Abstract
As a new crop in Malaysia, forty-four Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. verdc.) genotypes were sampled from eleven distinct populations of different origins to explore the genetic structure, genetic inconsistency, and fixation index. The Bambara groundnut, an African underutilized legume, has the capacity to boost food and nutrition security while simultaneously addressing environmental sustainability, food availability, and economic inequalities. A set of 32 ISSRs were screened out of 96 primers based on very sharp, clear, and reproducible bands which detected a total of 510 loci with an average of 97.64% polymorphism. The average calculated value of PIC = 0.243, RP = 5.30, H = 0.285, and MI = 0.675 representing the efficiency of primer set for genetic differentiation among the genotypes. The ISSR primers revealed the number of alleles (Na = 1.97), the effective number of alleles (Ne = 1.38), Nei's genetic diversity (h = 0.248), and a moderate level of gene flow (Nm = 2.26) across the genotypes studied. The estimated Shannon’s information index (I = 0.395) indicates a high level of genetic variation exists among the accessions. Based on Nei’s genetic dissimilarity a UPMGA phylogenetic tree was constructed and grouped the entire genotypes into 3 major clusters and 6 subclusters. PCA analysis revealed that first principal component extracted maximum variation (PC1 = 13.92%) than second principal component (PC2 = 12.59%). Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis assembled the genotypes into 3 (best ΔK = 3) genetic groups. The fixation-index (Fst) analysis narrated a very great genetic diversity (Fst = 0.19 to 0.40) exists within the accessions of these 3 clusters. This investigation specifies the effectiveness of the ISSR primers system for the molecular portrayal of V. subterranea genotypes that could be used for genetic diversity valuation, detection, and tagging of potential genotypes with quick, precise, and authentic measures for this crop improvement through effective breeding schemes.
Highlights
Yield of Bambara ground is recorded as low as 68.5 to 159.9 kg ha-14, 650–850 kg ha-15 are smaller than other legumes
A few molecular types of research has been demonstrated for this crop improvement such as SDS–polyacrylamide electrophoresis technique by Odeigah and Osanyinpeju, 12, DArT used by Olukolu et al 5, RAPD used by Rungnoi et al 1, Amadou et al 13, Massawe et al 14, and Mukakalisa et al 15, AFLP used by Massawe et al 16 and Ntundu et al 17, SSR used by Basu et al 18, Somta et al 19, Siise Aliyu and Massawe, 20, Molosiwa et al 21, Odongo et al.[22], Mohammed et al 3 and all of these researchers noted the existence of greater diversity of Bambara groundnut species
Out of 510 produced loci, 498 ones were accounts for polymorphic (PPB: 97.64%) indicating the selected primers set was highly efficient for valuation of genetic discrepancy of V. subterranean L. accessions (Table 2)
Summary
Yield of Bambara ground is recorded as low as 68.5 to 159.9 kg ha-14, 650–850 kg ha-15 are smaller than other legumes. Bambara groundnut is considered as “complete food” due to the content of a significant amount of nutrients such as Carbohydrates (64.4%), Protein (23.6%), fat (6.5%), fiber (5.5%)[9], and trace elements It possesses a countable amount of K (11.44–19.35 mg/100 g), Fe (4.9–48 mg/100 g), Na (2.9–12.0 mg/100 g), and Ca (95.8–99 mg/100 g), all this amount is favourably comparable to other consumable legumes 10. The findings of this research will enrich the molecular database of Bambara groundnut in Malaysian content It provides a basic idea of conserving and protecting the existing genotypes through optimum utilization as well as an effective breeding program for V. subterranea improvement
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