Gravitational Repulsion Research Articles

Jeans instability in the particle-antiparticle system with the different gravitational charges and the ALPHA-g experiment

The principle of binding energy conservation during charge conjugation and the hypothesis of gravitational repulsion of antiparticle masses is used to formulate appropriate two-component hydrodynamics. The dispersion relation for small perturbations is obtained and analyzed. The modified Jeans instability for matter-antimatter system is found as the function of arbitrary fraction of the repulsive matter. For the hydrogen-antihydrogen system, the recent ALPHA-g experimental result is used to apply to the early Universe evolution. It is shown that the non-damping sound mode exists if the annihilation damping is absent.

Antimatter Gravity and the Results of the ALPHA‐g Experiment

AbstractBy combining general relativity and CPT symmetry, the theory of CPT gravity predicts gravitational repulsion between matter and CPT‐transformed matter, i.e., antimatter inhabiting an inverted space‐time. Such repulsive gravity turned out to be an excellent candidate for explaining the accelerated expansion of the Universe, without the need for dark energy. The recent results of the ALPHA‐g experiment, which show gravitational attraction between antihydrogen atoms and the Earth, seem to undermine this success in the cosmological field. Analyzing the above theory, two solutions are found that can be consistent with the experimental results, while preserving the large‐scale gravitational repulsion. The first highlights how repulsive gravity can be the result of the interaction with an inverted space‐time, but occupied by matter and not antimatter, and therefore the antimatter present in our space‐time has no reason to exhibit gravitational repulsion. The second retains the original CPT transformation, resulting in repulsive gravity between matter and antimatter, but with the caveat that antimatter immersed in our space‐time cannot exhibit the PT transformation which is the cause of the repulsion. Finally, it is shown that, in a Newtonian approximation of the geodesic equation, time reversal is not a necessary operation for repulsive gravity, therefore opening the possibility of an expanding cosmos with a single time direction.

Gravitational repulsion in an expanding ball of dust

In general relativity, there is a velocity dependent term in the gravitational acceleration of a test particle for an observer at infinity. Depending on the direction of motion and the speed, that term can be repulsive. We show that this is also the case in the Parametrized Post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism. We compute the magnitude of that repulsive term for an expanding sphere of dust observed at infinity, and find that it could mimic the effect of a cosmological constant. The time evolution of such an expanding ball of dust for an observer at infinity is calculated, and compared with the standard ΛCDM model. We find that the so-called coincidence problem does not exist for such a model as the energy density attributed to the expansion is always of the same order as the matter energy density.

Effective orientifolds from broken supersymmetry

We recently proposed a class of type IIB vacua that yield, at low energies, four–dimensional Minkowski spaces with broken supersymmetry and a constant string coupling. They are compactifications with an internal five-torus bearing a five–form flux Φ and warp factors depending on a single coordinate. The breaking of supersymmetry occurs when the internal space includes a finite interval. A probe-brane analysis revealed a gravitational repulsion and a charge attraction of equal magnitude from the left end of the interval, together with a singularity at the other end. Here we complete the analysis revealing the presence, at one end, of an effective of negative tension and positive five–form charge. We also determine the values of these quantities, showing that , and characterize the singularity present at the other end of the interval, which hosts an opposite charge. Finally, we discuss various forms of the gravity action in the presence of a boundary and identify a self–adjoint form for its fluctuations. Invited contribution to the special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical on ‘Fields, Gravity, Strings and Beyond: In Memory of Stanley Deser’

Gravity of gluonic fluctuations and the value of the cosmological constant

We analyze the classical linear gravitational effect of idealized pion-like dynamical systems, consisting of light quarks connected by attractive gluonic material with a stress–energy in one or more dimensions. In one orbit of a system of total mass M, quarks of mass expand apart initially with , slow due to the gluonic attraction, reach a maximum size , then recollapse. We solve the linearized Einstein equations and derive the effect on freely falling bodies for two systems: a gluonic bubble model where uniform gluonic stress–energy fills a spherical volume bounded by a 2D surface comprising the quarks’ rest mass, and a gluonic string model where a thin string connects two pointlike quarks. The bubble model is shown to produce a secular mean outward residual velocity of test particles that lie within its orbit. It is shown that the mean gravitational repulsion of bubble-like virtual-pion vacuum fluctuations agrees with the measured value of the cosmological constant, for a bubble with a radius equal to about twice the pion de Broglie length. These results support the view that the gravity of standard QCD vacuum fluctuations is the main source of cosmic acceleration.

Interactive experience of information visualization in mechanical design

Abstract Information visualization is a new area of research in mechanical design, and user subjective satisfaction can be improved by experiencing visual interactions. With this as a starting point, this paper introduces a visualization layout algorithm and establishes an information visualization model to calculate the interaction experience of information visualization in mechanical design. Firstly, the layout algorithm in visualization is positioned in two-dimensional or three-dimensional space, and the gravitational repulsion is applied to the nodes in the space based on Coulomb’s law. Then the number of nodes of the graph in space is input, and their mutual repulsive forces are calculated in each iteration. Finally, the average entropy of the forces in the space is used, the obtained fusion weights are calculated according to the extreme value nature of entropy, and the results of their calculation are fused into the mechanical design, citing the service robot for visualizing the interactive experience. The experimental results show that the comfortable speed of the user in view 1 is 1.1m/s, 1.0m/s and 0.9m/s for robots with heights of 700mm, 1000mm, and 1600mm, respectively, and the comfortable speed of the user in view 3 is 1.0m/s, 0.9m/s, and 0.9m/s, and the comfortable speed of view 3 is better than that of view 1. It indicates that the test of users’ subjective satisfaction can be added to the information visualization interaction experience of mechanical design, and the information visualization interaction is verified by subjective satisfaction to provide effective comparison data for mechanical visualization interaction.

Prediction of battery capacity based on improved model of support vector regression

The state of Health (SOH) of new energy lithium batteries is an important indicator to describe the energy decline of new energy, especially the battery decline. It is very important for the service life of new energy equipment, especially equipment based on a lithium battery. Its internal is a high-dimensional nonlinear complex chemical reaction. In this paper, the state of Health (SOH) of a lithium battery is defined according to the capacity to turn the problem of new energy battery capacity into a new problem. At the same time, the multi-dimensional complex nonlinear regression problem is mapped into the physical space, which is described by the phenomenon of the combined action of the quantum radiation field and the quantum gravitational repulsion force in the physical space, and the corresponding quantum radiation equation and abstract equation are used. Finally, the NASA Ames Research Center battery data set is used to verify the results. The verification shows that the algorithm can accurately predict the capacity of the battery to know the SOH of the battery. The model has good learning accuracy, operation speed, and generalization ability.

Features of gravitational interaction as the basis of “Dark Energy” in the gas of null strings

In this work, the influence of the shape of the null strings that form the gas on the gravitational properties and evolution of the null string gas was investigated. An interesting result of the study is that the test null string, being in the interaction zone, can only have a shape that exactly repeats the shape of the source string. As a result, null strings having different spatial forms can be located in the gas only outside the zone of interaction with each other. The “size” (width) of the zone of interaction of each null string in the gas is determined by the value of its initial momenta, and for some critical values it can occupy the entire space. The size (width) and “impenetrability” of the interaction zones for null strings having different spatial shapes can be a physical source of “strong” gravitational repulsion in the gas of null strings. In turn, the “strong” gravitational repulsion between null strings with different spatial shapes can be a source of a long-term accelerated expansion of such a gas (a source of “dark energy”).

Hubble law and acceleration curve emerges in a repulsive matter-anti matter galaxies simulations

The consideration of dark energy is intended to explain the unexpected but observed acceleration of the universe. Baryon asymmetry in matter-antimatter initial annihilation is mostly accepted to explain the absence of observations of annihilation radiation that in turn leads to the most accepted hypothesis that we live in a matter-dominated universe. These are two of the greatest puzzles in modern cosmology as they are not compatible with well-known and accepted physics. Here, we assume that antimatter gravitationally repels matter, knowing that it is not easily accepted in modern physics, but does not contradict the available experimental data especially since the inertial mass remains positive. On a cosmological-scale the universe in this hypothesis, even though it is gravitationally neutral with equal quantities of positive matter and negative antimatter domains, reveals the mechanism of expansion naturally due to repulsion between those domains. On local scales, we justify the absence of observations of annihilation radiation in possible matter-antimatter galaxy collisions on the gravitational repulsion and also the bouncing off due to annihilation explosion region between them. From the simulations that we performed, it is shown that the extracted data clearly create the Hubble expansion law regardless of the initial distribution of galaxies, their positions, velocities, masses, mergers/annihilations and other initial conditions, without the need for a dark energy component. It is also shown that, in specific initial density cases, the known bump that show acceleration in the Hubble diagram appears clearly, and in turn reveals the observed acceleration of the universe expansion, again without any dark energy involved.

Limiting energy density and gravity in Riemann-Cartan space-time

The gravitational interaction is discussed within the framework of gauge gravitational theoryin the Riemann-Cartan space-time. In the case of spatially homogeneous isotopic gravitatingsystems the gravitational repulsion at extreme conditions near limiting energy density and thetransition from gravitational repulsion to attraction in dependence on energy density isstudied. The conversion to Friedman regime and the transition to gravitational repulsion atvery small energy densities is analyzed.

Evolution and Structure of Elementary Physical Particles

This paper is presented in two parts. The first part provides a glimpse of the long-awaited unified theory, which explains the parallel activation of different levels of the universe: intellectual (humans), psychological (animals), biological (vegetation), physical (matter), and cosmological (energies) levels, whereas in the conventional approach, the physical and cosmological levels are grouped into the same category. This paper explains the evolution and structure of elementary physical particles (EPPs) based on the evolution and structure of elementary biological particles (cells). The second part of the paper explains the structure and ingredients of the PPE, which are responsible for the creation of the following four fields, as suggested by the author: visibility, forcibility (magnetism), the fullness field, and the hollowness field. All these fields comprise different unknown cosmological substances. These cosmological fields are present in all physical entities and are responsible for all kinds of physical activations. Finally, the paper explains the evolution of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic fields, gravitation, and repulsion (repulsive gravitation). The theory is consistent with all previously conducted experiments and systematically unfolds several mysteries, thereby demonstrating the validity of the proposed theory.

Path Planning Based on the Improved RRT* Algorithm for the Mining Truck

Planning a reasonable driving path for trucks in mining areas is a key point to improve mining efficiency. In this paper, a path planning method based on Rapidly-exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*) is proposed, and several optimizations are carried out in the algorithm. Firstly, the selection process of growth target points is optimized. Secondly, the process of selecting the parent node is optimized and a Dubins curve is used to constraint it. Then, the expansion process from tree node to random point is optimized by the gravitational repulsion field method and dynamic step method. In the obstacle detection process, Dubins curve constraint is used, and the bidirectional RRT* algorithm is adopted to speed up the iteration of the algorithm. After that, the obtained paths are smoothed by using the greedy algorithm and cubic B-spline interpolation. In addition, to verify the superiority and correctness of the algorithm, an unmanned mining vehicle kinematic model in the form of front-wheel steering is developed based on the Ackermann steering principle and simulated for CoppeliaSim. In the simulation, the Stanley algorithm is used for path tracking and Reeds-Shepp curve to adjust the final parking attitude of the truck. Finally, the experimental comparison shows that the improved bidirectional RRT* algorithm performs well in the simulation experiment, and outperforms the common RRT* algorithm in various aspects.

The question on the existence of black holes

Simulation shows that general relativity would lead to the existence of black holes if gravitation is always attractive. However, although we observed an invisible and extremely heavy object governs the orbits of stars at the center of our galaxy, we still cannot determine the existence of a black hole. Thus, one may ask whether black holes actually exist. Einstein’s general relativity has been established, because its prediction on the bending of light rays has been confirmed by observation. However, Einstein’s prediction on the increment of weight for a piece of metal as the temperature increases is proven incorrect by experiments, which actually show a reduction of weight. This leads to the necessary existence of repulsive gravitational force, which has been demonstrated by a charged capacitor hovering above the earth. Thus, Einstein, Newton, Galileo, and Maxwell all made the error of overlooking the repulsive gravitational charge-mass interaction. Thus, it is necessary to rejustify the existence of black holes, because gravity is not always attractive. Moreover, repulsive gravitational force makes it necessary to extend general relativity to a five-dimensional theory. Thus, to find out whether black holes exist, it is necessary to investigate the repulsive gravitation and a five-dimensional space.

The Temperature Dependence of Gravitation, and Errors of Einstein and Penrose on Gravitation

Newton claimed that gravity is independent of the temperature, and Einstein claimed as the temperature increases, gravity also increases. However, experiments show that the weight of a metal piece is reduced as temperature increases. Thus, it is impossible to obtain an accurate Newtonian coupling constant through direct measurements. Einstein’s notion of gravitational mass is invalid due to repulsive gravitation was over-looked. In fact, the attractive current-mass interaction has been verified, and the repulsive charge-mass interaction has been shown by a lifted-up capacitor, charged with very high voltage, hovering on Earth. When E is the electromagnetic energy, E = mc2 is inconsistent with the Einstein equation. Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein all over-looked the repulsive gravitation. Both Einstein and Penrose do not understand the principle of causality. Penrose produced an unbounded solution with unphysical parameters for the Einstein equation that also does not have any dynamic solution. The repulsive gravitation implies that general relativity must be extended to a five-dimensional theory. Penrose’s proof for the existence of black holes is invalid because he failed to account for the repulsive gravitation, and the five-dimensional theory is still incomplete.

Errors Related to General Relativity, Repulsive Gravitation and the Question of Black Holes

Galileo and Newton considered gravity to be independent of temperature, while Einstein claimed that the weight of metal will increase as temperature increases. Further, Maxwell maintained that charge is unrelated to gravity. Experiments show, however, that the weight of a metal piece is reduced as its temperature increases. Thus, charge-initiated repulsive gravitation exists. In fact, repulsive gravity has been demonstrated by the use of a charged capacitor hovering over Earth. Further, it is expected that a piece of heated metal would fall more slowly than a feather in a vacuum. Einstein developed an invalid notion of gravitational mass, and failed to establish the unification of gravitation and electromagnetism since he overlooked repulsive gravitation. Moreover, photons are a combination of the gravitational wave and the electromagnetic wave. For electromagnetic energy is invalid, and is in conflict with the Einstein equation. The non-linear Einstein equation has no bounded dynamic solution, Space-time singularity theorems are based on an invalid implicit assumption that all the couplings have a unique sign. Since gravity is no longer always attractive, the existence of black holes is questionable. The fact that Penrose was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for the derivation of black holes is due to that the Nobel Prize Committee for Physics did not sufficiently understand the physics of general relativity. A distinct characteristic of Penrose's work, as usual, is that it is not verifiable.

Gravitational Collapse of a Fluid with Torsion into a Universe in a Black Hole

We consider gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric sphere of a fluid with spin and torsion into a black hole. We use the Tolman metric and the Einstein–Cartan field equations with a relativistic spin fluid as a source. We show that gravitational repulsion of torsion prevents a singularity and replaces it with a nonsingular bounce. Quantum particle production during contraction helps torsion to dominate over shear. Particle production during expansion can generate a finite period of inflation and produce enormous amounts of matter. The resulting closed universe on the other side of the event horizon may have several bounces. Such a universe is oscillatory, with each cycle larger in size then the previous cycle, until it reaches the cosmological size and expands indefinitely. Our universe might have therefore originated from a black hole.

ГРАВИТАЦИОННЫЙ КОЛЛАПС ЖИДКОГО ОБЪЕКТА С КРУЧЕНИЕМ С ОБРАЗОВАНИЕМ ВСЕЛЕННОЙ В ЧЕРНОЙ ДЫРЕ

We consider gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric sphere of a fluid with spin and torsion into a black hole. We use the Tolman metric and the Einstein--Cartan field equations with a relativistic spin fluid as a source. We show that gravitational repulsion of torsion prevents a singularity and replaces it with a nonsingular bounce. Quantum particle production during contraction helps torsion to dominate over shear. Particle production during expansion can generate a finite period of inflation and produce enormous amounts of matter. The resulting closed universe on the other side of the event horizon may have several bounces. Such a universe is oscillatory, with each cycle larger in size then the previous cycle, until it reaches the cosmological size and expands indefinitely. Our universe might have therefore originated from a black hole.

New theoretical system of physics in the 21st century

In 2000, the author published a new discovery about the same-sex charge produced by friction of the same substance at the ninth electrostatic academic conference of Chinese physical society. For this important new experimental discovery, the author puts forward a new understanding of “positive and negative charges” and finds a new theory to explain all electrostatic effects. Based on the subversive new understanding of “matter”, “entity” and “heat energy”, a new understanding of “particle charge dynamic atomic model” is initiated. It is clarified that the relationship between “entity” and “heat energy” is the root of the existence of gravitation and repulsion between matter, The law of equilibrium distance between gravity and repulsion is put forward. This paper reveals the causes of the formation of the earth’s gravity and many phenomena of attraction and repulsion force in the universe and so on. In the fields of gravitational field, magnetic field, electric field and so on, a series of important scientific problems have been revealed! The establishment of the new theoretical system provides a new vision for solving “all physical problems”! The new theoretical system consists of six parts: the first part introduces the reasons for the establishment of the “new theoretical system”, the second part proposes a new basic epistemology of the material world, the third part is a new epistemology of the gravitational repulsion field, the fourth part is a new epistemology of the magnetic field, and the fifth part is a new epistemology of the electric field, and the sixth part expounds the scientific significance of the new theoretical system. Starting from a new perspective of the basic composition of “entity” and “heat energy” in the material world, this paper makes a new understanding of matter, entity, heat energy, atom, element, gravity, repulsion, magnetic field and electric field, Established 21st century physics new theoretical system, Material world: “entity” and “heat energy” constitute “unified field theory”. Scientific research needs a new vision to expand the subjective human thought’s understanding of the objective nature. The establishment of this new theoretical system may lead to a new physics revolution in the 21st century.

Motion of spinning particles in non asymptotically flat spacetimes

The assumption of asymptotic flatness for isolated astrophysical bodies may be considered an approximation when one considers a cosmological context where a cosmological constant or vacuum energy is present. In this framework we study the motion of spinning particles in static, spherically symmetric and asymptotically non-flat spacetimes with repulsive cosmological vacuum energy and quintessential field. Due to the combined effects of gravitational attraction and cosmological repulsion, the region where stable circular orbits are allowed is restricted by an innermost and an outermost stable circular orbits. We show that taking into account the spin of test particles may enlarge or shrink the region of allowed stable circular orbits depending on whether the spin is co-rotating or counter-rotating with the angular momentum of the particles.

Antigravity, an Answer to Nature’s Phenomena including the Expansion of the Universe

The gravitational attraction force being proportional to the mass has been experimentally shown for several hundred years now, but no gravitational repulsion has been identified within the accepted scientific reasoning. Here, we show that the gravitational repulsion force, similar to the gravitational attraction among particles has also been in existence in nature but, yet to be recognized. The results of experiments are shown in detail and are discussed in the recent series of-publications. It is also shown here that this gravitational repulsion force is proportional to the temperature which is an indicator of thermal energy of the particle, similar to the gravitational attraction that is proportional to the mass of the particle. The situations where heavy particles such as iodine, tungsten, and thorium in vacuum move against gravitational force have already been shown qualitatively. The increase in time-of-fall of water droplets (slowing down of fall) with rise in temperature is also quantitatively discussed. This article discusses two major phenomena observable in nature, clouds and the expansion of universe, which could be more preciously explained by the concept of antigravity.