Logical Representation Research Articles

LOGIC OF THE FUTURE: WRITINGS ON EXISTENTIAL GRAPHS. VOLUME 1: HISTORY AND APPLICATIONS, EDITED BY AHTI PIETARINEN

Reviewed by: Logic of the Future: Writings on Existential Graphs. Volume 1: History and Applications ed. by Ahti Pietarinen Frederik Stjernfelt Edited by Ahti Pietarinen Logic of the Future: Writings on Existential Graphs. Volume 1: History and Applications Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2020, 664 pp. including name and keyword indexes To Peirce scholars and other aficionados of logic, semiotics, and pragmatism, 2017 brought the great news of Bellucci’s Speculative Grammar book, providing the eye-opening first detailed chronological overview over Peirce’s career-length developing of his semiotics. Now, the first volume of Ahti Pietarinen’s long-awaited three-volume publication of the totality of Peirce’s writings on his mature logic representation system known as Existential Graphs (EGs) not only gives us a plethora of hitherto unpublished Peirce papers but also a new and in many ways surprising view into the origin and development of this important fruit of Peirce’s last, creative philosophical burst taking its beginning around 1896, famously to peak in his annus mirabilis of 1903. Ahti Pietarinen has spent an admirable effort not only to find, collect and transcribe the enormous amount of Peirce’s EG writings, but also to frame and comment the results in a planned three-volume, 2000-pages annotated edition named Logic of the Future (LoF). The book is simultaneously the first volume of a new de Gruyter series “Peirceana”, edited by Francesco Bellucci and Ahti Pietarinen. The title has been chosen from a 1909 letter to William James in which Peirce describes the EG system and exclaims: “This ought to be The Logic of the Future”. Now, the first volume of this gargantuan work has appeared, subtitled “History and Applications”. A brief general introduction presents the layout of the whole planned edition, while another brief intro takes the uninitiated reader into the central issues of Existential Graphs. The tentative principle of selection of texts is ambitious: to be [End Page 114] “comprehensive”, that is, publishing the majority of the some 5000 ms. pages in which Peirce address EGs, including a vast amount of alternate text versions presented as footnotes and appendices to texts presented. A second principle is the overall chronological structure of the three volumes. A third is that texts already published (in the CP, in the NEM, or elsewhere) are left out. The two latter criteria, however, are rules of thumbs not rigorously followed. This appears from the detailed 100-pages introduction to the present volume, which goes through each of the volume’s 28 selected texts and text collections from Peirce’s writings, spanning the period from 1895 to 1911. The selection is not strictly chronological, however, which is partially a result of the overall disposition of all of the three volumes. In a certain sense, the central volume of the whole project is that of volume two, still to appear, to cover Peirce’s intense 1903 developments and presentations of the EGs in the “Logical Tracts” and the “Lowell Lectures”, each of which are planned to fill one subvolume of Logic of the Future volume two. The third and final volume, “Pragmaticism and Correspondence” then, is planned to contain post-1903 EG writings related to Peirce’s Pragmaticism paper series in the Monist, in which Peirce puts the EGs to use in his mature arguments for pragmatism if not decidedly a proof of pragmatism—as well as Peirce’s presentation and discussion of the EGs in lengthy correspondence with colleagues. These selection choices leave for the first volume primarily a batch of central texts documenting the early development of the EGs from 1896–98, forming the epicenter of the present volume. A bit surprisingly, this is flanked by two other batches of texts. First, texts 1–4, a small selection of philosophy-of-logic papers, most of them late, around 1910; Pietarinen’s argument is that these texts present Peirce’s most clarified general view of logic, as a preparation to the in medias res-texts of 1896. It appears as a further selection criterion in addition to the ones quoted, that of serving a novice reader with some easily accessible reading to begin with. They are mainly brief, late (1910...

Unsupervised Grounding of Plannable First-Order Logic Representation from Images

Recently, there is an increasing interest in obtaining the relational structures of the environment in the Reinforcement Learning community. However, the resulting “relations” are not the discrete, logical predicates compatible with the symbolic reasoning such as classical planning or goal recognition. Meanwhile, Latplan (Asai and Fukunaga 2018) bridged the gap between deep-learning perceptual systems and symbolic classical planners. One key component of the system is a Neural Network called State AutoEncoder (SAE), which encodes an image-based input into a propositional representation compatible with classical planning. To get the best of both worlds, we propose First-Order State AutoEncoder, an unsupervised architecture for grounding the first-order logic predicates and facts. Each predicate models a relationship between objects by taking the interpretable arguments and returning a propositional value. In the experiment using 8Puzzle and a photo-realistic Blocksworld environment, we show that (1) the resulting predicates capture the interpretable relations (e.g., spatial), (2) they help to obtain the compact, abstract model of the environment, and finally, (3) the resulting model is compatible with symbolic classical planning.

Towards an efficient rule-based framework for legal reasoning

A rule based knowledge system consists of three main components: a set of rules, facts to be fed to the reasoning corresponding to the data of a case, and an inference engine. In general, facts are stored in (relational) databases that represent knowledge in a first-order based formalism. However, legal knowledge uses defeasible deontic logic for knowledge representation due to its particular features that cannot be supported by first-order logic. In this work, we present a unified framework that supports efficient legal reasoning. In the framework, a novel inference engine is proposed in which the Semantic Rule Index can identify candidate rules with their corresponding semantic rules if any, and an inference controller is able to guide the executions of queries and reasoning. It can eliminate rules that cannot be fired to avoid unnecessary computations in early stages. The experiments demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework.

An Automatic Ontology-Based Approach to Support Logical Representation of Observable and Measurable Data for Healthy Lifestyle Management: Proof-of-Concept Study.

BackgroundLifestyle diseases, because of adverse health behavior, are the foremost cause of death worldwide. An eCoach system may encourage individuals to lead a healthy lifestyle with early health risk prediction, personalized recommendation generation, and goal evaluation. Such an eCoach system needs to collect and transform distributed heterogenous health and wellness data into meaningful information to train an artificially intelligent health risk prediction model. However, it may produce a data compatibility dilemma. Our proposed eHealth ontology can increase interoperability between different heterogeneous networks, provide situation awareness, help in data integration, and discover inferred knowledge. This “proof-of-concept” study will help sensor, questionnaire, and interview data to be more organized for health risk prediction and personalized recommendation generation targeting obesity as a study case.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to develop an OWL-based ontology (UiA eHealth Ontology/UiAeHo) model to annotate personal, physiological, behavioral, and contextual data from heterogeneous sources (sensor, questionnaire, and interview), followed by structuring and standardizing of diverse descriptions to generate meaningful, practical, personalized, and contextual lifestyle recommendations based on the defined rules.MethodsWe have developed a simulator to collect dummy personal, physiological, behavioral, and contextual data related to artificial participants involved in health monitoring. We have integrated the concepts of “Semantic Sensor Network Ontology” and “Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine—Clinical Terms” to develop our proposed eHealth ontology. The ontology has been created using Protégé (version 5.x). We have used the Java-based “Jena Framework” (version 3.16) for building a semantic web application that includes resource description framework (RDF) application programming interface (API), OWL API, native tuple store (tuple database), and the SPARQL (Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language) query engine. The logical and structural consistency of the proposed ontology has been evaluated with the “HermiT 1.4.3.x” ontology reasoner available in Protégé 5.x.ResultsThe proposed ontology has been implemented for the study case “obesity.” However, it can be extended further to other lifestyle diseases. “UiA eHealth Ontology” has been constructed using logical axioms, declaration axioms, classes, object properties, and data properties. The ontology can be visualized with “Owl Viz,” and the formal representation has been used to infer a participant’s health status using the “HermiT” reasoner. We have also developed a module for ontology verification that behaves like a rule-based decision support system to predict the probability for health risk, based on the evaluation of the results obtained from SPARQL queries. Furthermore, we discussed the potential lifestyle recommendation generation plan against adverse behavioral risks.ConclusionsThis study has led to the creation of a meaningful, context-specific ontology to model massive, unintuitive, raw, unstructured observations for health and wellness data (eg, sensors, interviews, questionnaires) and to annotate them with semantic metadata to create a compact, intelligible abstraction for health risk predictions for individualized recommendation generation.

Toward A Second Theology: Avant-Garde Art and Theopolitics

Abstract This article introduces the conceptual couple first theology and second theology as an answer to J. Kameron Carter’s call for a theopolitical approach beyond the proper practice versus malpractice dualism in Western political theology. In order to find sources to further renegotiate the relationship between the material, the spiritual and the political, the article turns East to Russian avant-garde artists and thinkers Liubov Popova (1889–1924) and Vladimir Tatlin (1885–1953), discussed in relation to Walter Benjamin (1892–1940). The conceptual couple according to which first theology is understood as theology is stuck in a representational logic where proper practice can be easily distinguished from malpractice. Second theology, on the other hand, is a performative approach to theology beyond the representational logic: theology that does and constructs rather than is and represents. Thus, second theology is theology that is political, even activist, without pertaining to truth claims or ideals regarding proper or improper theological practice.

Lo spazio pubblico come luogo della frizione e della finzione. Pratiche artistiche e attiviste che confondono il reale.

The aims of the text is to analyze activism as a form of complex relationship through those artistic practices which, making use of participatory approaches and performative actions, have questioned the role of public space. In particular, after having retraced the artistic critical debate regarding the autonomy of art and its ethical value through the argument between the two critics Claire Bishop and Grant Kester, the text proposes the analysis of two interventions that have re-discussed the public space in its logic of consensus and representation by working on the marginality of unrepresented and unrepresentable communities. The interventions that will be analyzed are: Art. 2 created by the Italian artist Adriana Torregrossa (Turin, 1999) and Bitte liebt Osterreich created by the German artist Christop Schlingensief (Vienna, 2000). The two interventions in question will be analyzed in the light of the mechanism of unpredictability of the feedback loop, theorized by the scholar Erika Fischer-Lichte in her The Transformative Power of Performance (2004). The unpredictability is due to the impossibility of connecting a certain action to a direct consequence since the two levels - the performative one and the one of reality - are not openly declared, calling into question the viewer to become aware of his response based on the action framework he decides to follow.

Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm with Discrete Hopfield Neural Network for 3 Satisfiability analysis

An optimal learning algorithm contributes to the quality of the neuron states in the form of 3 Satisfiability logical representation during the retrieval phase of the Discrete Hopfield Neural Network. Based on that basis, we proposed a modified bipolar Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm with a Discrete Hopfield Neural Network for Boolean 3 Satisfiability analysis by manipulating the different levels of complexities. This work concerns the improvement in the learning phase which requires a robust iterative metaheuristic algorithm in minimizing the cost function of 3 Satisfiability logical representation with less iteration. Under some reasonable conditions, the proposed hybrid network will be assessed by employing several performance measures, in terms of learning errors, minimum energy evaluations, variability, and similarity analysis. To verify the compatibility of the Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm as a learning paradigm, the comparison was made with the hybrid model with an Exhaustive search. Thus, the results proved the capability of the proposed learning algorithm in optimizing the learning and generating global minimum solutions for 3 Satisfiability logic based on the analysis obtained via various performance metrics evaluation.

D. H. Lawrence’s Stained Glass

This essay reveals the unexpected yet profound ways stained glass contributes to the representational logic of Lawrence’s fiction, especially his early story “A Fragment of Stained Glass” (1908) and The Rainbow (1915). Lawrence develops a prose style that mimics stained glass’s visual aesthetic—its juxtaposition of translucent, glowing color with opaque line that holds and tempers it—and its power to shape psychological interiors by shaping exterior surroundings. Especially in narrating moments when a character struggles to comprehend her relationship to another person or to the external world, Lawrence’s prose converts stained glass’s organizing principles into syntax, foregrounding the contrasts and overlaps between nouns and adjectives, independent and dependent clauses, and words’ multiple repetitions. In doing so, he formalizes a conceptual parallel: the non-verbal medium’s filtering of white light into netted color is repeated when a writer filters the raw materials of sensory perception into hierarchies we think of as central to the novel—character’s primacy over setting, or representation’s primacy over elaboration. In undoing such hierarchies, Lawrence takes to their logical endpoints late nineteenth-century debates about decorative aesthetics, foregrounding the plastic arts’ emphasis on the expressive power of patterning over depiction.

Driver Identification Through Formal Methods

Recently, several research efforts have been focused on automotive safety, due to the increasing technology embedded in our vehicles. Research community have produced different methods aimed, for instance, to profile driver behaviour, starting from a feature set gathered by the vehicle. The provided methods are mainly machine learning-based: these solutions, as largely demonstrate in literature, suffer from several issues, due to the context variability but also because they are not able to provide a rational reason for the specific prediction. To overcome these limitations, in this paper we propose a novel model checking based approach to driver identification. Furthermore, a novel automatic procedure able to infer a logical representation of the driver behaviour is discussed. Two real-world datasets for the evaluation of the proposed method are considered, obtaining interesting results in driver identification.

World energy literature: oil, finance and abstraction in João Paulo Borges Coelho’s Campo de Trânsito

ABSTRACT This article proposes a reading of João Paulo Borges Coelho’s novel Campo de Trânsito (2007) as a literary response to the neoliberal financialisation of oil. Exploring the correspondence between dematerialised forms of capital and the abstraction of narrative modes, I argue that materialist motifs of petroleum extraction and workers’ resistance in Borges Coelho’s text register the ‘porosity’ of Mozambique’s extractives sector, which in recent years has seen an influx of foreign investment after the discovery of globally significant quantities of oil and natural gas. In light of the recent move to rethink world literature through the prism of petro-modernity (WReC 2015; Szeman 2017; Macdonald 2017), this investigation invites new angles of literary comparison for which oil would function as a necessary representational logic beyond its particular figuration as a plot-driver at the level of content.

Epistemic Contextualism and Positional Logic

In the late 1940s, Jerzy Łoś published two works wherein he discussed logics with the realisation operator (later called positional logics). In these works, he investigated two interpretations of this operator: temporal and epistemic. In this article, we aim to develop and modify the epistemic interpretation so as to obtain a formalisation of epistemic contextualism, one of the most significant epistemological positions in contemporary times. According to this position, the logical value of epistemic sentences depends on contextually determined epistemic standards. We will demonstrate the advantage of such formalisation over previous attempts at the logical representation of epistemic contextualism.

Exploring student teachers’ ‘stuck moments’: affect[ing] the theory-practice gap in social justice teacher education

ABSTRACT This article attends to student teachers’ ‘stuck moments,’ or emotional moments of crisis, in a social justice-oriented teacher education program (SJTE). It seeks to problematise the familiar tendency of viewing student teachers’ stuck moments as symptomatic of the theory-practice gap. By troubling both the representational logic that undergirds the theory-practice gap and its reductionist explanations of stuckness, this work conceptualises stuck moments as a fluid, moving assemblage of bodies and discursive, affective, and material forces. Informed by posthumanist theories of affect and a post-qualitative methodology, this article posits that the pressure on student teachers to achieve teaching mastery, and participants’ desire to make a discernible impact on their students, partially constitute the stuck moment assemblage. These elements illuminate the infiltration of learning discourses in stuckness. I argue that learning discourses, with their neoliberal focus on mastery, control, and measurable outcomes, collide with the uncertainty and tenuousness of social justice work. This research suggests that stuck moments have the potential to both expose and oppose the conflicting discourses, affective attachments, and intensities that student teachers encounter as they navigate their SJTE program.

Saberes ausentes y saberes a ignorar en la formación de docentes

El presente ensayo explora el saber como producto de una alteración y un efecto en los modos de subjetivación. Bajo la referencia del mito griego de Pandora, se reflexiona sobre el deseo de saber, desde la curiosidad preontológica que se instala como pregunta irresuelta a lo largo de la vida. Del mismo modo, con el mito de Psique se aborda la necesidad del despojo de prerrogativas en lo educativo. Se hace énfasis en el saber pedagógico inacabado. El lenguaje, la conversación, el estudio son pretextos que ponen en marcha la búsqueda –la libertad de significación– de la existencia en un tiempo propio. La relación con el saber requiere de un reconocimiento, por encima de los contenidos y guías de aprendizaje, por lo que surge la necesidad de que los docentes acojan unos saberes y se desprendan de otros. De ahí que los saberes provenientes del mundo interno de los educadores puedan estar capturados por la predicción, que se traduce en apatía y desinterés en los estudiantes. Para que el profesor esté disponible para éstos y pueda desencadenar y sostener la función del saber se precisa la generosidad en el ofrecimiento de recursos culturales y la omisión de la lógica de la representación. Elementos que propician que el docente promueva la emancipación de sus estudiantes desde la afirmación de sus capacidades y potencias, desde la confianza y con el consentimiento del otro.

Wandering the Garden, Waking from a Dream

Through a comparative analysis of Yan Lianke’s The Day the Sun Died with James Joyce’s Ulysses and Lu Xun’s almost precisely contemporaneous collection Call to Arms, this essay considers the ways in which Yan Lianke’s novel uses motifs of death and “dreamwalking” to reflect on more abstract processes of representation and textual mediation. In particular, this essay argues that the trope of somnambulism in The Day the Sun Died is not merely an example of Yan’s mythorealist representational approach, it simultaneously offers a useful framework through which to understand mythorealism’s underlying representational logic.

Bridging Competing Logics: Re-Reading the History of Transnational Standardization in Accounting

This study seeks to contribute to the understanding of changes in institutional logics by re-reading the history of transnational standardization in accounting. It builds on a comprehensive review of official documents of the International Accounting Standards Committee, now restructured as the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The findings indicate that, in the 40-year history of transnational accounting standards-setting, there have been several changes in institutional logics, which, in turn, have encouraged revisions in organizational structure, inter-organizational relationships, standards-setting approach, and sources of legitimacy. These changes have encouraged further revisions in institutional logics (representation and expertise), and vice versa. Especially after the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, the IASB accomplished several institutional changes as a response to internal and external pressures. At the same time, a new organization-level institutional logic has emerged from the process of institutional bricolage, wherein institutional actors (trustees) have picked the best elements of competing logics, thereby bridging the two

Logic Learning in Adaline Neural Network

In this paper, Adaline Neural Network (ADNN) has been explored to simulate the actual signal processing between input and output. One of the drawback of the conventional ADNN is the use of the non-systematic rule that defines the learning of the network. This research incorporates logic programming that consists of various prominent logical representation. These logical rules will be a symbolic rule that defines the learning mechanism of ADNN. All the mentioned logical rule are tested with different learning rate that leads to minimization of the Mean Square Error (MSE). This paper uncovered the best logical rule that could be governed in ADNN with the lowest MSE value. The thorough comparison of the performance of the ADNN was discussed based on the performance MSE. The outcome obtained from this paper will be beneficial in various field of knowledge that requires immense data processing effort such as in engineering, healthcare, marketing, and business.

ПОДХОД К КОНТЕКСТНОМУ АНАЛИЗУ ВРЕМЕННЫХ РЯДОВ

Forecasting methods despite their conventions and limitations are the evolution of descriptive analytics mechanisms. Any model of the real-world objects works only under conditions of restrictions and agreements. The same conclusion can be made for the forecasting process, that it is not possible to forecast future state of the researched objects for 100%. However, building the most accurate forecast under the given conditions is the key. Modern data mining methods are based on a variety of models. However, such models can’t define the components of researched objects and processes except those contained in their models. The context allows using additional domain knowledge in describing the behavior of objects and processes in the form of qualitative assessments of their state. The same dataset in different domains will have various models and analysis results. The article deals with an approach to the domain context formation based on the ontology for analyzing time series of industrial processes indicators. The logical representation of the ontology based on the ALCHI(D) descriptive logic is also considered. The article describes as well experimental results confirming the correctness and effectiveness of the approach proposed.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МЕХАНИЗМА ПРЕДПРОЦЕССОРНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ РАЗНОРОДНЫХ ДАННЫХ В ГЕОИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМАХ ПОДДЕРЖКИ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЯ

The problem of local databases autonomy in distributed information systems is widely known and has been solved for a long time by specialists, but there is still no unambiguous and universally recog-nized approach to solving this problem. The process of working with distributed databases when creat-ing a geographic information system for decision support is not an exception, where the inviolability of the structure and completeness of local databases should remain the primary criterion for the sys-tem's operation. The purpose of the study is to increase the autonomy of local databases in geoinfor-mation decision support systems based on the use of preprocessing processing of heterogeneous data. This article proposes approaches and specific solutions for the physical and logical representation of the geoinformation system structure by means of the implementation of the preprocessing mechanism, which will allow you to combine and transform data even before they are displayed in the application. Thus, a person making a decision, when working in a geoinformational decision support system, will have full access to up-to-date information with the ability to record the results obtained by saving a virtual database created at his request.

An Ontology for Chinese Government Archives Knowledge Representation and Reasoning

Government archives comprise a series of documents or important information resources produced or used by government departments to meet the needs of economic and social governance, fulfill government functions, and perform official activities. They have inestimable value in economic development, social operations, and strategy. However, due to the lack of effective application of knowledge management technology, government information resources are locked in archive records, making it difficult to achieve knowledge organization and interoperability. Based on the theories and methods of the semantic web and semantic ontology construction, we summarize the relevant domain knowledge of government archives and construct the Chinese Government Archive Ontology (GAO) with the collection of government archives as the data. The ontology model implements the semantic interoperability between government archives and performs knowledge representation and reasoning on their content. We define the classes and properties of GAO, describe its creation process in detail, and demonstrate its applicability in practice through SPARQL query and event logical representation based on the 5W1H framework. GAO is capable of realizing linked data and discovering the knowledge hidden behind the policies of various agencies and departments, which can serve scientific decision-making and the economic society, regulate institutional powers, and further promote the research and practice of archival science in the digital age.

Energy Based Logic Mining Analysis with Hopfield Neural Network for Recruitment Evaluation.

An effective recruitment evaluation plays an important role in the success of companies, industries and institutions. In order to obtain insight on the relationship between factors contributing to systematic recruitment, the artificial neural network and logic mining approach can be adopted as a data extraction model. In this work, an energy based k satisfiability reverse analysis incorporating a Hopfield neural network is proposed to extract the relationship between the factors in an electronic (E) recruitment data set. The attributes of E recruitment data set are represented in the form of k satisfiability logical representation. We proposed the logical representation to 2-satisfiability and 3-satisfiability representation, which are regarded as a systematic logical representation. The E recruitment data set is obtained from an insurance agency in Malaysia, with the aim of extracting the relationship of dominant attributes that contribute to positive recruitment among the potential candidates. Thus, our approach is evaluated according to correctness, robustness and accuracy of the induced logic obtained, corresponding to the E recruitment data. According to the experimental simulations with different number of neurons, the findings indicated the effectiveness and robustness of energy based k satisfiability reverse analysis with Hopfield neural network in extracting the dominant attributes toward positive recruitment in the insurance agency in Malaysia.