Reproductive Rhythm Research Articles

Histological evidence of the lunar reproductive rhythm of Atlantic sea urchin Arbacia punctulata in the Gulf of Mexico

ABSTRACT Natural phenomena act as external cues that stimulate the reproductive activity of many marine organisms. In this study, we report the gonadal maturation in relation to the lunar cycle of wild-caught Atlantic sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata (Echinodermata: Arbaciidae, an edible marine invertebrate), in the Gulf of Mexico. Weekly changes in gonadal development were observed histologically according to the lunar cycle during the summer months from May to July. Histological observations revealed that testes were developed synchronously around the new moon in June and July. Several testes collected in the same moon phase contained residual sperm (~7%) or testicular lobules/acini fully occupied by mature sperm (~46%). Cyclic ovarian development was also observed during the summer months, some ovaries collected around the new moon in June and July contained oocytes at maturation stage (ova: ~39-71%) or empty follicles, suggesting that the Atlantic sea urchin spawns according to the lunar cycle in the Gulf of Mexico. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the lunar reproductive rhythm of Arbacia species in the Gulf of Mexico.

Adolescent Dietary Habit-induced Obstetric and Gynecologic Disease (ADHOGD) as a New Hypothesis-Possible Involvement of Clock System.

There are growing concerns that poor dietary behaviors at young ages will increase the future risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. We found that female college students who skipped breakfast had higher incidences of dysmenorrhea and irregular menstruation, suggesting that meal skipping affects ovarian and uterine functions. Since dysmenorrhea is more prevalent in those with a past history of dieting, we proposed a novel concept that inadequate dietary habits in adolescence become a trigger for the subsequent development of organic gynecologic diseases. Since inadequate feeding that was limited during the non-active phase impaired reproductive functions in post-adolescent female rats, we hypothesize that circadian rhythm disorders due to breakfast skipping disrupts the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, impairs the reproductive rhythm, and leads to ovarian and uterine dysfunction. To explain how reproductive dysfunction is memorized from adolescence to adulthood, we hypothesize that the peripheral clock system also plays a critical role in the latent progression of reproductive diseases together with the central system, and propose naming this concept “adolescent dietary habit-induced obstetric and gynecologic disease (ADHOGD)”. This theory will contribute to analyzing the etiologies of and developing prophylaxes for female reproductive diseases from novel aspects. In this article, we describe the precise outline of the above hypotheses with the supporting evidence in the literature.

Pacing Transhumance

Abstract For Indigenous Soyot herder-hunters of the Eastern Sayan Mountains in western Buryatia, maintaining a sustainable multispecies encampment is a matter of pacing the individual rhythms of the species belonging to it. Domestication in this context is not a matter of human control but of attuning and influencing life rhythms in other beings. Formerly divided into yak and reindeer herding groups, contemporary Soyots no longer rely on reindeer today. Meanwhile, their Tofa neighbours continue to use trained reindeer in their hunting. This paper explores possible reasons for the gradual abandonment of Soyot reindeer herding in the mid nineteenth century, drawing on irreconcilable rhythms. Four regional strategies for coping with divergent species’ rhythms are explored: abandonment of a species in a rangifer-cattle context; alignment of yak and Mongolian cattle reproductive rhythms for hybrid production; juxtaposition of equine and rangifer rhythms; and inversion of cattle and fish migratory routes. The article concludes with a new theory to help address rhythmical multispecies togetherness in the Eastern Sayan Mountains.

Influence of light and temperature cycles on the expression of circadian clock genes in the mussel Mytilus edulis

Clock genes and environmental cues regulate essential biological rhythms. The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, is an ecologically and economically important intertidal bivalve undergoing seasonal reproductive rhythms. We previously identified seasonal expression differences in M. edulis clock genes. Herein, the effects of light/dark cycles, constant darkness, and daily temperature cycles on the circadian expression patterns of such genes are characterised.Clock genes Clk, Cry1, ROR/HR3, Per and Rev-erb/NR1D1, and Timeout-like, show significant mRNA expression variation, persisting in darkness indicating endogenous control. Rhythmic expression was apparent under diurnal temperature cycles in darkness for all except Rev-erb. Temperature cycles induced a significant expression difference in the non-circadian clock-associated gene aaNAT. Furthermore, Suppression Subtractive Hybridisation (SSH) was used to identify seasonal genes with potential links to molecular clock function and revealed numerous genes meriting further investigation. Understanding the relationship between environmental cues and molecular clocks is crucial in predicting the outcomes of environmental change on fundamental rhythmic processes.

P60 Cerebellar High-Definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) does not affect precise movement timing and rhythm reproduction

P60 Cerebellar High-Definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) does not affect precise movement timing and rhythm reproduction

Melatonin and Female Reproduction: An Expanding Universe.

For more than a half century the hormone melatonin has been associated with vertebrate reproduction, particularly in the context of seasonal breeding. This association is due in large measure to the fact that melatonin secretion from the pineal gland into the peripheral circulation is a nocturnal event whose duration is reflective of night length, which of course becomes progressively longer during winter months and correspondingly shorter during the summer months. The nocturnal plasma melatonin signal is conserved in essentially all vertebrates and is accessed not just for reproductive rhythms, but for seasonal cycles of metabolic activities, immune functions, and behavioral expression. A vast literature on melatonin and vertebrate biology has accrued over the past 60 years since melatonin's discovery, including the broad topic of animal reproduction, which is far beyond the scope of this human-focused review. Although modern humans in the industrialized world appear in general to have little remaining reproductive seasonality, the relationships between melatonin and human reproduction continue to attract widespread scientific attention. The purpose of this chapter is to draw attention to some newer developments in the field, especially those with relevance to human fertility and reproductive medicine. As the vast majority of studies have focused on the female reproductive system, a discussion of the potential impact of melatonin on human male fertility will be left for others.

An Ancient Mutation in the TPH1 Gene is Consistent with the Changes in Mammalian Reproductive Rhythm.

The reproductive rhythm undergoes several changes during the evolution of mammals to adapt to local environmental changes. Although the critical roles of melatonin (MLT) in the formation of reproductive rhythm have been well established, the genetic basis for the changes of reproductive rhythm remains uncertain. Here, we constructed the phylogenetic trees of 13 melatonin synthesis, metabolism and receptor genes, estimated their divergence times, and calculated their selection pressures. Then, we evaluated the effect of positively selected and functionally related mutations on protein activity. Our results showed that there were significant positive selection sites in the three major genes, including tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) that are involved in melatonin synthesis, metabolism and function. At the protein level, amino acids at the 442nd site of TPH1 protein and the 194th, 286th, 315th and 404th sites of IDO1 protein were under positive selection, and the variants of the amino acid in these sites might lead to the changes in protein function. Remarkably, the 442nd site of these positive selection sites is in the tetramerization domain of TPH1 protein, and it is proline or leucine. At this site, 89.5% of the amino acid of non-seasonal reproducing mammals was proline, while that of 88.9% of seasonal reproducing mammals was leucine. This variation of the amino acid was derived from the T/C polymorphism at the 1325th site of the TPH1 gene coding sequence, which significantly altered the TPH1 activity (p < 0.01). Interestingly, the predicted age of the allele C in the mammalian genome appeared about 126.6 million years ago, and allele T appeared about 212.6 million years ago, indicating that the evolution of the TPH1 gene was affected by the two mammalian split events and the K-T extinction event. In conclusion, the T/C polymorphism at the 1325th site in the TPH1 gene coding sequence altered TPH1 activity, suggesting that this polymorphism is consistent with the reproductive rhythm of mammals.

Особливості впливу сучасних біологічних ритмів на розвиток, розмноження і контроль чисельності шкідливих видів комах

Особливості впливу сучасних біологічних ритмів на розвиток, розмноження і контроль чисельності шкідливих видів комах

High ambient temperature disrupted the circadian rhythm of reproductive hormones and changed the testicular expression of steroidogenesis genes and clock genes in male mice

High ambient temperature-related male reproduction disruptions are well illustrated across species, the effects on circadian oscillation in reproduction hormones and testicular steroidogenesis remain unclear. Here, we showed the changes in circadian behaviour in rectal temperature, ingestion and serum hormones as well as the testicular oscillations of steroidogenesis genes and clock genes in heat-treated male mice. We observed that daily heat exposure from 11:00 (ZT4) to 15:00 (ZT8) increased the rectal temperature at ZT8 and water intake from ZT4 to ZT8 and decreased the feed consumption from ZT4 to ZT12 (19:00). Serum testosterone levels were arrhythmic after heat exposure, with an increase at ZT4 and a reduce at ZT8. Heat exposure enhanced testicular StAR and AR mRNA transcription at ZT4 and Cyp11a1 protein levels at ZT16. A much higher Clock mRNA level was observed at ZT4 in the testis of heat-treated mice, and the Clock protein content was reduced at ZT4. The Bmal1 protein level in the testis at ZT16 was increased in heat-treated mice. These results suggest that high external environmental temperature changes the circadian rhythms of body temperature and serum reproduction hormones and the testicular oscillations of clock genes and steroidogenesis genes, supporting the hypothesis that high temperatures arrest spermatogenesis by a disrupted reproductive rhythm.

Role of melatonin in controlling angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions.

Angiogenesis depends on proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic molecules that regulate endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Well-regulated angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in many physiological conditions such as reproduction and embryonic development, while abnormal angiogenesis is also the basis of a variety of pathological processes including tumor metastasis and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Melatonin has a variety of biological effects, including inhibition of tumor metastasis, stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques, and the regulation of seasonal reproductive rhythms, etc. During certain pathophysiological processes, melatonin exerts different functions depending on its ability to regulate angiogenesis. This review reveals that melatonin has different effects on neovascularization under different physiological and pathological conditions. In tumors, in age-related ocular diseases, and in a hypoxic environment, melatonin inhibits neovascularization in tissues, while in gastric ulcers, skin lesions, and some physiologic processes, it promotes angiogenesis. We also speculate that melatonin may inhibit the neovascularization in atherosclerotic plaques, thus preventing the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Most studies suggest that these effects are related to the role of melatonin in regulating of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors, but the specific regulatory mechanisms remain disparate, which may lead to the differential effects of melatonin on angiogenesis under different conditions. In this review, we thus summarize some seemingly contradictory mechanisms by which melatonin controls angiogenesis under different pathological and physiological conditions, and urge that the regulatory mechanisms be further studied.

Housing Rabbit Does in a Combi System with Removable Walls: Effect on Behaviour and Reproductive Performance

Simple SummaryThis study focuses on the welfare and reproductive performance of rabbit does housed in individual conventional cages (C) or in different colony cages: simple (does in the group for 100% of the reproductive cycle: C1) or combi (in both individual and group caging: C2). The results showed that C2 had some benefits compared to continuous grouphousing, but both colony systems achieved lower reproductive performance levels than the conventional system. Although C2 showed some improvement on the behaviour of does, the aggressiveness of group-housing the does to establish a rank order was responsible for injuries, higher disease risks, and higher kit mortality.We evaluated the effects of two types of colony cages, in which rabbit does were always in a group (C1), and where they were in combi cages furnished with removable internal walls to allow both individual and grouphousing (C2), in addition to the control group (C: conventional individual cage), on welfare, reproductive performance, and global efficiency. Forty-eight New Zealand White nulliparous rabbit does underwent artificially insemination (AI) and were divided into three groups, and reared in the different systems for about 1 year. The reproductive rhythm provides AIs at weaning (30d). In the C1 system, does were continuously grouped, while in C2, walls were inserted four days before kindling and removed 1week after it (60% of the timesheet in group). Reproductive traits and behaviour were evaluated during the entire year. The behavioural observations were performed around days 7, 36, and 44, corresponding to the inclusion of the does in the maternal cages, the insertion of walls four days before kindling, and the removal of the walls 1week after parturition in the C2 group, respectively. The percentages of does with severe skin injuries and the distribution of the injuries on different parts of body were also registered. Does reared in conventional cages showed the greatest presence of stereotype behaviours, while the C1 group showed the highest (p < 0.05) incidence of aggressiveness after regrouping (attack, dominance features, and lower allo-grooming) in comparison to the C2 group (17% and 22%, in C2 and C1 does, respectively).Individually caged does achieved the best productive performance (sexual receptivity, fertility, kindling rate, and number of kits born alive and at weaning). The C1 group showed the lowest performance (p < 0.05), whereas C2 showed an intermediate one. Does housed in the combi cage (C2) had higher (p < 0.05) receptivity and fertility rates and higher numbers of kits born alive and at weaning (79.2% and 76.2%; 7.95 and 7.20, respectively) than the C1 group, but lower values (p < 0.05) than does that were individually housed.

Reproductive rhythms, variation in operational sex ratio and sexual selection in crustaceans

ABSTRACTOperational sex ratio (OSR) has long been considered an important predictor of sexual selection strength. In crustaceans, OSR is primarily dependent upon reproductive rhythms. Herein, we model different conditions of reproductive rhythms to investigate the potential link between OSR and the strength of sexual selection, focusing on sexual traits commonly found in crustacean males. OSR can vary widely over a reproductive season as a result of reproductive rhythms, which limits the accuracy of its estimation based on a small sample. Overall, OSR was still predicted to correlate positively with sexual selection strength across different reproductive rhythms, yet only when males were assumed to experience a reproductive time-out. A review of experimental and field studies focusing on the link between OSR and sexual selection strength in crustaceans generally confirms our predictions. For the few studies failing to find the predicted pattern, we discuss potential causes for that discrepancy and urge future experimental research to specifically test for the effect of male time-out on the strength of sexual selection for male mating traits. Our model provides new predictions about the link between OSR and sexual selection and revives the long-lasting debate about OSR as an accurate estimate of sexual selection strength.

Potential therapeutic role of melatonin in traumatic brain injury: A literature review

Oxidative stress induces excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are including several free oxygen radicals such as singlet oxygen and superoxide radical. Excessive ROS production induces injuries of lipids, nucleic acids and proteins in several cells. Brain and neurons have a high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and consumption of oxygen, but they have low level of antioxidant. Oxidative stress is controlled by several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. One of the main nonenzymatic antioxidant is melatonin. Melatonin is secreted from the pineal gland by physiological circadian cycles. It has several physiological functions such as mediator of circannual reproductive rhythms (Tamtaji et al. 2019). However, it has also a regulatory role in the pathophysiological pathways of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in human and rodents (Barlow et al. 2019). TBI is one of the most common causes of the mortalities. Secondary events occur after primary events like shearing of nerve cells and blood vessels, cause posttraumatic neurodegenerations with an increase in ROS and ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation. It was reported that TBI-induced oxidative stress in experimental TBI was inhibited by the melatonin treatment (Senol and Nazıroğlu, 2014). Results of a recent study indicated protective role of melatonin through inhibition of Nrf2 signaling pathway, inflammation and oxidative stress in TBI-induced mice (Wang et al. 2019). In human studies, behavioral outcomes of TBI were modulated by the melatonin&amp;nbsp;treatment&amp;nbsp;(Barlow et al. 2019). In the oral presentation, I will review recent studies on TBI in human and experimental animals.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;In conclusion, there are pre-clinical and clinical evidences that melatonin treatment after TBI significantly improves both behavior-cognition outcomes and pathophysiological outcomes such as oxidative stress and inflammation. It seems that the certain interaction between melatonin and TBI still remain to be determined.

Tuned in: Musical rhythm and social skills in adults

In music, we “feel the beat” through rhythm. During successful social interactions, individuals establish an interpersonal rhythm through back-and-forth exchanges. Consequently, these two disparate domains share a common reliance on rhythm. This study investigates whether our sense of musical rhythm relates to our social competence. Ninety-eight undergraduate students ( M = 20.9 years, SD = 2.8 years) participated in a rhythm reproduction task and completed Riggio’s Social Skills Inventory to examine whether the two skills are related. Scores on the rhythm task predicted participants’ scores on one part of the inventory – the Social Control subscale – which measures how well individuals can adjust and adapt to different social exchanges. Critically, performance on the musical rhythm task did not correlate with every social subscale but only with that related to social exchanges. The results suggest that a core rhythmic ability might underpin performance in both musical and social domains.

Mobility, temporality, and social reproduction: everyday rhythms of the ‘FIFO family’ in the Australian Mining Sector

The substantial use of Fly-in-Fly out (FIFO) work in the Australian mining sector involves a repeated cycle in which workers (mostly men) leave their homes to undertake a pre-determined number of consecutive days of work on (often remote) mine sites where they are also accommodated. They then spend a pre-determined number of days at home. This article examines how FIFO workers’ rhythms of physical absence and presence in family life shape the everyday mobilities and temporalities of their emplaced spouses as they undertake the work of social reproduction. It thus brings a gendered lens to the emergent literature examining interconnections of mobility and temporality. Drawing on in-depth interviews with twenty female partners of male FIFO mine workers, the analysis identifies the entangled ways in which this labour mobility profoundly reshapes women’s mobilities and interrelated experiences and organisation of social time. In particular, ‘the weekend’ emerges as a time of profound disjuncture for FIFO spouses who feel ‘out of kilter’ with conventional social rhythms associated with 9-5 work. The article thus elucidates contemporary intersections of changing formations of capitalism and the rhythms of social reproduction.

Are Temporal and Tonal Musical Skills Related to Phonological Awareness and Literacy Skills? - Evidence From Two Cross-Sectional Studies With Children From Different Age Groups.

Temporal and spectral auditory processing abilities are required for efficient and unimpaired processing of speech and might thus be associated with the development of phonological and literacy skills in children. Indeed, studies with unselected children have found links between these basic auditory processing abilities and the development of phonological awareness, reading, and spelling. Additionally, associations between the processing of temporal or spectral/tonal information in music and phonological awareness/literacy have been reported, but findings concerning relations between music processing and spelling are rather sparse. To gain more insights into the specific, potentially age-dependent relevance of various temporal (e.g., rhythm, tempo) and tonal (e.g., pitch, melody) musical subdomains for phonological awareness and literacy, we adapted five music-processing tasks (three temporal, two tonal) for use with tablet computers and used them in two cross-sectional studies with German children from two age groups: Study 1 was conducted with preschool children (about 5 years of age; without formal reading and spelling instruction) and focused on associations between music processing and phonological awareness. In Study 2, third-graders (about 8 years of age) were investigated concerning relations between music processing, phonological awareness, reading comprehension, and spelling. In both studies, rhythm reproduction and pitch perception turned out to be significant predictors of phonological awareness in stepwise regression analyses. Although various associations between music processing and literacy were found for third-graders in Study 2, after phonological awareness was accounted for, only rhythm reproduction made a unique contribution to literacy skills, namely, to alphabetic spelling skills. Hence, both studies indicate that temporal (i.e., rhythm reproduction) and spectral/tonal (i.e., pitch perception) musical skills are distinctly and uniquely related to phonological awareness in children from different age groups (preschool vs. Grade 3). The finding that rhythm reproduction, an auditory temporal processing skill integrating perceptual and motor aspects of rhythm processing, was especially tightly linked to phonological awareness and literacy corroborates other findings on associations between rhythm processing and literacy development and is of interest from the viewpoint of current theories of developmental dyslexia. The potential relevance of our results for applied research concerning early diagnosis and training of literacy-related skills is discussed.

Functional Implications of RFRP-3 in the Central Control of Daily and Seasonal Rhythms in Reproduction.

Adaptation of reproductive activity to environmental changes is essential for breeding success and offspring survival. In mammals, the reproductive system displays regular cycles of activation and inactivation which are synchronized with seasonal and/or daily rhythms in environmental factors, notably light intensity and duration. Thus, most species adapt their breeding activity along the year to ensure that birth and weaning of the offspring occur at a time when resources are optimal. Additionally, female reproductive activity is highest at the beginning of the active phase during the period of full oocyte maturation, in order to improve breeding success. In reproductive physiology, it is therefore fundamental to delineate how geophysical signals are integrated in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, notably by the neurons expressing gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Several neurochemicals have been reported to regulate GnRH neuronal activity, but recently two hypothalamic neuropeptides belonging to the superfamily of (Arg)(Phe)-amide peptides, RFRP-3 and kisspeptin, have emerged as critical for the integration of environmental cues within the reproductive axis. The goal of this review is to survey the current understanding of the role played by RFRP-3 in the temporal regulation of reproduction, and consider how its effect might combine with that of kisspeptin to improve the synchronization of reproduction to environmental challenges.

Mammalian circannual pacemakers

Circannual clocks drive rhythms in reproduction and many other seasonal characteristics but the underlying control of these long-term oscillators remains a mystery. Now, we propose that circannual timing involves mechanisms that are integral to the ontogenetic life-history programme where annual transitions are generated by cell birth, death and tissue regeneration throughout the life cycle ߝ the histogenesis hypothesis. The intrinsic cycle is then timed by cues from the environment. The concept is that in specific sites in the brain, pituitary and peripheral tissues, residual populations of progenitor cells (adult stem cells) synchronously initiate a phase of cell division to begin a cycle. The progeny cells then proliferate, migrate and differentiate, providing the substrate that drives physiological change over long time-spans (e.g. summer/winter); cell death may be required to trigger the next cycle. We have begun to characterise such a tissue-based timer in our Soay sheep model focusing on the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland and the sub-ventricular zone of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) as potential circannual pacemakers. The PT is of special interest because it is a melatonin-responsive tissue containing undifferentiated cells, strategically located at the gateway between the brain and pituitary gland. The PT also governs long-photoperiod activation of thyroid hormone dependant processes in the MBH required for neurogenesis. In sheep, exposure to long photoperiod markedly activates BrDU-labelled cell proliferation in the PT and MBH, and acts to entrain the circannual reproductive cycle. Variation in expression and co-ordination of multiple tissue timers may explain species differences in circannual rhythmicity. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Ebo Gwinner3.

Role of melatonin and circadian rhythms in seasonal reproduction in rams

In the ram, changes in daylength influence testicular activity by modifying the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and thus the gonadotrophins. To investigate the nature of this response the hourly fluctuations in the circulating levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and melatonin were measured in rams kept under various artificial lighting conditions. In Exp. 1, 8 Soay rams (4 control and 4 from which the superior cervical ganglia had been removed) were exposed to alternating 16-week periods of short days (8L: 16D) and long days (16L: 8D) for over 2 years, and blood samples were collected hourly for 25 h on two occasions. The lighting regimen resulted in marked testicular and endocrine changes in the controls but not in the ganglionectomized rams which had low or undetectable levels of melatonin (less than or equal to 33 pg/ml) and an unusual diurnal rhythm in prolactin. In Exp. 2, 8 intact Soay rams were exposed to an ahemeral lighting regimen of 8L: 28D for 16 weeks; at the end of this period blood samples were collected hourly for 52 h and assayed for prolactin. During the pretreatment period of long days (16L: 8D), the testes became fully regressed. During the 16 weeks of 8L: 28D, redevelopment occurred, but the growth of the testes was slow compared to that normally occurring under short days of 8L: 16D. The prolactin profiles showed evidence of circadian rhythm in hormone secretion, with a correlation between the timing and duration of the rhythm and the degree of testicular development. These combined results support the idea that the photoperiodic response in the ram involves an interplay between the secretory activity of the pineal gland, and a light/dark entrained circadian mechanism in the brain.

Differential movement pattern of Père David's deer associated with the temporal rhythm using GPS collar fix

The movement patterns of animals are changing in response to environmental change with many species forming resident populations in specific areas. The Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), which has been listed as an endangered mammal species, and the reintroduced population exists as a semi-captive population as well as a population inside an enclosure in east coastal wetlands of China. The maximum monthly distance moved was (203.36 ± 20.57, 149.93 ± 74.68 Km) in December of female deer; and in June of male deer, respectively. Females (155.72 ± 29.19 Km) appeared to move further than males (113.69 ± 40.96 Km). The rhythmic reproduction of male deer affect its monthly movement, especially in June, and the timid and shy characteristics of female deer determined them move further in whole seasons. The seasonally vegetation coverage change and water level line were the main factors drive them to move towards difference habitat.