Representation Gap Research Articles

Trend of female first authorship in Journal of Orthopaedic Science, the official journal of the Japanese orthopaedic association from 2001 to 2021: An observational study

BackgroundWomen are underrepresented in orthopaedic surgery, especially in Japan. Authorship is associated with representation and career advancement, but the academic representation of women in Japanese orthopaedic surgery has not been elucidated. This study aimed to elucidate the proportion of female first authorship and its associating factors, as well as trends in the Journal of Orthopaedic Science (JOS), the official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. MethodsThe study reviewed original articles published in JOS from 2002 to 2021 using data from PubMed on March 16, 2022. The gender of the first and last authors was determined using genderize. io, an online gender detection tool and manual search. The study used multivariable logistic regression to identify the factors associated with female first authorship and visualized the trend of predicted probability using restricted cubic spline curve. ResultsAmong 2272 original articles, 148 (6.5%) and 79 (3.5%) had female first and last authors, respectively. Compared with 2002–2006, female first authorship significantly increased in 2012–2016 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–4.05; p = 0.03) and 2017–2021 (aOR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.46–5.276; p = 0.002). Affiliation with an institution in Japan (aOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35–0.74; p < 0.001) and affiliation in orthopaedics (aOR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.11–0.23; p < 0.001) were negatively associated with female first authorship. Around 2020, the trend showed a gradual then rapid increase in women with non-orthopaedic affiliations. Only a very small increase was observed in women with an orthopaedic affiliation. ConclusionsFemale first authorship in JOS has been increasing. However, the proportion of female authors remains low. Authors outside of Japan and not affiliated with orthopaedics largely affect female authorship statistics. The results indicate the persistent gender gap in the academic representation of women in Japanese orthopaedic publications.

Assistive technology access in longitudinal datasets: a global review.

Functional limitations become more prevalent as populations age, emphasising an increasingly urgent need for assistive technology (AT). Critical to meeting this need trajectory is understanding AT access in older ages. Yet few publications examine this from a longitudinal perspective. This review aims to identify and collate what data exist globally, seeking all population-based cohorts and repeated cross-sectional surveys through the Maelstrom Research Catalogue (searched May 10, 2022) and the Disability Data Report (published 2022), respectively. Datasets incorporating functional limitations modules and question(s) dedicated to AT, with a wave of data collection since 2009, were included. Of 81 cohorts and 202 surveys identified, 47 and 62 meet inclusion criteria, respectively. Over 40% of cohorts were drawn from high-income countries which have already experienced significant population ageing. Cohorts often exclude participants based on pre-existing support needs. For surveys, Africa is the most represented region (40%). Globally, 73% of waves were conducted since 2016. 'Use' is the most collected AT access indicator (69% of cohorts and 85% of surveys). Glasses (78%) and hearing aids (77%) are the most represented AT. While gaps in data coverage and representation are significant, collating existing datasets highlights current opportunities for analyses and methods for improving data collection across the sector.

Making space: citizens, parties and interest groups in two ideological dimensions

ABSTRACT In liberal democracies, interest groups and political parties constitute the primary organizational carriers of citizens’ preferences into the decision-making of the executive and legislative institutions. While political science research has put extensive efforts into understanding both channels of representation, their combined effect for citizen representation has only recently come into focus. In particular, we lack knowledge of the ideological alignment of citizens, parties and interest groups on overarching economic Left-Right and socio-cultural dimensions. We address this gap via an original cross-national survey of interest groups, which includes the self-placement of groups on the Left-Right and Gal-Tan dimensions. The configuration of groups on these dimensions are compared with Chapel Hill Expert Survey data on parties, and information on the preferences of citizens from the European Election Studies. Our findings indicate that interest groups have the potential to supplement multidimensional gaps in representation between the political party system and citizen preferences.

Sexual Haunting in Randall Kenan’s “Cornsilk”

ABSTRACT Breaking with traditional representation in African American literature, Randall Kenan portrays raw sexuality in “Cornsilk” in a brother’s romantic engagement with his sister over two years. Previous writers touched gingerly upon sexuality with Black characters, but Kenan foregrounds it. In so doing, he fills a gap in representation that has been visible for decades, yet the story has received little scholarly attention, a fact that needs redressing in serious literary studies.

Great Smoky Mountains National Park and its Missing Black Visitors: A Preliminary Analysis on the Hidden Architecture of Landscape

The framing of national parks as "America's best idea" has undergone a multi-disciplinary critique for its failure to address the scarcity of racial minority visitors, particularly Black Americans. Slavery, segregation, and ongoing racial politics demand a process of unlearning and undoing by centering Black voices. This research seeks to re-examine Black Americans' motivations for and deterrents against visiting national parks using Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) as a preliminary case study. A review of archival documents (e.g., park history and promotional materials), interpretation programs, exhibits, and the racial composition of surrounding communities and park employees was conducted to identify gaps in Black Americans' representation within the core messages created and promoted by GSMNP. The results suggest that Black Americans are rarely seen in archival documents, and marginally represented in publicly accessible literature and exhibits. This legacy may send a message to Black Americans that the park is a "White" space, where their ancestors were treated as second-class citizens or excluded entirely. Under the shadow of Jim Crow laws, segregation, racism, and discrimination, this space may have been associated with danger or considered unsafe and unwelcoming. Our findings contribute to the broader understanding of how landscapes and institutions are racialized, and how the power of narrative can be used to dismantle racialization.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion within the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia: A mixed methods assessment.

Leadership of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia created the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion committee in 2018 to prioritize diversity work. The Society for Pediatric Anesthesia-Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion committee implemented a baseline survey of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia membership in 2020 to assess demographics, equity in leadership, inclusivity, and attitudes toward diversity work. The Society for Pediatric Anesthesia plays a significant role in shaping the future of pediatric anesthesiology and in supporting our diverse pediatric patients. This study is an IRB-exempt, cross-sectional survey of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia membership. Quantitative analysis provided descriptive statistics of demographics, practice characteristics, and involvement within the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia. Qualitative thematic analysis provided an in-depth assessment of perceptions of diversity, challenges faced, and prioritization of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion efforts within the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia. Out of 3 242 Society for Pediatric Anesthesia members, 1 232 completed the survey representing 38% of overall membership. Respondents were 89.2% United States members, 52.7% female, 55.7% non-Hispanic White, 88.6% heterosexual, 95.7% non-military, 59.2% religious, and 2.1% have an Americans with Disabilities Act recognized disability. All major United States geographical areas were represented equally with 71% practicing in urban areas and 67% in academic settings. Ethnic/racial minorities were more likely to be international medical graduates (p< .001). Among United States members, 41.5% report being fluent in a language other than English, and 23.5% of those fluent in another language are certified to interpret. Compared to men, women are less likely to be in leadership roles (p< .003), but we found no difference in participation and leadership when stratified by race/ethnicity, geography, international medical graduate status, or sexuality. Racial/ethnic minorities (p< .028), women (p< .001), and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer members (p< .044) more frequently hold lower academic rank positions when compared to white, heterosexual, and male members. Half of respondents were unsure whether diversity, equity, and inclusion challenges existed within the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia while the other half demonstrated opposing views. Among those who reported diversity, equity, and inclusion challenges, the themes centered around persistent marginalization, the need for more inclusive policies and increased psychological safety, and lack of leadership diversity. Compared to the diversity of the pediatric population we serve, there are still significant gaps in demographic representation within the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia. As well, there is no consensus among Society for Pediatric Anesthesia membership regarding perceptions of diversity, equity, and inclusion in pediatric anesthesia in the United States. Among those who reported diversity challenges, opportunities for the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia and Anesthesiology Departments to better support minoritized members included bolstering workforce diversity efforts and awareness via more inclusive policies, improved psychological safety, and increasing diversity in leadership. If pediatric anesthesiology is like other specialties, gaining consensus and improving diversity in the workforce might advance pediatric anesthesia innovation, quality, and safety for children of all backgrounds in the United States.

Specialized Clinics and Health Care Professional Resources for Post–COVID-19 Condition in Canada

&#x0D; This Environmental Scan aims to provide an overview of the current range and scope of both specialty clinics and available resources for health care professionals about post–COVID-19 condition in Canada. This scan was informed through a limited literature search and a survey completed by targeted contacts across Canada.&#x0D; Based on the survey responses, specialized clinics for post–COVID-19 condition have been established or are in development in Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec. These clinics exist in various forms and range in their structural characteristics, operational characteristics, and stage of program development and quality improvement activities.&#x0D; At the time the survey was administered, there were no specialized clinics located in Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, and Yukon. These jurisdictions are at various stages in their approach to addressing post–COVID-19 condition, ranging from prevention efforts to the discussion of and planning for the implementation of clinics in their own jurisdiction.&#x0D; Based on the results of the literature search, there are a variety of resources that have been developed to improve the education, awareness, and training of health care professionals about post–COVID-19 condition. Referral pathways, tools for symptom screening and patient management, and educational resources, such as webinars, are among the most common. Resources about the development of clinics or models of care for post–COVID-19 condition have also been created.&#x0D; There is a gap in the jurisdictional representation from some provinces and territories for specialty clinics for post–COVID-19 condition. In addition, this Environmental Scan is not exhaustive and does not necessarily capture all existing clinics in each jurisdiction nor does it provide a comprehensive list of all available resources for health care professionals.&#x0D;

Can Deliberative Participatory Fora Cure Representation Gaps in France and Germany?

The French and the German national parliaments are dominated by highly educated, older, and mostly male politicians. There are growing calls for a more balanced political representation of different social groups. This paper seeks to inform this debate by conceptualizing and measuring representation gaps for women, people of immigrant origin, the working class, and younger age groups in France and Germany and by assessing the potential of deliberative participatory fora to ameliorate underrepresentation. Based on theories of deliberative and participatory democracy, it suggests three criteria these fora must fulfill to potentially balance underrepresentation (descriptive representation in composition, deliberative quality, and coupling to politics) and explores them empirically in four recent cases of deliberative participatory fora: the Grand Débat National and the Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat in France and the Bürgerrat Deutschlands Rolle in der Welt and the Bürgerrat Klima in Germany. We show that significant representation gaps exist for all groups studied. They have been narrowing for women and people of immigrant origin and remain most pronounced for class. Regarding institutional features, our cases fare relatively well in terms of balanced composition and deliberative quality, but the potential to balance representation gaps is seriously limited by a lack of coupling to the political system.

Discipline-Based Diversity Research in Chemistry.

ConspectusWe introduce the term discipline-based diversity research (DBDR) to capture the emerging field of research advancing diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging with specificity to a given discipline. Contextualizing a human dynamic through a disciplinary lens has already given rise to discipline-based education research (DBER). The modalities through which students and practitioners think and process information are a reflection of a given discipline, and it tends to give rise to its professional practices. Through DBER, such specification is necessary in addressing evidence-based practices that are effective for teaching a particular subject. Likewise, the inequities and opportunities within a given field (and its professional culture) must be addressed within a disciplinary lens. Thus, the findings from social science in diversity in arbitrary contexts must be analyzed, interpreted, applied, and researched within a given discipline.One specific challenge to academic chemistry is the lack of inclusion in the sense that the faculties in research-active chemistry departments are far from diverse. We recapitulate the percentage of women and under-represented person of color (URPOC) professors over the past 20 years reported by us and other sources. The data admits to linear fits with high confidence. Assuming this linearity holds, the gender gap in representation would be bridged only in 2062, and the threshold of 20% of the faculty as URPOC would be reached only in 2113. While the community has actively engaged in modifying practices and procedures to redress this grim projection, it should be clear that more needs to be done.Toward this objective, we have been driven by the top-down hypothesis that solutions must be led intentionally through the top─that is, by department heads and chairs─because they are the stewards of the infrastructure. Department chairs and the chemistry community have engaged in DBDR through biennial workshops─that is, through the Open Chemistry Collaborative in Diversity Equity (OXIDE)'s National Diversity Equity Workshops (NDEWs)─to survey and evaluate existing policies and practices aimed at advancing inclusive excellence. This has led to research-based recommendations for the implementation of solutions in chemistry departments. This includes (i) engaging in community, (ii) conducting authentic and open searches, and (iii) recognizing and rewarding inclusive excellence. What makes them DBDR in chemistry is that we have to articulate and contextualize these solutions in terms of practices and procedures that we conduct in chemistry, assess their efficacy, and promote them across our discipline. Furthermore, we must offer theories of change for reforming them while offering frameworks that fit within how chemists think and practice.In this Account, we demonstrate how DBDR has taken root in chemistry, forecast where this emerging field may go, and provide a blueprint for how it might be replicated in other disciplines.

Losers of globalization, losers in representation? The impact of education on unequal policy representation in Europe

The article focuses on the impact of education on policy representation. It examines degrees of congruence between political elites and citizens on policy preferences across different policy issues, trying to discern whether there is a representation gap between the so-called “winners” and “losers” of globalization in Europe as captured via the proxy measure of educational attainment. Additionally, we examine whether this representation gap, as well as overall levels of congruence, are affected by contextual factors related to the economy and the ideological orientation of governments. Using data from the 2014 European Election Studies and the 2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey, our findings largely confirm the existence of a representation gap along educational lines. Contextual factors related to the economy present weak or no direct and moderating effects whereas ideologically left-leaning governments accentuate, for the most part, the representation gap between individuals of low and high educational attainment.

Systemic change: Developing an organizational strategy to increase faculty and staff diversity in California Community Colleges

AbstractHistorically underserved and minoritized students are more likely to thrive when they are supported and led by diverse faculty and staff. In 2019, leaders of the country's largest higher education system, California Community Colleges, recognized wide gaps in representation: 52% of 2.1 million students identified as underrepresented minorities, compared to only 23% of tenured faculty and 22% of adjunct faculty. Similarly, only 41% of staff who interacted daily with students were from an underrepresented group. Addressing this barrier to student success was critical for the system to achieve its ambitious Vision for Success goals. This case study explores how the Success Center for California Community Colleges collaborated with the Chancellor's Office, faculty representatives, and other partners to develop a system‐wide organizational strategy to hire and support a workforce as diverse as the students they serve.

Representation of Women in Literature through Different Era

The present research has reflected over the state of woman in the English literature for evaluation. In the due course to the research analysis of the impact of literature over contemporary society has been done. The problem statement has evaluated that gap in representation of woman in the contemporary literature. In alignment to the problem statement and the findings as per literature review objectives have been set. The objective of the research is to trace the evolutionary pathway followed by feminist entities in the literature. Exploratory research approach and qualitative collection of data have supported thematic analysis. Thematic analysis has been found supportive of effective analysis of the growth and development shared by women in literature. Thematic analysis have suggested that the medieval literatures were limited to commoditization of the woman along with promoting different roles of woman of which mother hood is prominent. The later era have focused over praising the beauty of woman and was considerably liberal. Also cross dressing was evident. Women have faced satire based on ineffective correspondence with social norms in the Victorian era and in modern age the writings are focused over reliance over feminism for fighting social evils. Keyword : English literature, Feminism, Victorian era, Woman.

Co-Communication Graph Convolutional Network for Multi-View Crowd Counting

We study and address the multi-view crowd counting (MVCC) problem which poses more realistic challenges than single-view crowd counting for better facilitating crowd management / public safety systems. Its major challenge lies in how to fully distill and aggregate useful, complementary information among multiple camera views to create powerful ground-plane representations for wide-area crowd analysis. In this paper, we present a graph-based, multi-view learning model called Co-Communication Graph Convolutional Network (CoCo-GCN) to jointly investigate intra-view contextual dependencies and inter-view complementary relations. More specifically, CoCo-GCN builds a view-agnostic graph interaction space for each camera view to conduct efficient contextual reasoning, and extends the intra-view reasoning by using a novel Graph Communication Layer (GCL) to also take between-graph (cross-view), complementary information into account. Moreover, CoCo-GCN uses a new Co-Memory Layer (CoML) to jointly coarsen the graphs and close the &#x2018;representational gap&#x2019; among them for further exploiting the compositional nature of graphs and learning more consistent representations. Finally, these jointly learned features of multiple views can be easily fused to create ground-plane representations for wide-area crowd counting. Experiments show that the proposed CoCo-GCN achieves state-of-the-art results on three MVCC datasets, i.e., PETS2009, DukeMTMC, and City Street, significantly improving the scene-level accuracy over previous models.

Evaluating How Exposure to Scientific Role Models and Work-Based Microbadging Influences STEM Career Mindsets in Underrepresented Groups

Underrepresentation of female students and specific racial/ethnic groups persists in STEM despite decades of intervention. Evidence suggests a need to encourage interest in STEM fields at the middle-school level. Adolescent career aspirations are influenced by exposure to role models and mindsets, such as a sense of perceived personal capacity. The purpose of this study was to measure how exposure to role models and work-based microbadging affects students' mindsets related to pursuit of STEM careers. Middle school students rated their intent to pursue a STEM career before and after completing a series of Quest-Challenge pairs featuring role models, including a biomedical engineer, in the Couragion application, along with their confidence, motivation, and enjoyment through in-app surveys. Data from students in well-represented and underrepresented STEM demographics were compared. Intent to pursue a STEM career increased after Couragion app intervention. Divided into demographic groups, increases were observed in students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups and female students. Students reported increased confidence, motivation, and enjoyment after interacting with the app. Additionally, students reported confidence in STEM career success and motivation to apply themselves academically. This study showed increased intent, confidence, motivation, and enjoyment in middle school students related to STEM careers. The Couragion app intervention effectively improved metrics that inform students’ future academic and professional decisions. Widely implementing this type of intervention during middle school could help narrow the representation gap in STEM fields.

Source-free semi-supervised domain adaptation via progressive Mixup

Existing domain adaptation methods usually perform explicit representation alignment by simultaneously accessing the source data and target data. However, the source data are not always available due to the privacy preserving consideration or bandwidth limitations. To address this issue, source-free domain adaptation is proposed to perform domain adaptation without accessing the source data. Recently, the adaptation paradigm is attracting increasing attention, and multiple works have been proposed for unsupervised source-free domain adaptation. However, without utilizing any supervised signal and source data at the adaptation stage, the optimization of the target model is unstable and fragile. To alleviate the problem, we focus on utilizing a few labeled target data to guide the adaptation, which forms our method into semi-supervised domain adaptation under a source-free setting. We propose a progressive data interpolation strategy including progressive anchor selection and dynamic interpolation rate to reduce the intra-domain discrepancy and inter-domain representation gap. Extensive experiments on three public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness as well as the better scalability of our method.

CRT, information, and disability: An intersectional commentary

Grounded in my perspective as a deaf, Black, and trans librarian who has worked in many Library and Information Science (LIS) roles, I argue in this paper that information scientists and professionals could close the gap in representation and information access by applying a knowledge of intersectionality to our work. I make the case for this by presenting examples of three Black historical “hidden figures” who shaped life as we know it in the USA, highlighting the erased dimensions of their lives as disabled people. Despite this geographical setting, these intersectional counter stories are relevant to addressing local areas of inequity in information access and resources worldwide. This community commentary paper addresses a serious gap in scholarship and practice around the erasure of disability from both Black history and LIS theory and practice, and follows in the Critical Race Theory (CRT) traditions of intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1991) and counter-storytelling (Solórzano &amp; Yosso, 2002) to bridge this gulf. Applying CRT and related concepts to LIS work prepares the ground for immediate and future needs for equitable access to resources, by acknowledging those who may be hindered by their racial/ableist/queerphobic biases and the way they may unknowingly play into systemic oppression, just by their participation. This will maintain relevance and contribute to the creation of equity for Black and brown marginalized LIS staff and community members going forward. Having additional systemic support for our most marginalized staff members would create ripple effects in information access and cultural competency in the way we are able to see barriers and opportunities, and the field as a whole would benefit.

Overcoming the Domain Gap in Neural Action Representations

Relating behavior to brain activity in animals is a fundamental goal in neuroscience, with practical applications in building robust brain-machine interfaces. However, the domain gap between individuals is a major issue that prevents the training of general models that work on unlabeled subjects. Since 3D pose data can now be reliably extracted from multi-view video sequences without manual intervention, we propose to use it to guide the encoding of neural action representations together with a set of neural and behavioral augmentations exploiting the properties of microscopy imaging. To test our method, we collect a large dataset that features flies and their neural activity. To reduce the domain gap, during training, we mix features of neural and behavioral data across flies that seem to be performing similar actions. To show our method can generalize further neural modalities and other downstream tasks, we test our method on a human neural Electrocorticography dataset, and another RGB video data of human activities from different viewpoints. We believe our work will enable more robust neural decoding algorithms to be used in future brain-machine interfaces.

Changemakers: Influences on Engagement in STEM Curricula Among Underrepresented Youth

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Despite the desirability of working in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), Black and Latinx people are underrepresented in these fields. Sustaining engagement in STEM is central to addressing the representation gap. This qualitative study examined whether and how a STEM-based after-school program (Changemakers) impacted students’ sense of engagement in STEM. Changemakers incorporates the basic tenets of STEM engagement and a purpose curriculum to increase students' sense of engagement. Purpose is an aspiration towards future-oriented goals, active engagement with one’s goals, and intention to contribute to the world. The sample was composed of students, ages 15-17 years old (N=10, 5=M; 5=F), from a public, low-income high school. Findings suggested that three elements helped engage participants with STEM material: challenging and novel curriculum, experiential learning, and supportive relationships. These findings underscore additional STEM programs can enhance their student’s learning and connection to the field by ensuring that their program encapsulates these identified components.&lt;/p&gt;

The transition from school to university in mathematics education research: new trends and ideas from a systematic literature review

Investigating the transition between educational levels is one of the main themes for the future of mathematics education. In particular, the transition from secondary school to STEM degrees is problematic for the widespread students’ difficulties and significant for the implications that it has on students’ futures. Knowing and understanding the past is key to imagine the future of a research field. For this reason, this paper reports a systematic review of the literature on the secondary-tertiary transition in Mathematics Education from 2008 to 2021. We constructed two corpuses: one from the proceedings of three international conferences in mathematics education (PME, ICME, and INDRUM) and the other from peer reviewed research papers and book chapters returned by the databases ERIC and Google Scholar. A clear evolution in perspectives since 2008 emerges from the analysis of the two corpuses: the research focus changed from a purely cognitive to a more holistic one, including socio-cultural and — to a lesser extent — affective issues. To this end, a variety of research methods were used, and specific theoretical models were developed in the considered papers. The analysis also highlights a worrisome trend of underrepresentation: very little research comes from large geographical areas such as South America or Africa. We argue that this gap in representation is problematic as research on secondary tertiary transition concerns also consideration of socio-cultural and contextual factors.

Data Representativeness in Accessibility Datasets: A Meta-Analysis.

As data-driven systems are increasingly deployed at scale, ethical concerns have arisen around unfair and discriminatory outcomes for historically marginalized groups that are underrepresented in training data. In response, work around AI fairness and inclusion has called for datasets that are representative of various demographic groups. In this paper, we contribute an analysis of the representativeness of age, gender, and race & ethnicity in accessibility datasets-datasets sourced from people with disabilities and older adults-that can potentially play an important role in mitigating bias for inclusive AI-infused applications. We examine the current state of representation within datasets sourced by people with disabilities by reviewing publicly-available information of 190 datasets, we call these accessibility datasets. We find that accessibility datasets represent diverse ages, but have gender and race representation gaps. Additionally, we investigate how the sensitive and complex nature of demographic variables makes classification difficult and inconsistent (e.g., gender, race & ethnicity), with the source of labeling often unknown. By reflecting on the current challenges and opportunities for representation of disabled data contributors, we hope our effort expands the space of possibility for greater inclusion of marginalized communities in AI-infused systems.