Stereotypical Representations Research Articles

Feeding off Each Other: Journalistic Role Negotiations Between Local and Foreign Reporters in Nairobi

ABSTRACT Nairobi, a vibrant hub for international journalism in East Africa, hosts a varied mix of foreign and national reporters. This paper centres on the interplay between these groups and how their relationships impact their professional role conceptions and performance. It is based on 35 interviews—with Kenyan journalists, media critics and foreign correspondents—and ethnographic data collected in Nairobi in 2021. Findings show that journalists working in Nairobi sometimes understand their job as trying to compensate for the professional roles that their counterparts cannot fulfil—like being a watchdog or disseminator. Foreign correspondents are aware of criticism toward stereotypical representations of Africa in the news media and carefully consider their performances to try to circumvent these, whilst national journalists often motivate their reporting to offer counter-narratives. While at first glance the interaction between these groups is minimal, I pose that it is precisely the constant awareness of each other’s work that generates manifold tensions that, in turn, reflect on their roles and practices.

Racismo indígena en la escuela. Hacia un estado del arte

Racism is a social and historical matrix made up of discriminatory practices, prejudiced attitudes, stereotyped representations, feelings of contempt, and forms of physical and symbolic violence. It is a system of hierarchies built because of social origin, skin color, descent or national origin, indigenous status, and religion. There are as many racisms as there are groups that need to justify their superiority and the exercise of relations of domination. One of the most serious consequences is inequality in access to fundamental rights such as education, health, employment, and housing. This article proposes to elaborate a state of the art on the manifestations of indigenous racism in the school environment. Academic productions of theoretical and empirical base framed in a socio-educational perspective developed by national and international organizations, by research teams from universities or specialized institutes and postgraduate theses are recovered and systematized. Systematized studies focus on the various expressions of indigenous racism in schools, particularly in institutional practices, in daily interactions, and in the curriculum. They note the effects of this phenomenon on feelings of shame and fear, on prolonged and interrupted educational trajectories, and on processes of exclusion and self-exclusion.

"STEM in Genere”: an impact evaluation

Research on labour market disparities between men and women has long since identified horizontal segregation in the educational system as one of the main factors driving the gender pay gap. One of the factors identified in the literature believed to be at the heart of horizontal gender segregation is the lack of representation and visibility of women in STEM fields. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of a program named “STEM in Genere”, developed within the Gender Equality Plan 2022-2024 of the University of Brescia (Italy), which is aimed at contrasting the underrepresentation and the stereotypical representation of women in science among primary and lower secondary school students. Students of participant classes will meet an educator for a total of 2 hours, in which counter-stereotypical thinking of women in science will be stimulated via learning games. Teachers of participant classes will follow in parallel a dedicated workshop about non-stereotypical science teaching. The effects of the program on students' gender stereotypes in science and study/job aspirations will be evaluated via a randomised controlled trial (RCT) conducted in primary and secondary schools of the Brescia province, an affluent province located in the northern part of Italy. In particular, we will randomise classes within participating schools to have a good balance between the statistical power of the experiment and potential contamination threats. The contribution of this evaluation is threefold. First, we will collect first-hand data on students' views and aspirations in a country - Italy - in which the population traditionally holds quite conservative views about gender roles. Second, we will provide robust, experimental evidence on the effectiveness of the program “STEM in Genere”, which is potentially scalable nationwide. Lastly, we will contribute to the methodological debate about question framing in survey methodology, by randomly varying the formulation of the questions in the surveys. Policy implications for educational and learning environments will be discussed.

BACK TO THE MARKET: EXTENDING IRIGARAY’S READING OF MARX

The study suggests ways to extend Luce Irigaray’s reading of Marx in her article “Women on the Market” by applying it to a number of key issues in the feminist discourse especially the postmodern one. These issues are the relation between the metaphysical and the material, the abstract value and their implications on gender and its constructedness, ecofeminism, and the three social roles/functions of women specified by Irigaray (Mother, Virgin, and Prostitute) in terms of stereotypical representations of women in literature. The author starts with a thorough analysis of Irigaray’s views and shows how they intersect or depart from classical Marxism in terms of the four key issues. The study concludes with some suggestions that, besides putting Irigaray’s remarks to more useful application, would solve some conflicts in the Marxism / Feminism dialogue.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0787/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Communicative Barriers and Stereotypical Representations in the Interactions of Intracultural Groups within the Same Ethnicity with Different Dominant Languages of Communication: A Case Study of Kazakhstan

Communicative Barriers and Stereotypical Representations in the Interactions of Intracultural Groups within the Same Ethnicity with Different Dominant Languages of Communication: A Case Study of Kazakhstan

Representing slavery in visual art: a multimodal approach

Abstract This article explores some issues related to the trauma of slavery, colonialism and identity-formation processes through a multimodal analysis, which is particularly useful in studying the manifold meanings and relationships emerging from the forms of cultural and social representation such as visual art. A series of images, chosen within Ellen Gallagher’s art exhibition “AXME”, held at Tate Gallery in London, is investigated to deal with the discursive constructions of gendered and racial identities. Employing Kress and van Leeuwen’s model (2021 [1996]. Reading images: The grammar of visual design. London: Routledge), this article attempts to identify the signs related to categories such as gender and race, as well as the persistence of stereotypical representations in our contemporary societies.

The Days of Bowing are Gone: Adivasis in South Indian Movies 2022

Our nation needs an environment where everyone takes pride in becoming a stakeholder in nation-building and chalking out the future course of our national history. However, the irony is that the real stakeholders and the key figures of our nation-building are still at their tapestry end. People accepted the normalization of Dalit or Tribal discrimination based on various grounds. The influence of the media can have a significant role in this process. In recent decades, movies have showcased a stereotypical representation of tribes and Dalits. However, a whole new group of South Indian film-makers is now trying to alter the way movies are made and seen in India. Their movies showcase diverse voices, experiences, and perspectives, influencing how we perceive and engage with our popular culture. When most film-makers are fascinated by the commercial viability of a film, for them the film makes matters more. Their works are not only for art's sake but also for life's sake. Because movies have the power to normalize certain behaviours, attitudes, or beliefs, making them seem more acceptable to the mainstream of society. South Indian movies like Kantara, Jigarthanda DoubleX, and Jai Bheem come in touch with the social reality of discrimination faced by the people who belong to the lower sections of society. This paper entitled ‘The Days of Bowing Are Gone: Adivasis in South Indian Movies 2022’, tries to explore changing views and perspectives of tribal characters in popular South Indian Cinema in 2022 with special reference to the movies Sembi (Tamil) and Pada (Malayalam).

Covering the Distant Other: Discursive Construction of the Makoko Community in Nigeria as “Venice of Africa”

ABSTRACT Journalistic texts are sites for the construction of meaning. Through their work, journalists construct, enact, and sustain identities and social realities. In particular, journalistic representations of poverty have implications for how poverty is perceived and addressed, and although extensive research has examined media representations of domestic poverty in the United States, very little is known about how American news organizations represent poverty in other contexts. Nonetheless, Western media have been criticized for presenting a homogenizing and totalizing image of Africa as the “dark continent.” This study explores CNN’s representation of Makoko, a low-income community in Nigeria, as the “Venice of Africa.” Critical discourse analysis of CNN stories about Makoko published between 2012 and 2023 reveals a complicated practice. CNN constructed different identities for Makoko, such as victim, achiever, and spectacle, thereby challenging notions of stereotypical representations of countries in Africa by Western media. However, a predominant focus on success, and the discursive strategy of transforming suffering into artistic spectacle, suggests an exclusive ideology, which contributes to a public ambivalence toward addressing the structural issues faced by this community.

Mujeres bajo la dictadura franquista: manuales escolares y representaciones del alumnado de secundaria

This research focuses on the relevance of incorporating the gender perspective in the teaching of recent Spanish history with the aim of building an inclusive democratic memory, which also incorporates the historical experiences of women, by examining two basic aspects: on the one hand, school textbooks; and, on the other hand, students' perceptions. To this end, attention is paid to the historical period relating to the Franco dictatorship, particularly to the experiences of women during that time, with the aim of approaching the ideas that students have about this period, in an attempt to understand whether these are related to the discourse that emanates from textbooks about this period. To this end, we mainly follow the qualitative paradigm, analysing both some of the Geography and History textbooks for 4th ESO most commonly used in schools, and the conceptions of 96 Valencian students, aged between 15 and 18, by means of a detailed questionnaire. The first results suggest a limited and stereotyped representation of women during the dictatorship in these textbooks, revealing worrying results in the students' ideas about the dictatorship in general and women's experiences in particular. Despite this, small advances can be glimpsed in some textbooks, as well as in the responses of some female students, which offer us an optimistic perspective to continue moving towards a more complete and complex teaching of history.

Social Distance of Ethnic Groups: from Proximity to Remoteness (in the Example of Kazakhstan)

The ethno-demographic structure of the population of Kazakhstan is characterized by a high degree of ethno-cultural diversity. In the historical retrospective, the analysis of the conflicts involving ethnic groups allows us to discuss the presence of certain social distances that find their expression with categories such as connection and solidarity, remoteness, and intolerance. Over the years of independence, the country has experienced more than 20 intergroup conflicts related to the interethnic sphere. The causes of similar incidents can be attributed to various factors. The main ones are economic inequality, geopolitical instability, cultural gap, stereotypical representation, etc. The above-mentioned factors, especially stereotypes and prejudice, can be a potential cause-and-effect link in the relationship formation of various degrees of proximity. In this regard, it is worth drawing clear parallels between interethnic attitudes and social distance, which requires a sociological measurement of their interrelation in Kazakh society. The article represents a systematization of manifestation characteristics of the social distance in the context of interaction between ethnic groups across different regions. The proposed work represents one of the initial attempts in the Kazakh ethno-political literature to study the processes of interethnic relations within the framework of the assessment proximity: from readiness for interethnic marriages to the desire for ethnic isolation.

Pixels and Pedagogy: Examining Science Education Imagery by Generative Artificial Intelligence

The proliferation of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) means we are witnessing transformative change in education. While GenAI offers exciting possibilities for personalised learning and innovative teaching methodologies, its potential for reinforcing biases and perpetuating stereotypes poses ethical and pedagogical concerns. This article aims to critically examine the images produced by the integration of DALL-E 3 and ChatGPT, focusing on representations of science classrooms and educators. Applying a capital lens, we analyse how these images portray forms of culture (embodied, objectified and institutionalised) and explore if these depictions align with, or contest, stereotypical representations of science education. The science classroom imagery showcased a variety of settings, from what the GenAI described as vintage to contemporary. Our findings reveal the presence of stereotypical elements associated with science educators, including white-lab coats, goggles and beakers. While the images often align with stereotypical views, they also introduce elements of diversity. This article highlights the importance for ongoing vigilance about issues of equity, representation, bias and transparency in GenAI artefacts. This study contributes to broader discourses about the impact of GenAI in reinforcing or dismantling stereotypes associated with science education.

The ‘China Threat’: Stereotypical representations in the US competition with China

AbstractWhen Donald Trump was elected, the idea of the ‘China Threat’ gained popularity. Nonetheless, this was not a novelty. From the early nineties, when the country consolidated its economic growth, concern had begun to spread that China would convert its economic resources into a military force to turn against the US. This article explores whether the concept of the China Threat may have been influenced by stereotypical representations rooted in US academic thinking and shared at the government level. The analysis proceeds by adopting a three-stage approach. First, it draws a theoretical framework that intertwines a constructivist perspective from IR theory with social psychology, referring to Social Representations Theory and theories of stereotypes. Second, while focusing on the expressions ‘Thucydides’ Trap’ and ‘New Cold War’, it describes how the China Threat has been elaborated in the US scholarly agenda. Finally, it discusses how the China Threat has found an outlet especially in the Trump administration’s narrative.

Static or mobile positions for the male asylum seeker?

This article examines how concepts of gender and sexuality are increasingly being mobilised as symbolic values in Danish immigration politics. The Danish national self-perception rests on an idea of widespread tolerance, especially regarding gender and sexuality. However, understandings of gender and sexuality as represented in Danish immigration discourse draw clear boundaries between insiders and outsiders. As of 2017, Danish asylum centres introduced compulsory teaching of so-called ‘Danish sexual morals’ as an attempt to prevent sexual violence by educating asylum seekers in sexual conduct. Based on fieldwork conducted in a language and culture class at an asylum centre, the analysis demonstrates how the teacher simultaneously reproduces and challenges concepts of differing national sexualities as they appear in the teaching material, and how the students push back against culturally specific conceptualisations of gender and sexuality by offering personal narratives countering those ascribed to them in the stereotypical representations.

Communicative dynamism of Muslim stereotypes and the war in Ukraine

The article explores communicative dynamism of stereotypical ideas about Muslims in predominantly Christian Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current substitution features of Islamic values objectified by the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research methodology is based on the modern scientific media linguistic approaches to religion communication and religious ideologemes. In particular, attention is paid to the ideologeme of Jihad, which is used in the motivational practice of international recruiting as media technique. The research also reveals and examines semantic components of the media conceptualization of OWN and ALIEN Muslim. The results show that negative stereotypes of Muslims are used in the hybrid war as a cognitive tool of psychological pressure on and intimidation of Ukrainians. Stereotypes can also acquire the forms of power and control used by religious leaders and political institutions in mass media. The communicative specificity of stereotypical representations of Ukrainians is analyzed within the framework of religious marketing research.

Moroccan TV Advertising in 2023: Towards a Gender- Transformative Agenda

This study examines the contemporary landscape of Moroccan TV advertising in 2023, specifically focusing on its evolutionary trajectory towards the adoption of a gender-transformative agenda. Against the backdrop of heightened societal consciousness regarding gender equality and the imperative of inclusive representation across various domains, including the realm of advertising, this article delves into the concerted efforts undertaken by the Moroccan advertising industry to challenge entrenched gender norms and cultivate a more transformative paradigm. Traditionally, advertising has been culpable of reinforcing and perpetuating gender stereotypes, constraining men and women within narrowly defined roles. However, catalyzed by social movements advocating for equality and inclusivity, advertisers find themselves compelled to reevaluate their approaches, embracing a more encompassing and diverse framework. Given this, this paper employs qualitative content analysis to scrutinize a curated corpus of five Moroccan advertisements, investigating how they challenge prevailing gender portrayals and deviate from perpetuating stereotypical representations. The analysis of the findings reveals the extent to which the selected advertisements actively engage in the transformative representation of gender by challenging rather than nurturing gender stereotypes. It unveils the way the selected advertisements demonstrate a deliberate departure from the stereotypical depiction of women in domestic roles or as passive objects, to portraying them in diverse and empowered positions. Similarly, men are depicted beyond conventional masculine stereotypes, showcasing a broader spectrum of roles and expectations. Accordingly, this study not only provides insights into the current state of Moroccan advertising with regard to gender transformative practices but also contributes to the broader discourse surrounding the role of advertising in promoting gender equality and in

The Representation of Different Gender Stereotypes within A Streetcar Named Desire

The Representation of Different Gender Stereotypes within A Streetcar Named Desire

L’image de l’Arabe dans la Série Netflix Messiah : analyse dialogique

The Image of The Arab in Netflix Series Messiah: Dialogical analysis
 This study falls within the purview of discourse analysis and seeks to propose nuanced interpretations regarding the portrayal of Arabs in Hollywood cinema. Initially characterized by negative stereotypes, this image undergoes a partial rehabilitation in the Netflix series Messiah. The investigation aims to scrutinize both representations by analyzing specific sequences from the series, which premiered on the Netflix platform on January 1, 2020. The series revolves around the return of the Messiah, linked to eschatology, portraying him as a savior in conflict zones addressing desperate people in Arabic, notably in Syria, West Bank, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The doctrinal theme of the Messiah's return sparks significant impact in spirituality and theology, eliciting diverse discussions and interpretations. Employing a qualitative approach rooted in the principles of nominational dialogism, this study identifies stereotypical representations often ingrained in Hollywood's conventional beliefs. It achieves this by scrutinizing parameters of categorization and enunciation in interactions involving Arab characters such as Jibril Hassan, Samer, Sheikh Zaid, the Imam, and others.The study results shed light on two contrasting images of Arabs. Firstly, Sheikh Zaid embodies the stereotype of an extremist and violent Arab, perpetuating long- standing clichés. Secondly, Jibril Hassan represents the image of a vulnerable and easily manipulable Arab, adding a layer of complexity to the overall representation. By delving into these subtleties, this research seeks to challenge and transcend the conventional depictions of Arabs in Hollywood cinema. Its objective is to foster a deeper understanding of the intricacies associated with these characters, moving beyond the limiting and one-dimensional portrayals often disseminated by mainstream media. The ultimate aspiration is to contribute meaningfully to the ongoing dialogue regarding the representation of diverse cultures and identities in popular entertainment, such as Hollywood, which wields significant influence over public perceptions. Drawing on Jullien's perspective on alterity, the study advocates understanding others through their unique viewpoints rather than imposing our own. Applied to Hollywood's portrayal of Arabs, this approach encourages a shift beyond stereotypes toward a nuanced appreciation of Arab identity and cultural richness. Such an approach promotes deeper cultural empathy and challenges prevailing, simplistic narratives in global cinema and media.

Representation of Gender Stereotypes in Advertisements: A Content Analysis of Facebook and Instagram Advertisements

In the dynamic realm of the digital landscape, the examination of gender stereotypes' influence on online advertising becomes imperative. This study addresses the backdrop of the expanding influence of social media platforms. The research aims to evaluate the prevalence of gender stereotypes in advertisements on these platforms, categorize these stereotypes, and investigate potential variations in their portrayal of men and women. A meticulous content analysis wasundertaken, systematically examining advertisements across five diverse categories in Pakistan published between September 2022 and September 2023. Employing a coding sheet for data collection, followed by rigorous statistical analysis, our research affirms the pervasive presence of gender stereotypes, particularly in categories such as negative portrayals and traditional gender roles. However, it is crucial to acknowledge study limitations,encompassing platform specificity, sample size constraints, and potential cultural nuances, emphasizing the need for future research to foster a more comprehensive understanding of this issue.

Exposing and Creating Nuance in Cinema: A Study on the Representation of Marginalized Identities in Neeraj Ghaywan Films

Being a perception-inducing and reinforcing medium, films can make remarkable efforts to humanize the lives of marginalized identities. Indian cinema has been largely criticized for its upper-caste gaze, sexual objectification of women, gagged or stereotypical representation of minorities, and other cultural identities. Neeraj Ghaywan is necessarily one of the young contemporary filmmakers from Bollywood who, regardless of the status quo, attempts nuance in terms of representation and portrayal. Diversity in the organizational structure of our society should reflect in mainstream cinema narratives to impact the process of democratization. The presence of more filmmakers from diverse identities would energize this process in its due course. This study is designed to analyze the representation of marginalized identities and explore the auteurship of Neeraj Ghaywan. As choosing not to talk about is itself a political act of subversion, under-representation would impact only social exclusion, while misrepresentations might perpetuate and bring about toxic stereotypes. The films of Neeraj Ghaywan are keen on both aspects of faulty representations.

REPRESENTASI STEREOTIP ISLAM DALAM ANIME THE JOURNEY

The Journey anime with the main character Aws is one of the most popular anime in Indonesia. This anime tells the story of the struggle of Aws, a Meccan youth, in resisting the attack of Abraha's elephant troops who wanted to destroy the Kaaba. This research uses critical discourse analysis by Teun A. van Dijk to analyze the stereotypical representation of Islam in the anime The Journey. Critical discourse analysis is one of the most influential theories of discourse analysis. This theory focuses on how text and discourse can be used to construct and reconstruct reality. The research results show that the anime The Journey represents Islam positively. Aws is described as a brave, tough and big-hearted figure. He represents noble Islamic values, such as courage, justice and peace. However, this research also found several Islamic stereotypes in the anime The Journey. For example, Islam is described as an exclusive religion and intolerant of other religions. Apart from that, Islam is also depicted as a radical and terrorist religion. The problems in this research are: (1) How is the stereotypical representation of Islam in the anime The Journey? (2) How is the discourse surrounding the representation displayed in the anime The Journey seen from the text level (macro structure, micro structure and superstructure? This research uses a qualitative approach with the discourse analysis research method developed by Teun A Van Dijk. To study or describe and To analyze with critical reasoning, a descriptive-analytical approach is used. This type of descriptive research aims to describe the results of research findings systematically, factually and accurately. The definition of descriptive analysis itself is a way of reporting data by explaining, giving a picture, and qualifying and interpreting the data what is collected as it is, after that it is concluded.