification of ion exchange processes in water supply systems. The intensification of ion exchange processes during the adjustment of the mineral composition of natural and wastewater using a magnetic field is determined by the following main factors: the effect of the magnetic field on the structure and properties of water filtered through the ionite and the effect of the magnet field on the activity and mobility of the exchanged ions, their diffusion and hydration, ion-exchange equilibrium, and other factors.

Experimental study on performance, hydration, and sustainability of coal gasification coarse slag based geopolymers for sustainable environment

The large-scale application of coal gasification technology generates a large amount of coal gasification coarse slag (CGCS) difficult to treat. In this study, low-carbon geopolymers (CGRC) were produced using CGCS and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as precursors, whereas red mud (RM) and carbide slag (CS) served as solid waste activators. The effects of the binder/activator, RM/CS and CGCS/GGBS ratios and the curing age on the compressive strength, setting time, heavy metal leaching, XRD, SEM-EDS, TG-DTG, FTIR, and LF NMR of CGCS-based geopolymers were investigated, and the hydration mechanism of CGRC geopolymer was disclosed. The results showed that the binder/activator ratio had a negligible effect on the ultimate compressive strength (UCS), the RM/CS ratio had a noticeable impact on the compressive strength and setting time, and increasing the GGBS content significantly improved the performance of CGCS-based geopolymers. Therefore, the synergistic effect of RM and CS led to the activation of CGCS and GGBS. The main hydration products were N-A-S-H, N/C-A-S-H, C-A-S-H gel, CH, and CaCO3. Furthermore, the decrease of the RM/CS ratio which promoted the gel transformation from metastable N-A-S-H to N/C-A-S-H configuration and then to stable C-A-S-H state, finally forming a denser gel matrix. The amounts of various heavy metals leached from CGCS-based geopolymers were even lower than those required by the national standards; therefore the material met the requirements for environmental protection. Furthermore, all raw materials belong to solid waste, which reduces carbon emissions.

Effect of cavitation treatment of coal-water slurries on a droplet average size in a jet

Relevance. Transition to environmentally friendly energy technologies, due to modern requirements for environmental protection, involves the search and creation of new energy sources, including fuels. One of the ways to meet these requirements and maintain the same level of energy production by thermal power plants is the transition to multicomponent fuels. The most promising and affordable boiler fuels from the point of view of energy, ecology and economy are coal-water slurries. In this regard, the study of the properties and characteristics of such fuels is relevant in many countries. Aim. Experimental studies of the effect of the coal-water fuel cavitation treatment duration on a droplet average size in a jet after spraying with a pneumatic nozzle and substantiation of the efficiency of such approach for practical application. Object. Experimental studies were carried out with coal-water slurries based on long-flame coal (D grade) with addition of 10 and 20 wt % by weight of pyrogenetic liquid. A slurry, consisting of just coal and water, without the addition of pyrogenetic liquid, was used as a reference sample. Method. The coal-water slurries were prepared in a rotary hydrodynamic cavitation generator. A pneumatic nozzle with external mixing was used to spray the coal-water slurries. The average size of fuel droplets after spraying was determined using the Interferometric Particle Imaging method. Results. Experiments on the preparation of coal-water slurries with pyrogenetic liquid showed an increase in the dynamic viscosity of the fuel. An increase in the duration of treatment of the slurries in a rotary hydrodynamic cavitation generator reduced the viscosity by 54%. The average size of droplets in the jet was reduced by 22%.

Study on Preparation Technology and Heat Conduction Mechanism of High-Purity & Ultra-Fine Alumina Powder from Scrap Aluminum Cans

In view of the increasing scarcity of bauxite resources in China, the high energy consumption and high pollution of electrolytic aluminum, and the requirements for energy conservation and environmental protection, aluminum recycling and high-value utilization of its derivatives have evolved into a crucial development requirement for the aluminum industry in the future. As an important part of the development of recycled aluminum resources, the high-value application of scrap aluminum cans has always been a hot research topic in various recycled aluminum processing enterprises and scientific research units. The traditional regeneration system of waste cans includes a series of complex technological processes such as pretreatment, paint removal, smelting system and casting system, which is difficult to control in the middle of the process. Most of the recycled scrap aluminum cans are cast and downgraded for later use, except for a part of them used as alloy materials for new cans. In this paper, combined with the research on the preparation of metal aluminum alkoxide, combined with recrystallization heat conduction to further study the effective dissolution or adsorption how to remove impurity elements to obtain high-purity aluminum alcohol salt mechanism research, and thermal effect of alcohols with different carbon chains on the synthesis of high-purity aluminum alkoxide was further investigated. Moreover, the changes in morphology and pore size distribution of hydrolyzed alumina precursor materials under different hydrothermal temperature conditions were discussed by means of the alkoxide hydrolysis-sol-gel process. Eventually, the aluminum alkoxide was obtained by the reaction of waste cans with isopropanol and heavy crystal thermal conductivity, and the high-purity aluminum alkoxide was purified by vacuum distillation. Under the hydrothermal condition of 160°C, the high-purity alumina material with a purity of 99.99% and an original crystal size of 200nm was prepared.

Synthesis of a Novel P/N-Triazine-Containing Ring Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin.

To meet the environmental protection and flame retardancy requirements for epoxy resins (EPs) in certain fields, in this study, a novel triazine-ring-containing DOPO-derived compound (VDPD), derived from vanillin, 2,4-Diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), was synthesized using a one-pot method. Flame-retardant epoxy resin (FREP) was prepared by adding various ratios of VDPD to EP and curing with 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The curing behavior, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and flame-retardant properties of the FREP were examined in various tests. According to the results, when the amount of VDPD added to the EP increased, the glass transition temperature of the FREP decreased linearly, and the flame-retardant properties gradually improved. With a 0.4 wt.% P content, the vertical burning rating of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 (according to the theoretical content of VDPD) reached the V-0 level, and the LOI value reached 33.1%. In addition, the results of a CCT showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 decreased by 32% in comparison with that of the EP. Furthermore, compared with those of the EP, the tensile strength of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 decreased from 80.2 MPa to 74.3 MPa, only decreasing by 6 MPa, and the tensile modulus increased. Overall, VDPD can maintain the mechanical properties of EP and effectively improve its flame-retardant properties.