Reproducible Bands Research Articles

Molecular analyses of genetic diversity in thepopulation of Calligonum Comosum L. ‘Her in Hail region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This paper presents the first molecular study on Calligonum comosum L. ‘Her (Polygonaceae) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, due it’s known to be part of Saudi Arabia’s flora, as a famous medicinal plant, it has several other uses, as it is palatable as animal feed, and dune stabilization, and to increase soil organic matter content. And it has been included on the endangered species list due to its frequent use. Twenty-five C. comosum samples were collected from five different populations from their natural environment and screened using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Eleven ISSR primers amplified 975 reproducible bands of which 495 were polymorphic, and polymorphism of genetic variation between species was 50.8%. This ratio is considered high Among C. comosummembers from multiple populations, this ratio is an indication of the quality of genetic diversity within and between C. comosum populations, which is of great importance for the preservation of the plant. As considered ISSR markers are an effective tool to provide good information for the genetic diversity available in C. comosum inputs from different populations, and the results of this study will help to understand genetic variation and evolutionary dynamics in C. comosum and expand the genetic base for breeding wild species. That additional selection of inputs in each species to assess genetic diversity leads to more useful and reliable results.

Evaluation of SRAP markers efficiency in genetic diversity of Aspergillus flavus from peanut-cropped soils in China

In order to evaluation the efficiency of SRAP markers on genetic diversity of Aspergillus flavus, we screened out 17 sets of primer pairs which could produce clear and reproducible SRAP bands from 150 SRAP primer pairs. The size of SRAP fragments ranged from 120 to 2100 bp. Primer pair Me10/Em9 produced the maximum number of polymorphic bands (12 bands), while Me8/Em13 produced the fewest number of polymorphic bands (only 1). Through analysis genetic diversity ability of different sets of primer pairs, the set of 12 primer pairs was selected for SRAP genetic marker of A. flavus. Cluster analysis was performed based on the genetic similarity coefficients, which ranged from 0.53 to 0.89. A dendrogram assembled using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages grouped A. flavus samples into 5 main clusters. The results suggested that SRAP marker is a useful molecular technology for the diversity of A. flavus from peanut soils in China.

Assessment of Genetic Variation of Genus Paracaryum (Boraginaceae) By Rapd Markers

The present study reveals the genetic diversity of Iranian Paracaryum based on morphological and molecular characters of 12 species from 11 provinces of Iran. A total of 118 reproducible bands were generated by 10 of 30 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers, with an average of 11.8 bands per primer and 49% polymorphism. The largest number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon Index (I) and genetic diversity (H) higher level of Shannon Index (I) and genetic diversity (H) were shown by Paracaryum persicum. Our data depicted the highest similarity between Paracaryum cyclhymenium and P. persicum and the lowest between P. sintenisii and P. bungei. P. bungei showed a relatively low level of genetic variation. Finally, the Neighbor Joining (NJ) trees based on RAPD markers data divided the populations into two different clusters, indicating their genetic difference, which is discussed in detail. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(1): 31-41, 2022 (June)

Ultrastructure Traits and Genetic Variability of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) Adults from Different Geographical Locations in Egypt

The Red Palm Weevil (RPW) is one of the most damaging pests to palm cultivation; this invasive weevil poses a threat to the palm industry. The characterization and identification of this pest in order to determine its biological diversity is the first step in controlling it, which will help in developing effective control programs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the biodiversity of and characterize RPW from five different Egyptian geographical locations at morphological and genetic levels using morphometric analysis, scanning electronic microscopy and two different genetic markers. Our results revealed no significant differences between length and width of the adult body among RPW adults from different geographical locations. Different typologies of prothoracic spots were observed, indicating a degree of diversity in the RPW populations. The magnitude of the different body parts was measured among both males and females. Significant differences were exhibited between length of the antennal seta, as well as forelegs, the lengths and widths of the pronotum, and the rostrum length between both sexes. Both RAPD and ISSR used DNA markers, generating reproducible and distinct banding patterns. The polymorphic banding patterns that have resulted from all studied populations confirmed that these markers demonstrate genetic variability amongst the studied Egyptian populations of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. The recorded differences may be due to the presence of different red palm weevil genotypes. The obtained results might have potential applications in developing a new tracking and control strategy for this invasive pest.

Polymorphism analysis of Valsa mali isolated from Xinjiang Province using ISSR markers

AbstractApple quality and quantity is reduced by valsa canker (caused by Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada) in Xinjiang, China. To develop treatment options, we need to understand its genetic diversity, which was assessed at the molecular level. Eight primers were selected for ISSR‐PCR analysis of 44 strains of apple valsa canker in Xinjiang. The results showed that eight primers amplified a total of 80 clear and reproducible bands including 80 polymorphic loci; the polymorphic loci rate was 100%. Nei's gene diversity index and Shannon's information index were both higher than 0.2 and 0.4 in different geographical regions, which indicated that the genetic diversity of V. mali in Xinjiang was very abundant. The cluster analysis indicated that there was no significant correlation between the genetic relationships and their geographical originals.

Evaluating molecular and morphological diversity of Phlomis olivieri Benth (Lamiaceae) populations in Iran

ABSTRACT Phlomis olivieri (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant that exhibits diverse variations across a multitude of geographical ranges. Here, we studied the genetic diversity of this species according to start codon targeted (SCoT) markers and morphological variability based on 15 morphological traits. Specifically, the genetic diversity was studied among 100 individuals of 10 geographical populations in Iran. The populations were highly variable in almost all morphological traits (P < .01) and the dendrogram showed four main clusters for morphological traits. Out of the 10 primers, five SCoTs produced 93 reproducible bands, of which 92 were polymorphic. Significant values were observed in the average polymorphic information content (0.35), average band informativeness (18.4), resolving power (6.24) and average polymorphism (98.66%). SCoT markers ultimately grouped P. olivieri populations into six main clusters based on the principal component analysis. Using SCoT alleles, the individuals were grouped into eight distinct genetic clusters. The analysis of molecular variance showed a high degree of genetic variation among the populations (71%) and within the populations (29%). The Mantel test revealed a positive correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance. Thus, morphological features and SCoT markers were informative and reliable in revealing diversity among P. olivieri populations.

In vitro propagation and genetic fidelity evaluation in LA Lilium

The present experiment was conducted at the Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, IARI, New Delhi, Indiaduring 2015–17 to develop a protocol for callus induction, PLB formation and plant regeneration from LA LiliumBrindisi using in vitro leaf segments, and to assess the genetic stability using SSR marker. Micropropagation of LALilium Brindisi led to compact calluses of dark brown to black colour. The in vitro regenerated leaves were inoculated at different concentration of 6-BAP and 2,4-D. Along with calluses, protocorm like bodies were also induced from the surface of cultured leaf segments, which further developed into shoots. MS medium fortified with 6-BAP (0.25 mg/l) and 2, 4-D (5 mg/l) recorded maximum callus formation. The mean number of shoot per callus clump ranged from 1.12 to 3.88, maximum number of shoots were recorded with 6-BAP (4 mg/l) and NAA (0.25 mg/l). Rooting ranged from 72–100% in IBA medium. Twenty regenerates were randomly selected for testing the fidelity. Out of 18 screened markers, only 10 produced clear and reproducible bands. A total of 244 bands were generated from 10 SSR primers in which seven primers were found polymorphic. Dendrogram generated by data analysis using Darwin 6 software package clearly indicated that the in vitro raised plants through leaf explant via callus phase were divided into three main clusters. The result of cluster analysis was supported by principal coordinate analysis (1/2 axis) where all the genotypes were distributed over different quadrangles. The total somaclonal variation was estimated to be 1.9% which indicated that even the plantlets raised through callus phase exhibited low frequency of somaclonal variation in case of LA hybrids of Lilium.

Genetic clonal fidelity assessment of rhizome-derived micropropagated Acorus calamus L. – A medicinally important plant by random amplified polymorphic DNA and inter-simple sequence repeat markers

Background: Acorus calamus – a critical medicinal plant, is overexploited, leading to population reduction. Establishing an efficient in vitro protocol is essential for the large-scale production of genetically identical plants. Objectives: Development of fast and reliable in vitro regeneration protocol for A. calamus and clonal fidelity assessment of the regenerants using molecular markers. Materials and Methods: Plants were regenerated on Murashige and Skoog medium with different concentrations of growth regulators in two phases – shooting and rooting. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were employed to evaluate the genetic stability of in vitro clones. Results: 6 Benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 1.6 and 2.4 mgL−1 was effective for shoot induction, while root induction was superior in indole-3-butyric acid-incorporated medium at 2.5 mgL−. Thirteen RAPD and 16 ISSR primers produced 59 and 96 clear, unambiguous, and reproducible bands, respectively. Both the markers revealed a high monomorphism of 96.79% and 95.63% among the regenerants. Nei's genetic distance analysis disclosed a close genetic association (0.000–0.068) among the genotypes. Conclusion: ISSR was better than RAPD markers in clonal fidelity assessment of the regenerants. The in vitro protocol developed is reliable and suitable for the rapid propagation of true-to-type A. calamus plants.

A Study on the Clustering of Extra Virgin Olive Oils Extracted from Cultivars Growing in Four Ionian Islands (Greece) by Multivariate Analysis of Their Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Genetic Markers.

Background: The phenolic fraction of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has disease preventive and health-promoting properties which are supported by numerous studies. As such, EVOO is defined as a functional food. The aim of the present study was to characterize the phenolic profile of olive oil from cultivars farmed in the Ionian Islands (Zakynthos, Kefalonia, Lefkada, and Kerkyra) and to investigate the association of phenols to antioxidant activity, which is central to its functionality. Furthermore, the study investigates whether multivariate analyses on the concentration of individual biophenolic compounds and genetic population diversity could classify the olive oil samples based on their geographic origin. Methods: Phenols were determined in 103 samples from different Ionian Island tree populations by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and sample antioxidant activity was measured by their capacity to reduce the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH). Genetic diversity was measured by estimating Nei’s population genetic distance using 15 reproducible bands from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genotyping. Results: Principal component analysis (PCA) of the secoiridoid concentrations clustered samples according to cultivar. Clustering based on genetic distances is not concordant with phenolic clustering. A cultivar effect was also demonstrated in the association between the concentration of individual phenols with DPPH reducing activity. Conclusions: Taken together, the study shows that the olive oil phenolic content defines “cultivar-specific phenolic profiles” and that environmental factors other than agronomic conditions contribute more to phenotype variance than genetics.

The first assessment of genetic diversity among Turkish leek accessions using molecular and morphological markers

Abstract Considering the high importance of leek as a vegetable crop, this species is rarely an object of molecular genetic studies. In this study, SRAP and ISSR markers were used for the first time to investigate the genetic diversity in Turkish leek accessions together with some morphological characters. The study was conducted in Erciyes University Faculty of Agriculture in 2018–2020. Thirty-seven local varieties were collected from different towns in Turkey. Also, nineteen leek accessions, which originated from different regions of Turkey, had been kindly obtained from Plant Gene Banks, USDA. Seventeen SRAP and three ISSR markers were screened; all of them exposing 137 reproducible bands, of which 114 resulted in polymorphic. Polymorphism information content (PIC) varied between 0.209 and 0.840. Genetic similarities varied from 0.563 to 0.960, with an average of 0.789. In addition to molecular markers, the entire gene pool was morphologically characterized over two-year data. For this purpose, eight characters, which play a key role in leek breeding, were measured. At the end of the study, the analyzes made according to the molecular and morphological data were compared both separately and in combination. In all groupings, it was found remarkable that the accessions numbered 98*3, 40*1, 40*4, and 40*6 were positioned differently from the others. These results have provided important insights into the genetic variability of Turkish leek accessions for the first time. Also, the diversity analysis performed in this study provides valuable information to researchers for future studies.

Genetic diversity analysis of lactic acid bacteria isolated from regional yogurt samples

Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms which have enormous health benefits. Yogurt is a potential source of probiotic bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria are the most common and major group of probiotic bacteria that can be found easily in different dairy products. The aim of study was the genetic diversity analysis using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker from regional yogurt samples of Bangladesh. Ten probiotic isolates from yogurt samples of different sweet meat shops of Sylhet and Mymensingh Divisions of Bangladesh were used. Morphological and biochemical tests were performed to ensure the presumptive probiotic characteristics of isolated bacteria. All isolates were cultured in De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) medium to exhort the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Genomic DNA was extracted by Ampicillin Lysozyme Tandem method. Four random RAPD primers were used in this study for detecting genetic diversity of these isolated bacteria. Among them, OPA 18 showed the maximum number of reproducible bands. Nei’s genetic distance was performed for determining Pair-wise Genetic Distance. UPGMA and NJ dendrogram were performed based on molecular data showing that all the isolates could be divided into two major clusters. Data analysis revealed that isolates from the same location were closely related and showed less genetic variation whereas, isolates from geographically different regions exhibited more genetic diversity. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&amp;2), 2020: P. 55-63

Molecular genotypic diversity of populations of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis and development of SCAR marker for pesticide resistance.

The brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis is a destructive pest of Solanum melongena. The control of L. orbonalis with extensive application of synthetic chemical insecticides resulted in the development of resistance with known genetic heterogeneity among populations. Understanding the genetic diversity of their populations is important in developing strategies for their management. The present investigation was performed to characterize populations of L. orbonalis for their genetic diversity in the entire region of Tamil Nadu, South India using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers as a tool of the molecular marker. Among 60 random 10-mer primers, only ten primers generated reproducible and scorable banding profile. Among the ten different random primers, the primers namely OPG 7, OPG 8, OPS 2 and OPS 7 generated the highest genetic variation with over 80% genetic polymorphism. Phylogram analysis produced 18 clusters with eight major and ten minor clusters. Cluster analysis, statistical fitness, population structure and analysis of molecular variance confirmed the significant genetic variation among different populations. A trait specific marker obtained through RAPD was cloned, sequenced and used to develop a stable diagnostic SCAR marker for DNA fingerprinting to distinguish the populations. Amplification of this locus in the samples of 20 different populations indicated recognition of the trait for pesticide resistance in 12 populations. The results suggest that the biochemical nature of host plant varieties of this insect pest and variation in the application of different insecticides are essential contributing factors for the genotypic variations observed among populations of L. orbonalis.

Fingerprinting of Rice (Oryza sativa) Landraces from Three Geopolitical Zones in Ebonyi State Nigeria using SDS-page

The genetic variability among ten (10) accessions of Rice (Oryza sativa) from three (3) Geopolitical zones (Ikwo, Afikpo and Abakaliki) in Ebonyi State Nigeria were assessed using sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS - PAGE). There were variations in the banding patterns of the accessions and polymorphism was also observed. The banding patterns of the 10 accessions were examined and photographed. The number of reproducible bands was recorded by observation of gels and photographs. The molecular weights of the protein bands were deduced using molecular weights of the pro-mega standard and dendrogram was also constructed in order to place different clusters and groups of the 10 accessions in the right places for easy identification. Twelve polypeptide bands were obtained ranging from 10KDa to 245KDa. The Unweight Pair Group Method with Mean Algorithm (UPGMA) dendrogram grouped the ten accessions into two clusters and five groups. Some accessions appeared in the same group, while others were observed to be in different groups. Accessions ( 3, 5, 6 and 7) neither show any atom of similarities with each other nor with the remaining accessions in terms of banding patterns and number of bands (they are significantly different) so they were placed on Group 5. This significant difference for most of the characters is an indication of wide genetic variability among the collections, which could be exploited in selection and breeding for improved varieties.

Aloe vera L. (Asphodelaceae): Supplementation of in-vitro culture medium with Aloe vera gel for production of genetically stable plants

As in vitro culture environments can be mutagenic, it's challenging to produce true-to-true type plants from meristems. Therefore, the present study aimed to devlop an efficient protocol for micropropagation from shoot tip explants of medicinally important Aloe vera using different concentrations of A. vera leaf gel (AvG) as organic supplement to the culture media. Assessment of the genetic stability of A. vera in vitro multiplied plants compared to the donor plant is one of the most important pre-requisites especially before its use for commercial and medicinal purposes. For shoot multiplication, the highest number of axillary shoots recorded was 13.27 ±5.11 with an average length of 2.21 ±0.84 cm on M3 medium (MS + 0.2 mg L−1 of β-indole butyric acid (IBA) + 3 mg L−1 benzylamino-purine (BA) + 5% AvG). All three strength of MS medium (1, 1/2, 1/4) with different concentrations of AvG resulted in 100% root induction after 4 weeks of culture. All the rooted microshoots (100%) were successfully acclimatized. To provide a reliable conclusion on its nutritive supply to MS medium, the total phenolic (TPC), condensed tannins (TTC), flavonoid (TFC), and flavonol (TFlC) content as well as the antioxydant activity of AvG were investigated. TPC and TTC values were found to be 31.02 ± 0.46 μg gallic acid equivalent mg−1 of extract and 4.00 ± 0.96 μg catechin equivalent mg−1 of extract, respectively while TFC and TFlC were 13.58 ± 0.84 and 9.75 ± 0.58 μg rutin equivalent mg−1 of extract, respectively. The results of antioxydant activity of AvG following DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays were equal to 12.50 ± 0.89; 49.59 ± 2.07 and 64.93 ± 3.23 µmol Trolox equivalent mg−1 of extract, respectively which may explain the positive role of AvG as supplement.The genetic stability of in vitro propagated A. vera plants was evaluated using 10 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), 10 start codon targeted (SCoT) and 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Out of these, 5 ISSR, 3 SCoT and 6 SSR primers produced resolvable, reproducible and scorable bands. ISSR primers generated 32 amplification products ranging from 200 to 1040 bp in size with a mean number of 6.4 bands while SCoT primers generated 33 amplicons with an average of 11 bands in the range of 160–2410 bp. In the SSR products, 6 bands were observed, each primer produced one band ranging from 410 to 720 bp. All banding profiles were monomorphic proving that the stability of the micropropagated A. vera plants was maintained. This study proved the suitability of supplementing in vitro culture media with AvG to enhance direct regeneration through shoot tip explants of A. vera for large scale micropropagation applications.

ISSR analysis of Tulipa suaveolens (Liliaceae) populations from throughout the European part of the species range reveal genetic patterns shaped by Pleistocene transgressions of the Caspian Sea

Tulipa suaveolens Roth is a decorative bulbous, polycarpic species in the Liliaceae family. Currently, the species populations are declining due to the degradation of natural steppes. In the present article, we evaluated the genetic diversity of 216 specimens from 22 natural T. suaveolens localities in the European part of the species range using 10 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) yielded 250 unambiguous and reproducible polymorphic bands with a mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.27. Neither the principal component analysis nor the clustering method split the dataset. However, the Bayesian model‐based STRUCTURE analysis detected two genetic clusters of T. suaveolens. The analysis of the biogeographical distributional pattern of the revealed genetic groups confirmed our hypothesis that the evolution and distribution of T. suaveolens were likely affected by the Early Khvalynian transgression of the Caspian Sea and the following Enotayevsk regression. Furthermore, this hypothesis was supported by the results of the NEW HYBRIDS analysis identifying the specimens from the populations located outside the Early Khvalynian flooding limit as pure parents, while the specimens of the populations within the flooding limit were classified as backcrosses and second generation hybrids.

Comparative study of genetic diversity using RAPD markers in Salvia (Lamiaceae)

Salvia has a high degree of environmental compatibility and is widespread around the world, especially in tropical and temperate regions. It is represented by 61 species in Iran including 19 endemic species. Salvia species are mostly shrubs or subshrubs, occasionally herbs, typically perennial, sometimes biennial or annual, and often aromatic. The genus has high medicinal, commercial and horticultural value. It is the largest and one of the taxonomically complicated genus of Lamiaceae. To determine the genetic diversity and understand the species’ limits within the Iranian Salvia, we produced both morphological and molecular data using 145 randomly collected plants representing 30 species from 18 provinces of Iran. A total of 107 reproducible bands were generated by 10 of 25 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers, with an average of 10.7 bands/primer and 44% polymorphism. Largest number of effective alleles (Ne), genetic diversity (H), and Shannon Index (I) were shown by S. reuterana. Our data depicted highest similarity between S. suffruticosa and S. hydrangea and lowest between S. aristata and S. oligphylla. Salvia limbata showed relatively low level of genetic variation. Finally, the Neighbor Joining (NJ) trees based on RAPD markers data divided the populations into two different clusters, indicating their genetic difference which is discussed in details.

DNA fingerprinting, fixation-index (Fst), and admixture mapping of selected Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) accessions using ISSR markers system

As a new crop in Malaysia, forty-four Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. verdc.) genotypes were sampled from eleven distinct populations of different origins to explore the genetic structure, genetic inconsistency, and fixation index. The Bambara groundnut, an African underutilized legume, has the capacity to boost food and nutrition security while simultaneously addressing environmental sustainability, food availability, and economic inequalities. A set of 32 ISSRs were screened out of 96 primers based on very sharp, clear, and reproducible bands which detected a total of 510 loci with an average of 97.64% polymorphism. The average calculated value of PIC = 0.243, RP = 5.30, H = 0.285, and MI = 0.675 representing the efficiency of primer set for genetic differentiation among the genotypes. The ISSR primers revealed the number of alleles (Na = 1.97), the effective number of alleles (Ne = 1.38), Nei's genetic diversity (h = 0.248), and a moderate level of gene flow (Nm = 2.26) across the genotypes studied. The estimated Shannon’s information index (I = 0.395) indicates a high level of genetic variation exists among the accessions. Based on Nei’s genetic dissimilarity a UPMGA phylogenetic tree was constructed and grouped the entire genotypes into 3 major clusters and 6 subclusters. PCA analysis revealed that first principal component extracted maximum variation (PC1 = 13.92%) than second principal component (PC2 = 12.59%). Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis assembled the genotypes into 3 (best ΔK = 3) genetic groups. The fixation-index (Fst) analysis narrated a very great genetic diversity (Fst = 0.19 to 0.40) exists within the accessions of these 3 clusters. This investigation specifies the effectiveness of the ISSR primers system for the molecular portrayal of V. subterranea genotypes that could be used for genetic diversity valuation, detection, and tagging of potential genotypes with quick, precise, and authentic measures for this crop improvement through effective breeding schemes.

Assessment of genetic diversity of Musa species accessions with variable genomes using ISSR and SCoT markers

Assessing the effectiveness of different molecular markers is essential for identification of appropriate ones for crop improvement and conservation, hence, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were used for this study. Sixty-six accessions with different genomes obtained from International Transit Center, Belgium, were used for DNA extraction, amplification with ISSR and SCoT markers and agarose gel electrophoresis. The reproducible bands were scored for analyses. We identified high allelic richness of 299 (ISSR) and 326 (SCoT). Polymorphic information contents (ISSR: 0.9225; SCoT: 0.9421) were high but SCoT exhibited higher level of informativeness. The two markers demonstrated high percentage polymorphic loci (ISSR: 91.21–100%; SCoT: 96.97–100%). Other genetic indicators including effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity, and Shannon information index were higher in SCoT and further elucidated the usefulness of the markers. Intraspecific genetic diversity, interspecific genetic diversity, coefficient of gene differentiation and level of gene flow revealed extensive gene flow and larger variability within the accessions. Both ISSR and SCoT grouped the accessions via dendrogram, biplot and structure analyses. Though the two marker systems varied in their informativeness, they demonstrated high effectiveness in resolving genetic diversity (GD) of the different accessions, with higher efficiency in SCoT markers. Due to higher GD indices exhibited by SCoT, AS is the most genetically endowed one. Our study showed that SCoT markers are more informative than ISSR for GD exploration, assessment and cluster resolution of Musa species, thereby revealing the potential of SCoT markers for improved breeding and conservation.

Analysis of genetic diversity among different Rose (Rosa) genotypes using morphological and molecular markers (ISSR)

Rose is a woody perennial of the genus Rosa within the family Rosaceae. In this study, phylogenetic relationship among seven different genotypes of Rose (Rosa) was determined using ISSR primers and morphological parameters. DNA was isolated using CTAB method with 0.5% of CTAB concentration. Out of 50 ISSR primers, 16 primers gave reproducible banding pattern with all the seven genotypes of Rose while others failed to produce polymorphism. A total of 108 bands were obtained with an average polymorphism of 54.69% and an average of 9.06 bands per primer. The average similarity was found to be 0.69 among all the seven genotypes using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. On basis of polymorphism cluster analysis divided them into two major groups separating one genotype (light pink) from rest of the six genotypes and principle coordinate analysis confirmed the results. A parallel correlation was found between the morphological parameter (flower diameter) and the results of ISSR analysis as both of them divided the seven genotypes into two main groups.

Characterization of watermelon local cultivars from Southern Tunisia using morphological traits and molecular markers

In Southern Tunisia, local cucurbitaceous genetic diversity is threatened by the introduction of many commercial varieties. In the present study, the genetic diversity of local Tunisian watermelon cultiavrs and two commercial varieties (Giza and Sugar-baby) was studied using morphological traits and RAPD markers. The morphological analysis showed an important diversity among the studied watermelon cultivars. The principal component analysis based on 15 morphological traits explained 67.85% of the total variation and showed a clear classification of the cultivars into several groups. Geographical origin was correlated with seed weight and thickness of pericarp parameters. RAPD primers generated 86 reproducible bands, of which 85 were highly polymorphic. The AMOVA showed significant inter-population differentiation (28%). The principal coordinate analysis indicated that commercial varieties are significantly different from the local cultivars. The commercial varieties have the highest PhiPT when compared to the local cultivars. No correlation between the RAPD markers and the geographical origin of the watermelon cultivars was found. However, a significant correlation was found between RAPD markers and some fruit characteristics such as seed weight and fruit acidity. The results obtained from this study provide new data about the genetic diversity of Tunisian watermelon local germplasm, which constitue the first step for the establishment of a core collection of the Tunisian watermelon germplasm and would be useful for the preservation of these local resources and their use in future breeding programs.